M2U3Grammar_and_usage上課

1、Grammar and usagePast perfect tenseLead inHong Kong _ to China in 1997.returnedMacao _ to China in 1999.returnedHong Kong _ to China before Macao came back to China.had returned過(guò)去完成時(shí)：表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)過(guò)去完成時(shí)：表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作作之前之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)過(guò)去的過(guò)去去”Past perfect tensePast perfec

2、t tense had (not) done結(jié)構(gòu)：結(jié)構(gòu)： had been donePresentPast build a gardenclean the houseI _ the house before I _ a garden.had cleaned builtFriday The following is what I did last week.More examples of the Past perfect tense.1. When we got to the station, the train had left. 2. By the end of last year, my

3、 brother had been a soldier for 10 years.3. Before Tony went to work, he had finished reading the novel. 4. Upon their entering the tomb, Carters lucky pet bird, which he had left them in Cairo, was swallowed by a snake.1. 用在賓語(yǔ)從句、間接引語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)從句中，用在賓語(yǔ)從句、間接引語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)從句中，如果主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句的動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作發(fā)如果主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句的動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作

4、發(fā)生，從句須用過(guò)去完成時(shí)生，從句須用過(guò)去完成時(shí) She said (that) she had never been to Paris.She told me that she had caught a high fever because of getting caught in the heavy rain.I returned the magazine that I had borrowed. 2. 狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句 在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 When

5、the police arrived, the thieves had run away. After I had done my homework, I went to bed. 3. 在在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的后接表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)或從句。短語(yǔ)或從句。 e.g. By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. 4. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，

6、如表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“原本原本，未能未能”。 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 那時(shí)我們希望你能來(lái)，但是你那時(shí)我們希望你能來(lái)，但是你沒有來(lái)。沒有來(lái)。 我原打算來(lái)的，但太忙了。我原打算來(lái)的，但太忙了。(mean)I had meant to come, but I was too busy.= I meant to have come They had expected to arrive at t

7、he airport on time, but an accident happened on their way. had meant/planned/intended to do, = meant to have done 表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、打算、想法等。打算、想法等。5. 表示表示“一一就就”的幾個(gè)句型：的幾個(gè)句型：1) 主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)hadno sooner過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞than 主語(yǔ)一般過(guò)去時(shí)主語(yǔ)一般過(guò)去時(shí)He had no sooner begun his speech than he was interrupted.No sooner had he be

8、gun his speech than he was interrupted.No soonerhad主語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞主語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞than 主語(yǔ)一般過(guò)去時(shí)主語(yǔ)一般過(guò)去時(shí) 2) 主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)hadhardly(scarcely)過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞when(before)主語(yǔ)一般過(guò)去時(shí)。主語(yǔ)一般過(guò)去時(shí)。I had hardly entered the classroom when I heard my name called.Hardly had I entered the classroom when I heard my name called.Hardly(scarcely) had主語(yǔ)過(guò)去分主語(yǔ)過(guò)去

9、分詞詞when(before)主語(yǔ)一般過(guò)去時(shí)。主語(yǔ)一般過(guò)去時(shí)。6、It was時(shí)間時(shí)間since主語(yǔ)過(guò)去完成時(shí)。主語(yǔ)過(guò)去完成時(shí)。It was three months since my father had smoked.It was three years since he had joined the army.7、It was the first time thathad doneIt was the second time that I had met you.8. It/ This/ That was the first/secondtime+ that clauseIt was t

10、he first time that I had visited the Great Wall.典型考題典型考題The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A. had written, left B. were writing, has leftC. had written, had left D. were writing, had left2. John and I _ friends for eight years. We first got to know each othe

11、r at a Christmas party. But we _ each other a couple of times before that. A. had been; have seen B. have been; have seen C. had been; had seen D. have been; had seen 典型考題典型考題答案答案D。 “把書忘在辦公室把書忘在辦公室”發(fā)生在發(fā)生在”去取書去取書”這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前，因此這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前，因此”忘了書忘了書”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的過(guò)去，這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間表示

12、的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在的一點(diǎn)，表示在“同學(xué)們正忙于同學(xué)們正忙于”這一背景下，這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。因此前一句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 1. I lost the dictionary I _ Ahave bought Bbought Chad bought Dhad been bought 2. Mary _ of visiting her grandmother, but the bad weather made her change her mind.Ahas thought Bthought Chad thought Dhad been

13、 thought 3-Did you meet Tom at the airport？ -No，he _by the time I _there Ahas left；got Bhad left；arrived Cleft；arrived Dleft；had got The present perfect tense is used when we are talking about a past event which relates to the present time. The past perfect tense is used when we are discussing the p

14、ast and want to talk about an even earlier event.Present perfect or past perfect?溫馨提示溫馨提示: :一、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：一、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去過(guò)去，但側(cè)重，但側(cè)重現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在造成的影響在的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)過(guò)去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，他所表示的過(guò)去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，他所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過(guò)去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過(guò)去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)和某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用

15、到它只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)和某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它她病了有一周時(shí)間了她病了有一周時(shí)間了She has been ill for a week. （現(xiàn)在仍在生?。ìF(xiàn)在仍在生病）She _ ill for a week before she came back. had been二二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與的狀態(tài)，常與具體的時(shí)間具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如狀語(yǔ)連用，如yesterday，last week, 2days ago, in 2008等等而過(guò)去完成時(shí)則和由而過(guò)去完成時(shí)

16、則和由“by或或by the end of + 過(guò)去過(guò)去時(shí)間時(shí)間”引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用They _at the station by ten yesterday.They _ at the station at ten yesterday.had arrivedarrived在沒有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作標(biāo)志時(shí)，在沒有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作標(biāo)志時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后需根據(jù)上下文謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后需根據(jù)上下文來(lái)判斷來(lái)判斷.She was very happy. Her whole family were Pleased too. Because she _just _

17、(win)the first in the competition.hadwon 敘述在過(guò)去連續(xù)發(fā)生的一系列動(dòng)作時(shí)，盡管敘述在過(guò)去連續(xù)發(fā)生的一系列動(dòng)作時(shí)，盡管動(dòng)作有先后，但必須用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，并且在最后動(dòng)作有先后，但必須用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，并且在最后兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞之間用等并列連詞兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞之間用等并列連詞 1) She went to the supermarket, bought some food, _(visit) some friends and then returned home. 2) She went to the supermarket, _(buy) much food happily.

18、visitedbuyingPracticePractice1. They were lucky enough, for no sooner _ home _ it rained.A. they returned; andB. they had returned; whenC. had they returned; thanD. did they return; when2. We _ four thousand new words by the end of last year. A. had learned B. have learned C. learned D. will have learned 3. When Mark opened the door, he saw a woman standing there. He _ her before. A. never saw B. had never seen C. never sees D. has never seen4.He _ footba