中國主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的顯性比較優(yōu)勢及競爭力分析外文翻譯、中英對照、中英互譯

1、中國主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的顯性比較優(yōu)勢及競爭力分析譯文正文：中國主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的顯性比較優(yōu)勢及競爭力分析摘 要：本文在大量數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上測算了19802003年期間中國部分農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的顯性比較優(yōu)勢指數(shù)及其比較競爭力。測算結(jié)果表明中國在可食用蔬菜、茶葉等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品上仍然具有比較優(yōu)勢，但是 24 年來中國農(nóng)產(chǎn) 品的顯性比較優(yōu)勢指數(shù)呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢。關(guān)鍵詞：農(nóng)產(chǎn)品; 國際貿(mào)易; 顯性比較優(yōu)勢(RCA); 競爭力中國的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口，為增加外匯、就業(yè)機會及城鄉(xiāng)居民收入做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。 2003年農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易余額為2.5美元億美元，占外貿(mào)順差總額的9.8。誠（2003）報道，由農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口可直接和間接創(chuàng)造19.88個就業(yè)機會。巴拉薩（19

2、65）在全球?qū)用嫔鲜状翁岢隽酥袊r(nóng)產(chǎn)品的相對競爭力可以通過顯示性比較優(yōu)勢分析（RCA），這對意識到中國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的競爭地位有作用的。顯示性比較優(yōu)勢的公式有某些類型的測量方法可以判定一個產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭力，其中RCA指數(shù)就是重要的一個，RCA的概念基于的是傳統(tǒng)的貿(mào)易理論。原來的RCA指數(shù)，由巴拉薩（1965），可以被定義為：RCA= (Xij /Xit) / (Xnj / Xnt)其中x表示出口,i代表一個國家，j是一種商品，xij表示i國用來出口商品j。t代表一組商品和n代表一組國家。因此,該方程分析一個國家的出口占世界出口的商品與該國的出口總額占世界出口總額。如果i國家j商品的世界出口份額，占i國的所

3、有產(chǎn)品的世界出口份額越大，RCA將越大于1，這表明一個國家在生產(chǎn)特定商品上有一個“顯性”比較優(yōu)勢。RCA是基于觀察貿(mào)易模式。RCA價值的增加意味著在一國一種商品的競爭力增加。這種測量是很容易，它被廣泛采用。但在現(xiàn)實中，可以觀察到的貿(mào)易格局被政策和干預(yù)扭曲，因此可能會歪曲潛在的比較優(yōu)勢。這在農(nóng)業(yè)部門尤其如此，政府的干預(yù)是司空見慣的，這一點由巴拉薩（1965）指出。進口限制的程度，出口補貼和其他的保護政策可能會扭曲的顯示性比較優(yōu)勢指數(shù)正在成為關(guān)注的問題。作為衡量政府對農(nóng)業(yè)的支持，經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織（1999）按農(nóng)業(yè)與產(chǎn)業(yè)估計總支持等值（TSEs）。這是很自然的認(rèn)為TSEs越高，產(chǎn)業(yè)越會得到支持。顯

4、而易見的是，在聯(lián)合國的支持水平最高，隨后是美國，最低的是中國。作為世界貿(mào)易組織的承諾，所有成員國的政府干預(yù)預(yù)期減弱。然而，在一些考慮的時期農(nóng)業(yè)是不可能是完全擺脫政府干預(yù)。福利收益源于農(nóng)業(yè)貿(mào)易自由化,例如，泰爾斯和安德森(1988和1992)和經(jīng)合組織(1995年),這意味著農(nóng)業(yè)政策必須影響貿(mào)易流量(即容量)和可能對貿(mào)易模式(即方向)。自由是優(yōu)于各種程度的貿(mào)易限制。沃華夫和VO（1990）發(fā)現(xiàn)出口業(yè)績更受經(jīng)濟基本面影響而不是政府干預(yù),而進口行為正好相反。沃華夫（1989）指出，政府的干預(yù)和競爭力往往是負(fù)相關(guān)的。這表明，那些露出了比較優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品群可以變得更具競爭力，如果市場變得更加開放。RCA仍然

5、潛在的比較優(yōu)勢和競爭優(yōu)勢提供了有益的指導(dǎo)，雖然指數(shù)是毋庸置疑的。中國主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的顯性比較優(yōu)勢上述所定義的RCA指數(shù)計算了1980至2003年期間中國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口與其余的世界對比。數(shù)據(jù)來源中國國家統(tǒng)計局(國家統(tǒng)計局)。所有樣品的產(chǎn)品類別和貿(mào)易覆蓋17流過24期。年度RCA指數(shù)計算這個四位數(shù)的水平,但在三位的水平。表1中國主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的RCA指數(shù)，1980-2003.年份19801985199019951997199920012003谷物0.6991.1040.4140.0800.1500.5580.5860.739小麥0.0000.0000.0010.0020.0000.0000.0020.000豆

6、0.3371.5841.0520.2650.1330.1170.1440.107飯5.4172.3760.6390.1480.3570.6511.5301.369油籽0.0150.2260.0260.0060.0130.0000.0000.003煙草0.9290.3020.3560.4140.3420.5220.6180.401棉0.0192.0410.9650.0940.0310.0110.8870.662肉1.3351.3271.2001.3021.3200.6390.4600.459牛肉0.1330.2510.4500.1730.1760.1450.0760.066雞1.5890.329

7、0.6641.4841.6271.3461.3431.383豬肉3.0983.6693.0913.3262.9480.7270.1330.109豬肉產(chǎn)品4.6053.9242.5561.9681.4781.2311.4291.294水果2.4751.4761.2171.0400.9400.8760.8470.804蔬菜0.9940.9300.6150.7410.7850.6660.5690.530蔬菜產(chǎn)品0.0000.0000.1111.2331.4961.2331.6952.852茶6.4244.5414.1992.5282.4532.1452.2991.925蘑菇0.0960.0780.3

8、253.9913.7433.3462.9032.637資料：根據(jù)國家統(tǒng)計局的數(shù)據(jù)計算四位有效數(shù)字以下兩個領(lǐng)域的RCA值，可以定義為：高RCA>2，低2> RCA> 1。此外，如果RCA值小于1時，表示一個國家發(fā)現(xiàn)比較劣勢（RCD）在一個特定的商品。因此，一些觀察，可以從表1中。1. 1980年，中國顯示性比較優(yōu)勢在17個產(chǎn)品有7種。他們是茶葉，大米，豬肉制品，豬肉，水果，雞肉和肉類。對于其他產(chǎn)品中國是顯性比較劣勢。2003年茶葉，大米，雞肉和豬肉產(chǎn)品繼續(xù)保持其競爭地位。此外，蔬菜和蘑菇獲得了競爭力。2. 在所有產(chǎn)品類的顯性比較優(yōu)勢中，五種制品的比較優(yōu)勢高，其中兩種在1980年

9、優(yōu)勢低，而在2003年只有其中兩個制品高。3. 雞肉，豬肉和茶葉一直保持他們的競爭力，在整個24年期間。4. 肉、豬肉和水果是產(chǎn)品類別在1980年用RCA衡量，但是在2003年用RCD。然而,蔬菜產(chǎn)品和蘑菇的產(chǎn)品類別在1980年用RCD衡量，但是在2003年用RCA。這兩類都是加工產(chǎn)品。5. 在24年期間，4個農(nóng)產(chǎn)品類別在中國經(jīng)歷了一個改進：蘑菇和蔬菜產(chǎn)品從“RCD”改為“RCA”，棉花和谷物的RCA值也有所增加，但他們?nèi)匀辉赗CD位置。6. 對于大多數(shù)類型的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品,中國的競爭力減弱了。17產(chǎn)品類別中有12種的RCA價值經(jīng)歷了下降。結(jié)論與展望上述研究結(jié)果表明，在中國顯性比較優(yōu)勢的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品大部分

10、是勞動密集型產(chǎn)品。蔬菜產(chǎn)品的上升是令人鼓舞的，部分原因在于中國在農(nóng)業(yè)的勞動力成本低。比較優(yōu)勢指數(shù)的下降水平意味著在中國的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品中的競爭力正在減弱，可能會導(dǎo)致以下原因。在外部，許多經(jīng)濟一體化的組織已建立和合并其成員國，從而形成固體的區(qū)域貿(mào)易封鎖的經(jīng)濟體。在內(nèi)部，許多農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量不能達(dá)到國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；大多數(shù)農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)是技術(shù)創(chuàng)新中的弱者。更重要的是，工業(yè)協(xié)會和中介機構(gòu)沒有使其潛能充分發(fā)揮在推進農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工業(yè)，并維護市場秩序。為加強中國的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品競爭力，進一步應(yīng)努力通過發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)龍頭企業(yè)推進農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化推進。國內(nèi)主要農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者是個體農(nóng)民家庭。農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)只有在發(fā)展的最初階段。當(dāng)農(nóng)民被企業(yè)和/或合作組織在家庭責(zé)任合同

11、制度的基礎(chǔ)上組織進行工業(yè)化管理，他們將會得到更全面的服務(wù)，并將更好地分配農(nóng)業(yè)的資源。在此期間，企業(yè)應(yīng)高度意識到市場的需求和充分利用信息技術(shù)和現(xiàn)代市場供給和需求的最新趨勢與時并進，并更好地組織其營銷的銷售方法。這些企業(yè)應(yīng)該更多的資金注入R&D程序、技術(shù)傳播和品牌營銷。規(guī)范化的管理應(yīng)應(yīng)用在生產(chǎn)、加工、包裝、運輸、銷售、衛(wèi)生檢疫的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品，以滿足國際質(zhì)量認(rèn)證的要求。此外，中國政府應(yīng)考慮設(shè)立特別學(xué)校對農(nóng)民的教育和培訓(xùn)，提高其素質(zhì)和競爭力，促進農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟的長期增長。因此，工業(yè)化可以推進農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品的RCA關(guān)于該國的農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的戰(zhàn)略性調(diào)整和產(chǎn)業(yè)的國際市場競爭力。外文原文Revealed compar

12、ative advantage and competitiveness of Chinas agricultural productsAbstract: This paper deals with the competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products, base on the index of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) using lots of data for the period of 1980 to 2003. The index is useful in identifying the

13、 demarcation between comparative advantage and comparative disadvantage. The research indicates that some agro-products in China such as edible vegetables and tea have a comparative advantage, but the RCA values have been declining over the 24-year period, which has vast impacts on future reform in

14、Chinas agricultural structure. Keywords: agricultural product, export, revealed comparative advantage (RCA), competitiveness.Chinas exports of agricultural products have made significant contributions to increasing foreign exchange, job opportunities and rural income. In 2003 the agricultural trade

15、balance was US$2.5 billion, which accounted for 9.8 per cent of total foreign trade surplus. Cheng (2003) reported that 19.88 job opportunities can be created directly and indirectly by exports of agricultural products.The relative competitiveness of Chinas agricultural products can be analyzed by m

16、eans of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) first proposed by Balassa (1965) at the global level, which is useful to be aware of the competitive position of Chinas agricultural products. Formulation of revealed comparative advantageThere are some kinds of measurement in determining the competitiven

17、ess of an industry, among which RCA index is an important one and the concept of RCA is grounded on conventional trade theory. The original RCA index, formulated by Balassa (1965), can be defined as:RCA= (Xij /Xit) / (Xnj / Xnt)Where x represents exports, i is a country, j is a commodity, Xij is exp

18、orts by country i in commodity j. t is a set of commodities and n is a set of countries. Therefore, this equation analyses a countrys export share of world export of a commodity with the countrys total export share of world total exports. If country is share of world exports of commodity j is greate

19、r that country is share of world exports of all goods, the RCA will be greater than 1, which suggests that a country has a “revealed” comparative advantage in the production of that particular commodity.RCA is based on observed trade patterns. An increasing in the value of RCA means an increasing in

20、 a countrys competitiveness in a commodity. This kind of measurement is so easy that it is widely adopted. But in reality, observed trade patterns can be distorted by policies and interventions and therefore may misrepresent underlying comparative advantage. This is especially true of the agricultur

21、al sector, where government interference is commonplace, a point noted by Balassa (1965). The extent to which import restriction, export subsidies and other protection policies might distort index of revealed comparative advantage is becoming a concern.As a measure of government support to agricultu

22、re, the OECD (1999) estimates total support equivalents (TSEs) by country and industry. It is natural to think that the higher the TSEs is, the more support the industry gets. It is evident that the level of support was highest in the UN, then in the USA, and lowest in China. As a commitment to the

23、World Trade Organization, government intervention in all member countries is expected to diminish. Nevertheless, agriculture is unlikely to be completely free of government intervention for some considerate time. The welfare gains result from agricultural trade liberalization, e.g. Tyers and Anderso

24、n (1988 and 1992) and OECD (1995), which implies that agricultural policies must have an impact on trade flow (i.e. volume) and possibly on trade patterns (i.e. direction ). The free is superior to various degree of trade restriction. Vollrath and Vo (1990) found export performance to be more affect

25、ed by economic fundamentals than by government intervention, whereas the reverse applied to import behavior.Vollrath (1989) noted that government intervention and competitiveness tend to be inversely related. This suggests that those product groups revealing a comparative advantage could become even

26、 more competitive if markets were to become more open. The RCA still provide a useful guide to underlying comparative and competitive advantage, although the index is not beyond doubt.Revealed comparative advantage in main agricultural products of ChinaThe RCA index as defined above is computed for

27、Chinas agricultural products for export over the period 1980-2003, with those of the rest of the world as contrast. The data are supplied by National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) of China. The all samples cover 17 product categories and trade flows over the 24-year period. Annual RCA index is calculat

28、ed at the four-digit level, but reported at the three-digit level.Table 1 The RCA indexes of main agro-products of China, 1980-2003.year19801985199019951997199920012003Cereals0.699 1.104 0.414 0.080 0.150 0.558 0.586 0.739 Wheat0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 Bean0.337 1.584 1.052 0.

29、265 0.133 0.117 0.144 0.107 Rice5.417 2.376 0.639 0.148 0.357 0.651 1.530 1.369 Oilseeds0.015 0.226 0.026 0.006 0.013 0.000 0.000 0.003 Tobacco0.929 0.302 0.356 0.414 0.342 0.522 0.618 0.401 Cotton0.019 2.041 0.965 0.094 0.031 0.011 0.887 0.662 Meat1.335 1.327 1.200 1.302 1.320 0.639 0.460 0.459 Bee

30、f0.133 0.251 0.450 0.173 0.176 0.145 0.076 0.066 Chicken1.589 0.329 0.664 1.484 1.627 1.346 1.343 1.383 Pork3.098 3.669 3.091 3.326 2.948 0.727 0.133 0.109 Pork products4.605 3.924 2.556 1.968 1.478 1.231 1.429 1.294 Fruits2.475 1.476 1.217 1.040 0.940 0.876 0.847 0.804 Vegetables0.994 0.930 0.615 0

31、.741 0.785 0.666 0.569 0.530 Vegetable products0.000 0.000 0.111 1.233 1.496 1.233 1.695 2.852 Tea6.424 4.541 4.199 2.528 2.453 2.145 2.299 1.925 Mushroom0.096 0.078 0.325 3.991 3.743 3.346 2.903 2.637 Source: Authors calculations based on NBSs data at four-digit levelThe following two fields of RCA

32、 value can be defined: high for RCA2, low for 2RCA1. In addition, if the RCA value1, it denotes that a country has revealed comparative disadvantage (RCD) in a particular commodity. Thus, several observations can be made from Table 1. 1. In 1980 China had the revealed comparative advantage for 7 of

33、17 product groups. They were tea, rice, pork products, pork, fruits, chicken and meat. For the others China had the revealed comparative disadvantage. In 2003 tea, rice, chicken and pork products maintained their competitive position. Moreover, vegetable products and mushroom gained competitiveness.

34、2. Among all product groups with revealed comparative advantage, five of them ware high, two of them low in 1980; while in 2003 only two of them ware high.3. Chicken, pork and tea had maintained their competitiveness during the whole 24-year period.4. Meat, pork and fruits were the product groups wi

35、th a RCA in 1980 but a RCD in 2003. However, vegetable products and mushroom were the product categories with a RCD in 1980 but with a RCA in 2003. These two categories were all processed products.5. During the 24-year period, four agricultural product groups in China experienced an improvement: mus

36、hroom and vegetable products improved from “RCD” to “RCA”; the RCA value of cotton and cereals also had increased, although they were still in RCD position.6. For most kinds of agricultural products, Chinas competitiveness had weakened. The RCA value of 12 of 17 product groups experienced a fall.Con

37、clusion and prospectsThe above findings suggest that most of the agricultural products with revealed comparative advantage in China are labor-intensive products. The rise in vegetable products is encouraging partly because of Chinas low cost labor in agriculture.The decreasing level of comparative a

38、dvantage index means that the competitiveness in Chinas agricultural products is weakening which would have resulted from the following reasons. Externally, many economic integrated organizations have been established and merged the economies of their member states, thus forming a solid regional tra

39、ding blockage. Internally, the quality of many agricultural products cant come up to international standards; most agro enterprises are weak in technological innovation. Whats more, industrial association and intermediary agencies have not brought their potentialities into full play in advancing the

40、 agricultural processing industry and maintaining market order.To strengthen Chinas agricultural products competitiveness, further efforts should be made to push agricultural industrialization forward by developing leading agricultural enterprises. The domestic major agricultural producers are individual farmer households. Agricultural enterprises are only in the initial st