英語語法基礎知識(適用于初高中銜接)(共8頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上英語語法基礎知識(適用于初高中銜接)第一部分 語法框架 詞類：名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、冠詞、數(shù)詞、介詞、代詞、連詞語 句子成分：主、謂、賓，定、狀、補，同位、表法 主語+謂語 句 簡 主語+謂語+賓語法 單 主語+謂語+賓語（間賓）+賓語（直賓） 按 句 主語+謂語+賓語+賓補結(jié) 主語+系動詞+表語構 并列句：簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句分 定語從句復合句：主句+從句 狀語從句句 名 主語從句 子 詞 賓語從句 結(jié) 性 構 從 同位語從句 句 表語從句 陳述句：肯定句/否定句 按 疑 一般疑問句：將be/情態(tài)動詞/助動詞do/does/did/have/has/had移

2、到主語前構成 語 問 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞(what/when/where/why/which/how)+一般疑問句 氣 句 選擇疑問句：一般疑問句+or+一般疑問句（通常省去與前句相同的內(nèi)容） 分 反義疑問句：前肯后否；前否后肯 祈使句：用于表達命令、請求、勸告、警告、禁止等，以動詞原形開頭 What +名詞+主語+謂語!感 What+形容詞+名詞+主語+謂語!嘆 How+形容詞或副詞+主語+謂語!句 How +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語! How +主語+謂語!第二部分 詞類名詞Noun (n.)專有名詞首字母大寫的人名、地名、組織名、機構名等，如：Qi Baishi, N

3、ew York, the USA普通名詞可數(shù)名詞（單/復數(shù)）個體名詞：能分成單個獨立個體的名詞，如：pen, apple, student, tree集體名詞：由幾個個體組成的小集體的名詞，如：group, class, family不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞：不能分為個體的物質(zhì)，通常為氣體、液體，如：water, gas, air抽象名詞：不具體，看不見，莫不著的事物，如：advice, information動詞Verb(v.)實義動詞/行為動詞(具體動作的發(fā)出 )及物動詞(vt.)：需要帶賓語的動詞，即：該類詞后必須有名詞、代詞等可以作賓語的詞，如：finish tasks, run(經(jīng)營) a

4、 company, read a novel 不及物動詞(vi.)：不需要帶賓語的的動詞，即：該類詞后沒有名詞、代詞等可以作賓語的詞，如：He(主) runs(謂) quickly(狀). 若要在不及物動詞后接賓語，則需要加上相關介詞，如：They arrived in London at 9 p.m.情態(tài)動詞表示說話人語氣和態(tài)度的詞：can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, need, ought to, dare。其后的動詞用原形，“情動+動原”一起構成句子的謂語。助動詞幫助構成時態(tài)、語態(tài)或改變句子結(jié)構的動詞，如：b

5、e(am, is, are, was, were), have(has, had), do, does, did連系動詞表狀態(tài)：be(是), seem/appear(好像)表感官：look(看起來), sound(聽起來), smell(聞起來), taste(嘗起來), feel(感覺起來)動詞Verb (v.)連系動詞表保持：keep/ stay/remain(保持)表變化：become(成為，變得), get(變得), turn(變得), go(變得), come(變得)形容詞Adjective(adj.)描述人或物的性質(zhì)、特征等的詞，修飾名詞或代詞，通常意為“的”，如：smart, c

6、lever, humourous, beautiful, excellent, honest, kind, friendly, handsome, cute, lovely, wonderful, favorite, etc.部分具有比較級和最高級副詞Adverb(adv.)修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞的詞，通常意為“地”時間副詞now, then, before, ago, today, yesterday, tomorrow, etc.地點副詞Here, there everywhere, anywhere, somewhere, in, out, inside, outside, above,

7、 below, up, down, back, forward(向前地), home, upstairs(樓上地), downstairs, across, along, round, around, near, off, past, up, away, on程度副詞much, little, very, rather(相當), so, too, still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整個), almost, slightly(細小地), hardly方式副詞carefully, properly(適當?shù)?,

8、 anxiously(焦慮地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷靜地), politely(有禮貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly, slowly, badly, hard, bravely頻度副詞often, always, usually, generally(一般地), frequently（頻繁地）順序副詞first, then, next, finally, afterwards, primarily(起初)關系副詞when, where, why用在定語從句中，起關聯(lián)作用疑問副詞when,

9、where, why, how用在特殊疑問句中，分別表示時間、地點、原因、方式連接副詞therefore(因此), moreover(此外), however, otherwise(另外), besides冠詞Article(art.)定冠詞a/an表泛指不定冠詞the表特指數(shù)詞Numeral(num.)基數(shù)詞one, two, there, four, five, six, seven, ten, twenty, thirty, etc.序數(shù)詞first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, tenth, etc.分數(shù)1/2

10、(one half), 1/3(one third), 2/3(two thirds), 1/4(one quarter), 3/4(three quarters), 5/8(five eighths)百分數(shù)50%(50 percent)介詞Preposition(prep.)放在名詞或代詞前面，表示時間、地點、原因、方式等事物關系，如：in, on, with, by, for, at, about, under, of, into, within, throughout, inside, outside, without, because of, in front of, instead

11、of, concerning(關于), considering(就而言), including(包括), regarding(關于), etc.代詞Pronoun(pron.)代替名詞、形容詞或數(shù)詞的詞人稱代詞：第一、二、三人稱反身代詞：帶有后綴self, selves的代詞物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞：起形容詞作用（修飾作用）的代詞名詞性物主代詞：起名詞作用（修飾作用）的代詞指示代詞：指代時間/空間上較近/較遠的人/事物的代詞不定代詞：代替不確定數(shù)目的詞關系代詞：在定語從句中代替先行詞的代詞，有which, that, who, whom, whose, as疑問代詞：在特殊疑問句中，指代人或事

12、物的代詞，有which, that, who, whom, whose連詞Conjunction(conj.)連接詞與詞，短語與短語，句子與句子的詞并列連詞：連接并列成分的詞，如：and, but, so, eitheror等 從屬連詞：連接狀語從句的詞，如：when(時間), where(地點), because(原因), so that(結(jié)果), than(比較), if(條件), in order that(目的), as if(方式), although(讓步) (共八類連詞)連接連詞：連接名詞性從句的詞第三部分 句子成分及簡單句一、簡單句的五大基本句型：主語 + 謂語 名詞/代詞/動

13、名詞/不定式 + 不及物動詞主語 + 謂語 + 賓語名詞/代詞/動名詞/不定式 + 及物動詞 + 名詞/代詞/動名詞/不定式 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語（間賓） + 賓語（直賓） 名詞/代詞/動名詞/不定式 + 及物動詞 + 代詞 + 名詞主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 + 賓補 名詞/代詞/動名詞/不定式 + 及物動詞 + 代詞 + 代詞/名詞/數(shù)詞/非謂語動詞/副詞/形容詞/介詞短語主語 + 系動詞 + 表語名詞/代詞/動名詞/不定式 + 系動詞 + 代詞 + 代詞/名詞/數(shù)詞/非謂語動詞/副詞/形容詞/介詞短語實例依次如下：She arrived (on time). 主謂(狀) 她按時到了。

14、We will accept (their) invitation. 主謂(定)賓 我們將接受他們的邀請。 The company offered him a well-paid job. 主謂+直賓+間賓 那家公司給他提供了一份待遇豐厚的工作。All of them consider him considerate. 主謂賓+賓補 他們大家都認為他很體貼。 This is an exciting result. 主系表這是一個令人激動的結(jié)果。二、句子八大成分：主語、謂語、賓語，定語、狀語、補語，同位語、表語（主謂賓，定狀補，同位表）1、主語（1）定義：主語是構成句子的八大成分之一，是一個句子

15、所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。（2）主語的表示：主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式短語、動名詞短語等充當。During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. （名詞）We often speak English in class. （代詞）One-third of the students in this class are girls. （數(shù)詞）To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式短語）Smoking does harm to the heal

16、th. （動名詞）The rich should help the poor. （名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主語從句）2、謂語（1）定義：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞或動詞短語在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后，并體現(xiàn)人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)。（2）謂語的表示：簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。如：He practices running every morning. (動詞) She turned off the light just now. (動詞短語) 復合謂語

17、：1）由情態(tài)動詞加動詞原形構成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. 2）由助動詞have/has/had加動詞過去分詞構成。如：He has caught a bad cold. 3）由系動詞加表語構成。如：We are students.3、賓語：（1）定義：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如： （2）賓語的表示：賓語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式短語、動名詞短語等充當。They saw an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞） The heavy rain prevented me from comin

18、g to school on time.（代詞） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語） I enjoy listening to popular music.（動名詞短語） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）（3）賓語種類： 1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your

19、 dictionary, please. 2）復合賓語（賓語+賓補），例如：They elected him their monitor. 4、定語：（1）定義：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。（2）定語的表示：定語可由形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等充當，如（劃線部分為定語，黑體部分為中心語）：*They have something important to announce.（形容詞）Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）There are thirty women teachers is our school.（數(shù)詞、名詞）His rapid progres

20、s in English made us surprised.（代詞）Jelly received seven gifts on her 16th birthday. （數(shù)詞）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞）I shared the pizzas made by my aunt with my friends. （過去分詞短語）The black dog following Mr.

21、 White is a homeless one. （現(xiàn)在分詞短語）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）The boy who is reading is Tom. （定語從句）（3）定語的位置：觀察以上例句，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)：單個詞作定語時，通常位于被修飾詞之前，作前置定語；短語和從句作定語時，則位于被修飾詞之后，作后置定語。例外：1)形容詞修飾不定代詞時需后置，如例句They have somet

22、hing important to announce.（形容詞） 2)present 在場的，出席的 e.g. All present were surprised. There were 200 people present at the meeting. 現(xiàn)有的，目前的 e.g. We are trying to solve the present difficulties. concerned 擔心的，憂慮的 e.g. Concerned parents held a meeting. 有關的 e.g. the authorities concerned 有關部門5、狀語（1）定義：修飾

23、動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。示： （2）狀語的表示：狀語可由副詞及副詞性詞組、介詞短語、不定式短語、分詞短語、名詞、狀語從句等充當。Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語） He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語） Wait a

24、 minute.（名詞） Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句） 狀語種類如下： How about meeting again at six?（時間狀語） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（時間、原因狀語） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語） Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地點狀語） She put the eggs into the basket with great

25、 care.（方式狀語） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語） She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語） I am taller than he is.（比較狀語） 6、賓語補足語（1）定義：補充說明賓語的身份、特征或與賓語相同概念的成分。英語中有些及物

26、動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如：make/name/call等+賓語+賓補）。（2）賓補的表示：賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如：His father named him Dong Ming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room

27、.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句） 7、同位語（1）定義：某一名詞或代詞后的等同解釋部分。（2）同位語的表示：同位語可由名詞、名詞詞組、從句等充當。We love our country, China. （名詞）I live in Shijiazhuang, a city not far from Beijing. （名詞詞組） 注：作同位語的名詞或名詞詞組與被解釋部分指同一人或同一物。I happened

28、to hear the news that we would have a three-day off. （從句）注：作同位語的從句內(nèi)容即為被解釋部分所要表達的內(nèi)容。8、表語（1）定義：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。（2）表語的表示：表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句充當。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞） Is it yours?（代詞） The weather has tu

29、rned cold.（形容詞） The speech is exciting.（分詞） Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動名詞） The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語） Time is up. The class is over.（副詞） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）句子成分巧記歌訣主謂賓表定狀補， 七種成分記

30、清楚。句子主干主謂賓（表），枝葉成分定狀補。定語修飾主賓表， 賓語之后常有補。主謂人稱數(shù)一致， 狀語位置最靈活。Exercises:I. 指出下列句子中劃線部分的成分。1. We all study hard at English.A. 主語 B. 謂語 C. 賓語 D.表語2. Betty likes her new bike very much. A. 主語 B.謂語 C.賓語 D.表語3. My brother is a policeman. A. 主語 B.謂語 C.賓語 D.表語4. Were you at home last night? A.定語 B.狀語 C.賓補 D.表語5.

31、 Winter is the coldest season of the year. A 定語 B.狀語 C.賓補 D.表語6. He often walks in the park. A.定語 B.狀語 C.賓語 D.表語7. Mary asked me to help her yesterday.A.定語 B.狀語 C.賓補 D.表語8. He bought me a nice present last week. A.賓語 B.直接賓語 C.間接賓語 D.賓補9. His parents are doctors.A.賓語 B.表語 C.謂語 D.定語10. Ill get you som

32、e tea now.A.賓語 B.直接賓語 C.間接賓語 D.賓補11. My mother told us an interesting story last night.A.表語 B.直接賓語 C.間接賓語 D.賓補12. He has read the book twice.A.主語 B.謂語 C.表語 D.賓語13. They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.A.表語 B.謂語 C.賓語 D.定語14. Do you have something to eat ?A.狀語 B.定語 C.賓語 D.賓補15. We made him our

33、 monitor.A.賓語 B.定語 C. 狀語 D.賓補II. 劃出下列句子的成分。1. I can swim. 我會游泳。2. Everything changes. 萬物都在變。3. The plane has already arrived. 飛機已經(jīng)抵達。 4. I like English. 我喜歡英語。5. They are reading books . 他們在看書。6. He bought a computer last week. 他上周買了臺電腦。7. My mother is a scientist. 我母親是個科學家。8. She looks young. 她看上去很

34、年輕。9. The food tastes very delicious. 這食物嘗起來很香。10. My mother bought me a dictionary yesterday. 我母親昨天給我買了本字典。11. Can you give me the math book? 你能給我那本數(shù)學書嗎？12. Will you tell us something about your school life? 你給我講講你們的學習生活，好嗎？13. We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我們必須保持教室干凈、整潔。14. My mother

35、asks me to speak English as much as possible. 我母親要求我盡可能多地講英語。15. I heard her singing happily in the room just now. 剛才我聽到她在房間里高興地唱著歌。簡單句五種基本句型巧記歌訣英語句子萬萬千，五大句型把線牽。句型種類看動詞，后接成分是關鍵。系詞之后接表語，不及物后無需連。及物又可分三類，單賓雙賓最常見。還有賓語補足語，各種搭配記心間。三、“主語+be+表語”句式的常見用法 1. 主語+be+形容詞/介詞短語/副詞(表狀態(tài)) “某物/某人是什么樣的”The river is wide

36、 and deep. 這條河又寬又深。Jelly was embarrassed when he was caught cheating in the exam. 作弊被發(fā)現(xiàn)時，Jelly感到很尷尬。The scenery in the north is attractive. 北方的風景讓人陶醉。The two missing boys were in danger. 那兩個走失的男孩面臨危險。His father was out of work last year. 去年，他父親失業(yè)了。He is always at a loss while facing difficulties. 面對

37、困難時，他總是不知所措。Time is up. 時間到了。 2. 主語+be+名詞/從句 “某物/某人是”They are volunteers. 他們是志愿者。The people over there were workers. 那邊的那些人曾是工人。I am a Senior3 student. 我是一名高三學生。One hundred dollar is what he needs. 他需要一百美元。 3. 主語+be+介詞短語/副詞(表地點/方位) “某物/某人在”We are in the office. 我們在辦公室。Everyone is here. 所有人都在此。Heilongjiang is in the northeast of China. 黑龍江在中國東北。My home is behind the supermarket. 我家在那個超市后面。 4. (1)“某人多少歲” (以5