閱讀理解 是指閱讀所給的文字材料

1、第1章 概 述（上）“閱讀理解”是指閱讀所給的文字材料，掌握它的主要內(nèi)容并理解其含義。實際上，“閱讀理解”是通過認(rèn)識語言形式與結(jié)構(gòu)而獲取文字信息的過程。閱讀是英語學(xué)習(xí)的重要組成部分。閱讀理解能力的高低直接影響著聽、說、寫等各方面能力的形成和發(fā)展。因此，各省、市都把閱讀理解題作為中考英語必考的最重要的題型之一，并且越來越重視對閱讀理解能力的考查：閱讀量逐漸增多，知識面逐步拓寬，難度系數(shù)逐年加大。(1)“閱讀理解”的具體要求九年義務(wù)教育全日制初級中學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱對“讀”的要求如下：能預(yù)習(xí)課文，初步理解課文大意。學(xué)會查詞典，能借助詞典閱讀難度相當(dāng)于課文的材料，并理解其大意。能獨(dú)立閱讀所學(xué)語言知識范圍

2、內(nèi)的材料，生詞率不超過3%。三年制和四年制的閱讀速度分別是每分鐘40-50和50-60個單詞，理解正確率達(dá)到70%。閱讀能力強(qiáng)的標(biāo)志不僅指閱讀速度快，而且還要求理解率高。具體體現(xiàn)在如下幾個方面：掌握所讀材料的大意，以及用以說明主旨和大意的事實和細(xì)節(jié)。既能理解具體的事實，也能理解抽象的概念。既能理解字面意思，也能理解深層含義(包括作者的態(tài)度、意圖及傾向等)。既能理解某一句話、某一段落的意義，也能理解全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，并能據(jù)此進(jìn)行推理和判斷。既能根據(jù)材料所提供的信息解決問題，也能結(jié)合必備的常識(包括生活常識和相關(guān)的其他學(xué)科知識等)去理解和處理題目設(shè)置的疑難問題。由于考試過程中不允許考生查字典，因此，

3、要想解答好閱讀理解題必須做到以下兩點(diǎn)：掌握相當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯量。詞匯不過關(guān)，處處是難關(guān)。平常要多背誦一些基礎(chǔ)詞匯、詞組、習(xí)慣短語等。教材中出現(xiàn)的重要句型也必須牢記。這樣就能為順利閱讀提供強(qiáng)有力的保障。同時在記憶詞匯時，要注意單詞的詞性及一詞多義現(xiàn)象，這樣對閱讀中碰到的生詞的推斷會有一定的幫助。加強(qiáng)“聽、說、讀、寫、譯”五項基本技能的訓(xùn)練，創(chuàng)造良好的語境。通過多聽、多說、多讀、多寫、多譯，逐步培養(yǎng)語感，提高綜合運(yùn)用語言知識的能力，為閱讀能力的提高奠定堅實的基礎(chǔ)。(2)“閱讀理解”的題型特點(diǎn)“閱讀理解”是集語法、詞匯、邏輯推理、背景知識于一體，測試語言綜合能力的題目。它主要用來考查學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用英語語言知識

4、的能力，不僅考查閱讀速度，而且重點(diǎn)考查理解能力。閱讀理解題分為閱讀材料(短文)和理解運(yùn)用兩部分，其命題形式主要有四種：選擇正確答案；判斷正誤；完成句子；回答問題。為了便于閱卷，中考采用的命題形式以前兩種為主。實際上，閱讀理解題無論以哪種形式出現(xiàn)，都是一個問題的不同形式的反映，出發(fā)點(diǎn)都是針對短文具體內(nèi)容理解程度的，即正確答案必須符合原文意思，符合語法規(guī)范，語句通順，符合邏輯合情合理。(3)“閱讀理解”的考查內(nèi)容作為一種綜合性很強(qiáng)的試題類型，“閱讀理解”的考查內(nèi)容有如下幾個方面： 考查短文的主旨和大意。包括對文章大意、主題的理解，對作者意圖或文章中人物觀點(diǎn)的理解，以及能從短文內(nèi)容中推斷出結(jié)論和作者

5、的弦外之音等。 考查短文的細(xì)節(jié)和事實。包括事實識別、有關(guān)數(shù)字方面的計算或識圖、排列順序等。 考查短文中詞語的意思或句子的含義。這些詞句一般不只是體現(xiàn)其表層意義，而往往具有深層涵義。要求考生能利用閱讀材料中的信息，結(jié)合上下文來判斷其特定意義，或者根據(jù)句子的語法關(guān)系分析、挖掘其涵義。這就要求考生具備必要的語言知識、相關(guān)學(xué)科的常識及一定的分析和推斷能力。 考查擬選題目的能力。這是對考生概括能力的檢測，難度稍大。因為短文標(biāo)題的擬定不但取決于閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，而且還受標(biāo)題特點(diǎn)的影響。一般地，英語短文標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)有：省略冠詞、be動詞或作定語用的人稱代詞，且多以短語或簡單句出現(xiàn)。選擇標(biāo)題的一般原則是：一是要切

6、題，即能概括出全文的主旨；二是要簡潔，即文字要簡單明了。(4)“閱讀理解”的題型設(shè)置閱讀理解是通過語篇對學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用語言能力進(jìn)行考查的題型。研究近幾年的中考閱讀理解試題，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，閱讀理解題的難度并不是很大，主要以確認(rèn)短文的事實和細(xì)節(jié)為主。但是隨著新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實施，對學(xué)生高層閱讀能力方面的要求已有所增加。比如，在高考英語中常用的邏輯推理、詞句理解和歸納全文主旨大意等難度較大的題目也逐漸納入中考英語考查之列。從考查形式上來看，“閱讀理解”的題型主要分為兩大類：客觀試題和主觀試題。 客觀試題客觀試題一般包括選擇題和正誤判斷題。題目的設(shè)計方式是：在短文、圖文或圖表材料后給出若干個不完整的句子，或者根

7、據(jù)短文材料內(nèi)容提出若干個問題，要求考生在正確理解材料的基礎(chǔ)上，判斷句子的正誤或者從所給的四個備選項中選出一個正確答案?？紤]到閱卷上的方便，中考閱讀理解題大多以這種方式來命制的。例如：IA four-year-old girl is lying in the arms of a doctor. She has just lost her mother. Her pink clothes are full of blood and her eyes look at something only she can see.Every day we see pictures like this on o

8、ur televisions. We see Iraqi (伊拉克的) children begging for food and water from American and British soldiers as they move through towns and cities towards the capital, Baghdad (巴格達(dá)). We see these children following parents, carrying bags of almost the same size as their small bodies as they escape fro

9、m their homes in Baghdad.They show just some of the young lives that have been turned upside down by ongoing war and the terrible price paid by Iraqi children.“Dad, why are the Americans fighting against us? Are we going to be killed?” asks the son f Abu Singar, an Iraqi engineer. Abu finds it hard

10、to explain this war to his eight-year-old son.He tries to make him feel safe by saying, “The bombs (炸彈) are far away from us. The Americans are fighting the soldiers. Were going to be all right.” Even though Abu knows it isnt always true, little else can be done. In Baghdad, parents give their child

11、ren sleeping pills to try and let them escape from the sound of bombs. And all the schools are closed.Now things are worse, and the ongoing war makes it impossible to count the number who are hungry, sick, hurt or even dead.根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，選擇正確答案。1.What happens to the children in Iraq because of the war?A. T

12、he children will get better than before.B. The children beg for food and water from American and British soldiers.C. The children in Iraq go away from their homes in Baghdad.D. The children live a most terrible life.2.What does the word “ongoing” mean in Chinese?A. 正在進(jìn)行的 B. 非正義的 C. 未授權(quán)的 D. 影響惡劣的3.Th

13、e father doesnt tell the true thing to his child because _.A. he wants to make his child not feel dangerousB. he and his child are afraid to lose each other in the warC. he doesnt want his child to believe American soldiersD. he will lose his country and his home4.The war in Iraq tells us that _.A.

14、the Iraqi people in the war are much hungrier and worseB. we should help the Iraqi people build their country againC. nothing can be done except fightingD. both A and B5.What would be the best title (標(biāo)題) for the report?A. Iraqi children during the WarB. Sickness, Death in IraqC. America and England

15、Fight against IraqD. A Girl in the War in Iraq(選自2003年重慶市中考試題)(Keys: 1.D 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.A)IIHere is a page from a magazine named Future. Read the following information about things that may happen in ten years. And then do the exercise below.A. Cars will run on solar power (太陽能) or electricity and wi

16、ll be much cleaner. They will be much safer. For example, if you are too close to another car or if you are driving dangerously, your car will slow down by itself.B. Because there wont be any spare land, new cities will have to be built in the sea. Some cities on water will have two levels (層). Peop

17、le will live on the upper level; the lower level will be used for traffic, shops and factories.C. Biotechnology (生物技術(shù)) will make food better and healthier. Plants that are not affected (影響) by insects or illnesses will be developed. The taste of fruit and vegetables will be better and food will be k

18、ept longer.D. New technology will be used to make TVs that are only 5cm thick. They will have pictures that are as clear as photos. Electrical appliances (家用電器) will be quieter and will be controlled by computer. They will also use 50% less power.E. Many new ways to cure (治愈) illnesses will be succe

19、ssful using products of genetic engineering (基因產(chǎn)品). Cures will be found for the flu and the common cold. However, some new illnesses will appear.判斷下列句子是否符合短文內(nèi)容，符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示。1.Cars using solar power or electricity will cause fewer accidents and less pollution.2.People will be able to live in

20、the new cities in the sea.3.Biotechnology will help divide food into two groups: better food and healthier food.4.Electrical appliances will save 50% of power because they are controlled by computers.5.Genetic engineering can help doctors to cure illnesses.6.The information above is about the histor

21、y of the development of modern science.(選自2003年上海市中考試題)(Keys: 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.F) 主觀試題在中考英語試卷中，主觀試題出現(xiàn)得雖然不是很普遍，但它反映了英語新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的精神。與客觀試題相比，主觀試題更能檢測出學(xué)生的真實英語水平，不少省市開始對這種題型有所涉及，且有逐漸增加之勢。主觀試題通常包括以下幾種命題方式：a. 填空題所謂“填空題”，就是在短文或圖文材料后，給出若干個句子或一段經(jīng)過改寫的短文或?qū)υ?，并且在句子、短文或?qū)υ捴辛粲腥舾煽崭?，要求在每個空格中填入一個或幾個單詞，使句子、短文或?qū)υ捤磉_(dá)的意思與

22、原來所給材料內(nèi)容保持一致。例如：IMost people have jobs. They go to work nearly every day. Some people are lucky. Either they have very interesting jobs or they make a lot of money. Most people are not so lucky. Either their jobs are not very interesting or they dont make much money.The most interesting jobs are oft

23、en the most difficult. People take a long time to learn how to do them. Doctors study for at least six years after finishing school.Some young people have interesting and high-pay jobs. Many young players do their work successfully. Football and tennis stars are usually under 35 Years old. Older peo

24、ple usually cannot play these sports very well. They cannot move fast enough. Golf, however is a good sport for older people. Many golf players are quite old, but they can play it successfully.Most people work until they are 60 or 65 years old. Then they retire (退休) and have a lot of free time. Some

25、 people never retire though. These people usually have very interesting jobs. Writers, artists, scientists and actors (演員) usually work until they die. Their work is their life.根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，完成下列句子，每空一詞。1.Some _ people have interesting or high-pay jobs, _ most people dont have such good luck.2.Some jobs _

26、a long time to learn because they are _.3.Young players can _very fast, so many of them play these _ like football and tennis very _.4.Golf is a good sport for _ people.5.Most people keep _ until the age of 60 or 65. but writers, artists, scientists and actors can work all their _.(選自2003年吉林省中考試題)(K

27、eys: 1.lucky, while/but 2. take, difficult/hard 3.move/run, sports/games, well/successfully 4.old/older 5.working, lives)IISchool education is very important and useful. The students both learn knowledge and get an education. Yet, no one can learn everything from school. The scientists，such as Ediso

28、n，Newton，Galileo and Einstein, didnt learn everything from school. They learned a lot of knowledge outside school or in practice by themselves. A teacher, even he knows a lot, cant teach his students everything.The teachers job is to show his students how to learn, how to read and how to think. A go

29、od teacher with rich experience in teaching can teach his students the methods(= ways)of study. Through these methods the students are able to learn and get a lot of things by themselves.Usually it is very easy for the students to remember some knowledge, but it is very difficult to use it for probl

30、ems. If a teacher really shows the students the ability of how to use knowledge, it means the teacher has learned lots of knowledge by himself (or herself). The success in learning shows he or she knows how to study.(A)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容選擇最佳答案。 1.From this passage we know _.A. the students are taught everything at school B. a teacher can't teach the students everything C. schoo