第04講themake-upofanaccident

1、English for Safety engineeringEnglish for Safety engineering第1頁3 The Make-up of an Accident事故的形成CONTENTS -English for Safety Engineering-第2頁詞匯nfatalities 災禍；慘死；宿命；命數(shù)ndebris n.碎片, 殘骸nstatistics n.統(tǒng)計，統(tǒng)計數(shù)字; 統(tǒng)計學nevacuation n.撤離nmishap n.災禍nmitigate v.減輕ncryogenic adj.低溫學的 npropagate v.繁殖, 傳播, 宣傳namelior

2、ate v.改善, 改進nrupture v.破裂CONTENTS -English for Safety Engineering-第3頁Translation paragraph 13nIn most cases, out of necessityan unacceptable number of deaths, accidents, and loss of revenueengineers have been forced to take a more serious approach to designing safety into both systems and products.

3、n在大多數(shù)事例中，由于必須的情況，如造成了不可接受的死亡人數(shù)、事故和稅收損失，工程師們經(jīng)常被迫采取更加嚴格的方法來保證系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的設計安全。nout of在.外； 從里面； 由于； 缺乏, 放棄； 喪失；在.范圍外； 用.制成； 來自； 與.不相宜, 不相稱離開, 脫離CONTENTS -English for Safety Engineering-第4頁Translation paragraph 1nWe may all say accidents happen. However, their occurrence may not only take human lives, destroy

4、 millions of dollars in property and lost business, they may also cost us our jobs and reputations. n我們可能都會說事故發(fā)生了。然而，它們的發(fā)生可能不僅奪取了人們的生命、造成了數(shù)百萬的財產(chǎn)損失和失去生意，甚至還會使我們丟掉工作和名譽。CONTENTS -English for Safety Engineering-第5頁Translation paragraph 1nThe Bhopal, India, accident in 1984 released methyl isocyanate an

5、d caused over 2,500. n1984年印度博帕爾事件導致甲基異氰酸鹽泄露，導致2500多人死亡。 nIn 1986, the NASA Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated in flight in front of millions of television viewers and killed seven astronauts, brought NASA to a standstill for two years, and cost the agency billions of dollars. n1986年美國國家航天和宇宙飛行局

6、挑戰(zhàn)者號航天飛機在百萬電視觀眾面前于飛行中爆炸成碎片，造成7名航天員全部遇難；這一事件，花費國家航天和宇宙飛行局大量的財力，還使得其工作停滯了兩年。CONTENTS -English for Safety Engineering-第6頁Translation paragraph 1nA petroleum refinery blew up in Houston, Texas, in 1989, killing 23 workers, damaging property totaling US 750 million, and spewing debris from the explosion

7、over an area of 9km.n1989年，位于得克薩斯州休斯敦市的一家煉油廠爆炸，死亡23人，造成的財產(chǎn)損失總計達到7.5億美元，爆炸噴出的碎片覆蓋了方圓9km 的范圍。nMany thought that after the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plant disasters we would finally get a handle on how to prevent accidents.n很多人認為在發(fā)生了美國三厘島核電站和切爾諾貝利核電站的災難之后，我們應該最終掌握了怎樣預防事故的方法。CONTENTS

8、 -English for Safety Engineering-第7頁Translation paragraph 1nU.S. government statistics indicate that more than 350 chemical accidents a year result in death, injury, or evacuation. n據(jù)美國政府統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示每年有350多起化學事故造成了死亡、傷害或者人員撤離。nIn 1991 and 1992 fifteen major petrochemical accidents destroyed more than 1 bi

9、llion in property.n在1991年到1992年間，15起主要的石化事故造成的財產(chǎn)損失超過了10億。 CONTENTS -English for Safety Engineering-第8頁Translation paragraph 2nAccidents dont just happen; they are a result of a long process, with many steps. n事故的發(fā)生不是偶然的，它們是經(jīng)過了很長的過程而產(chǎn)生的一個結果，包含很多步驟。nMany times all of these steps have to be completed b

10、efore an accident can occur. n很多時候，必須完成了所有的這些步驟之后，事故才會發(fā)生（當一個事故發(fā)生前必須完成很多次所有的這些步驟。）CONTENTS -English for Safety Engineering-第9頁Translation paragraph 2nIf the engineer can prevent one or more of these accident steps from occurring, then he can either prevent the mishap or at least mitigate its effects.

11、 n如果一個工程師能夠防止一個或多個這樣的事故步驟的發(fā)生，那么他就能避免災禍的發(fā)生，或者至少減輕了其影響。nPart of system safety strategy is to intervene at various points along that accident timeline.n系統(tǒng)安全的一部分策略就是干預事故發(fā)生的時間鏈上的各種點。CONTENTS -English for Safety Engineering-第10頁Translation paragraph 3nAn accident is an unplanned process of events that lea

12、ds to undesired injury, loss of life, damage to the system or the environment. n事故是事件中人們預想不到的導致了不希望發(fā)生的傷害、死亡以及系統(tǒng)或環(huán)境破壞的過程。nThis means that death in war is no accident, but a jeep crashing on the way to battle is.n這就是說，在戰(zhàn)爭中的死亡不是事故，但是一輛吉普車在去作戰(zhàn)的途中撞車就是事故了。CONTENTS -English for Safety Engineering-第11頁Trans

13、lation paragraph 4nAn incident or near-miss is an almost-accident.n一個事件或未遂事件屬于準事故。n Three Mile Island was a radioactive near-miss. No massive quantities of radioactivity were released to the environs, but they almost. n三厘島事故就是一個輻射傷害的未遂事故。這次事件中并沒有大量的輻射能釋放到郊區(qū)，但是幾乎就要發(fā)生了。CONTENTS -English for Safety Eng

14、ineering-第12頁Translation paragraph 4nFigure 3.1 shows the events that lead to an accident.n圖3.1表示了導致事故的事件。Preliminary EventsInitiating Events Preliminary EventsIntermediate EventsHAZARDOUSCONDITIONACCIDENTCONTENTS -English for Safety Engineering-第13頁Translation paragraph 5nPreliminary events can be

15、anything that influences the initiating event. n初級事件可以是影響發(fā)起事件的一切事情。nExamples of preliminary events could be long working hours for chemical plant operators or poor or incomplete pump maintenance.n比如說，化學工廠的操作員長時間工作，或者是對抽水泵粗劣的維護或者維護不完善都可能是初級事件。CONTENTS -English for Safety Engineering-第14頁Translation p

16、aragraph 5nPreliminary events set the stage for a hazardous condition. n初級事件為形成危險的情形提供了條件。nIf we can eliminate the preliminary events or hazardous condition, then the accident cannot advance to the next step-initiating events. n如果我們能夠消除初級事件或者危險情形，那么事故就不會發(fā)展到下一步發(fā)起事件。CONTENTS -English for Safety Engine

17、ering-第15頁Translation paragraph 6nThe initiating event, sometimes called the trigger event, is the actual mechanism or condition that causes the accident to occur.n發(fā)起事件有時候稱為觸發(fā)事件，是導致事故發(fā)生的實際的機制或條件。 nIt can be thought of as the spark that lights the fire. n它可以被比喻為引發(fā)火災的火花。 nFor example, a valve sticks o

18、pen a process feed line, an electrical short causes a spark at a fueling depot, a pressure regulator fails open in a cryogenic system or a 220-V power feed is mated with a 110-V system.n例如，一個閥的手柄開啟了一個程序進料線；由于電的短路在加油庫中產(chǎn)生了火花；低溫系統(tǒng)中的壓力調(diào)節(jié)器沒有開放或者220V的電力輸送線接到了110V的系統(tǒng)上。CONTENTS -English for Safety Engineering-第16頁Translation paragraph 7nIntermediate events can have two effects: They may propagate or ameliorate the accident.n媒介事件可能產(chǎn)生兩種影響：它們可能傳播事故或者改善事故。nFunctioning relief valves in a p