選修六unit4知識(shí)點(diǎn)

1、U4（ 選修六 ）on/ upon+ n 依靠 , 依賴 , 確( 堅(jiān)) 信 You cant depend on your parents forever.depend on/upon+sb.+to do 指望某人做 You can t depend on him to come on time.depend on/upon +it +that . 指望 .You may depend on it thathe will come.depend on/upon +wh- 從句Whether you can pass the examdepends on how hard you work.T

2、hat (all) depends./ it all depends. (口語(yǔ) ) 視情況而定，I may help you.But that/ it depends.2. light1) n. 光, 線, 燈2) v. 照亮,點(diǎn)燃 lit(lighted ) lit(lighted )He lit a match. 他劃著了一根火柴。A smile of triumph lit up her face.她的臉上閃耀著勝利的微笑。The match lights easily. 這火柴容易劃著light. （輕的） falling. （ 蒙蒙細(xì)雨）. 他睡不沉。 （易醒的）heavy rain

3、 / rain cats and dogs3) adj .The suitcase is veryThere was a light rain 盆大雨He is a light sleeper 3.heat v. / heat up 是某物變熱或變暖heated adj. 熱的激烈的 heated debate, heated discussionheatedly adv. 憤怒地激昂地heater 加熱器發(fā)熱器consumer (n.).1 消耗 , 花費(fèi) ; 耗盡She consumed most of her time in reading.2 吃 完 , 喝 光 The kids so

4、on consumed all the food on the table.孩子們一會(huì)兒功夫便把桌上的食品全部吃光。3 使全神貫注,使著The boy wasconsumed with curiosity.那男孩充滿好奇心。+with.= Please come here as soon as you can. as one can = as as possible Please come here as soon as possible as many as 多達(dá) as long as 長(zhǎng)達(dá) , 只要 as far as 遠(yuǎn)至 , 就而論 as well as和一樣好 , 也 , 和as e

5、arly as 早在6. 對(duì)比：Our food supply hasgiven outHis money soon ran out.We are running out of our time. I have run out of my oil.All his savings have beenused up .7.Trap vt. 陷入 / n. 陷阱圈套They finally trapped the mouse in a cage. 最后，他們用籠子把老鼠逮著了。The police set atrap for the thieves.She was trapped in the bu

6、rning house. .from . 遠(yuǎn)離 .stop . (from) . 停止 . prevent (from) . 阻止 .You should clean your room to keep it from getting dirty. 你應(yīng)該打掃房間以保持干 凈。Keep doing 繼續(xù)keep out 擋住使進(jìn)不去keep up with 跟上9 What do you think green house gases do?你認(rèn)為溫室氣體有什么作用呢 ?本句中 think 后接了一個(gè)由 what 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。但應(yīng)注意的是： 特殊賓語(yǔ)從句即 當(dāng)一般疑問(wèn)句主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是 t

7、hink, believe ，suppose ， consider, imagine ， guess 和 suggest 等時(shí)，表疑問(wèn)的詞要放在主句前即句首。 例如： 正 Who do you think will win in the game? 誤 Do you think whowill win in the game?當(dāng)然一般情況下賓語(yǔ)從句的疑問(wèn)詞應(yīng)放在主句之后，例如： 正 Do you know why we cant cut down the big tree? 誤 Why do you know we cant cut down the big tree?when compare

8、d to other natural changes 是一個(gè) 省略的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 ，其 完整 的形式 應(yīng) 該是 When it is compared to ;在時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式或讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果從句和主句為同一主語(yǔ)，或者從句的主 語(yǔ)是 it, 而且從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)動(dòng)詞 be 或含有助動(dòng)詞 be，可省略主語(yǔ)和 be 如： If (it is) so, you must get back and get it. Although (he was) criticized, he still worked hard.He hurt his legs badlywhen (he was)

9、playing footballcompare to/ with:與相比Compared to/with many women, she was indeed very fortunate. compared to most natural changes與大多數(shù)的自然變化相比compare A with B ：相比(不同)If you compare her work with his, you will find hers is much pare A to B ：把 A 比作 B A teachers work is oftencompared to a candle

10、.People often compare teachers to gardeners.人們經(jīng)常把老師比做園丁。The poet compares his lover to a rosein his poem.e about: 發(fā)生 =happen( 無(wú)被動(dòng))1 .This situation should neverhave come out.2 .How did it come about thathe had his leg hurt?他的腿傷著了，這是怎么發(fā)生的？3 .This has notcome about overnight. 冰凍三尺，非一日之寒Take place 事件的發(fā)

11、生有某種原因或事先的安排 ： The Olympic Games of 2008 took place in Beijing.Happen 偶然或突發(fā)性事件： what happened to you?I happened to see him on my way home= It happened that I saw him on my way home. Occur 發(fā)生或想到，突然想起，意為發(fā)生時(shí) =happen: what has occurred?I occurred to me that she didn t know I had moved into the new house

12、.Come about 事情發(fā)生了， 但還不知道為什么 。常用于否定和疑問(wèn) When mother woke up, she didn t know what had come about.Break out 常指戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)災(zāi)難疾病爭(zhēng)吵事件的發(fā)生 拓展：come into being形成Come into power/office當(dāng)權(quán) / 當(dāng)職Come into force/effect開(kāi)始生效Come out 出版 , 結(jié)果 come across 偶遇come to 共計(jì)， 蘇醒When it comes to 涉及Come up with 提出Come up 在空中出現(xiàn)，Come along,

13、 進(jìn)展，跟隨 come true 成真is no doubt that. 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn) .There is no doubt thathe can come on time.doubt 的賓語(yǔ)從句 , 肯定句 whether / if / that ；否定句只用 that He doubted whether they would be able to help.He never doubted that they would win the game. beyond / without doubt無(wú)疑地13.random 隨意的胡亂的隨機(jī)的 randomly =at random 任意地隨便地1

14、4. phenomenon (sing.) phenomena (pl.)the phenomena of nature 自然現(xiàn)象 a social phenomenon 社會(huì)現(xiàn)象vi. Vt.I subscribe to your opinion completely.(同意贊同 )I subscribe to a weekly women s magazine ( 訂閱報(bào)紙雜志)She subscribes to a society which helps to protect animals(定期捐款 )16Without the green house effect ，the eart

15、h would be about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than it is. 如果沒(méi)有溫室效應(yīng)，地球會(huì)比現(xiàn)在冷33這是一個(gè)含蓄虛擬條件句=If there were no“ green house effect ” , the earth would be about thirty-threedegrees Celsius cooler than it is.But for electricity (= If there were no electricity)， there would be no modemindustry 要是沒(méi)有電，就

16、不會(huì)有現(xiàn)代工業(yè)。He was having a meeting with his students； otherwise he would have come.他當(dāng)時(shí)正與他的學(xué)生進(jìn)行討論，否則的話他就來(lái)幫我們了。He felt very tired yesterday,or he would have attended the party他昨天很累 , 不然他就參加那個(gè)聚會(huì)了。17. add v. add up 加起來(lái) add up to 合計(jì)達(dá) add to 增加If you add 4 to 3 , you get 7=4 and 3add up to 7Add up these figu

17、res, please.18. quantity1）He likes reading and always buys booksin quantity . 他喜歡閱讀 ,總是成批地買(mǎi)書(shū)。2）He prefers quality to quantitywhen food is concerned. 在吃的方面，他重質(zhì)而不重量3A large quantity of air-conditioners has been sold since the temperature began to rise. 自從氣溫升高，大量的空調(diào)已經(jīng)被賣(mài)出去了。a large quantity of/large qua

18、ntities of;大量的，許多的in quantity; 成批地，大量地large quantity of/large quantities of之后接可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞 。large quantity of 作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 large quantitie s of 作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都用復(fù)數(shù)Quantities of food were on the table.Huge quantities of CO2are added to the atmosphere.（ +不可數(shù)）added to theHuge quantities of fossil fuels化石燃料 are

19、burned to produce energy.（+可數(shù)）As a result of burning fossil atmosphere.A. number; isC. number; arefuels, a large _of carbon dioxideB. quantity; isD. quantity; areKey：Bmeans that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.這就意味著更多的熱量被困在大氣層中，從而引起全球氣溫上

20、升。causing 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)置于句尾，通常和句子隔開(kāi)，作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。 現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示正常的結(jié)果 ，例如：His father died, leaving him a lot of money and a big company. 不定式短語(yǔ)也可以置于句尾，有時(shí)前面加 only, 在句子中作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，但往往表示出乎意料 之外的或事與愿違的結(jié)果， 例如：He hurried to the station,only to find thatthe train had left already.20. Tend- tendencyvt. 照顧，護(hù)理She is tending （to）a

21、 very sick patient. （她在護(hù)理一位重病人。）There is a farmer tending his sheep.vi. tend to do易于，往往會(huì)；傾向于When I m tired, Itend to make mistakes.He tends to get angry whenpeople oppose his opinion.went up （to Cambridge）in 1977. （ 英 ） 上大學(xué)Cigarettes aregoing up （in price）.上漲New office blocksare going up everywhere.

22、 建造起蓋起The whole building went up in flames. 被燒 （ 炸 ） 毀When are you next going up to Scotland? 北上 蘇格蘭 Unemployment has gone up again. 增加The curtain goes up on a suburban living-room.（ 舞臺(tái)幕布 ） 拉起We re going up toLondon next weekend. 進(jìn)城 .go up in smoke 化為烏有g(shù)o by 經(jīng)過(guò)go in for 參加go through 經(jīng)歷，遭到go on 前進(jìn)22.

23、 result in 導(dǎo)致 , 造成 =lead toThe accident resulted in three people being killed.result from:起因于，因?yàn)門(mén)he accident the death of two passengers.A. resulted from B. resulted in C. resulted ofD. resulted withKey ： B 23. oppose sth 反對(duì)某事；oppose doing sth 反對(duì)干某事be opposed to sth./doing sth. 反對(duì) as opposed to( 介詞

24、) 與對(duì)照下1) Most citizens opposed the new tax. 大部分市民反對(duì)新稅。2) The mother opposed her daughter s going there alone. 這位母親反對(duì)她女兒一個(gè)人 去那兒3) I m strongly opposed toyour plan. 我堅(jiān)決反對(duì)你的計(jì)劃。4) His daughter is very athletic, as opposed to his son, who is very clever.他的女兒擅長(zhǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)，他的兒子卻擅長(zhǎng)動(dòng)腦，兩人形成鮮明的對(duì)比。表示“反對(duì)”的短語(yǔ)：say no to 對(duì)說(shuō)

25、不，拒絕，反對(duì)； be against 反對(duì)，不同意； object to (doing)sth. 反對(duì)，討厭； object that 對(duì)提出異議。例如：Can you explain why yousaid no to my offer? 你能否解釋一下為什么拒絕我的幫助？They objected thatthe schedule was too tight.它們對(duì)工作進(jìn)度表太緊提出異議。24.be of no/little/great/much +consequence不 / 非常重要as a consequence (of )=in consequence (of ) 結(jié)果(是)，由

26、于take the consequence of 承擔(dān)責(zé)任answer for the consequences對(duì)后果負(fù)責(zé)。1)The rise in lung cancers wasa consequence of cigarette smoking.肺癌的增長(zhǎng)是吸煙造成的結(jié)果。2) Im afraid you re ill.你恐怕是病了吧 It s of no consequence.不要緊3) As a consequence of a great fire the house was completely destroyed.由于大火，房子被徹底毀壞了。4)Who should ans

27、wer for the consequence of the accident. 誰(shuí)應(yīng)該為這起事故負(fù)責(zé)？25. mild adj.1) 溫 和的,溫柔的He is the mildest man alive.他是世上最和善的人了。2) 溫 暖的,暖和的Its been a mild winter this year.今年的冬天一直很暖和。3) 味 淡的,不濃烈的Please make my drink a mild one.請(qǐng)把我的酒調(diào)得淡一點(diǎn)。4) 輕 微 的, 不 重 的寬大的He was given a mild punishment.他被從輕發(fā)落。26. state-statement

28、The witness stated thatshe had never seen Mr. Smith陳述 ; 聲明 ; 說(shuō)明The president has made an important statement aboutthe matter. 陳述 ; 聲明 ; 說(shuō)明Ice is the solid state ofwater . 形態(tài)In china, the railway are owned by thestate . 國(guó)家 , 政府There are 50 states in America州Everything was in a state of disorder. 狀態(tài)區(qū)分

29、：state 是常用詞，只人或物所處的外表、心理、健康及所處的情形等方面的情況，但不如 condition 具體，只用作單數(shù)形式。Eg： The house was in a dirty state.condition 是常用詞，1 用作單數(shù)形式，表示人或物目前所處的真實(shí)具體狀態(tài)，尤指內(nèi)在狀 態(tài)，可與 state 替用； eg. be in poor/good condition2 用作復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)，籠統(tǒng)地表示一般狀態(tài)eg. poor working conditions .situation 是一般用詞，尤指處于某時(shí)期的狀況，處境，局面，形勢(shì)。指各種具體情況綜合 起來(lái)的狀態(tài)，多指危急或重大的事

30、態(tài)，強(qiáng)調(diào)外部因素對(duì)該事態(tài)的影響，常用作單數(shù)形式。 oneself in an embarrassing situationposition 1 有利的狀況(如競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中或戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的) 2 (尤作單數(shù) ) 處境，情勢(shì)(尤指影響某人 行為的能力)am not in a position to help you.我?guī)筒涣四恪?7. range n.1) 排列 , 將. 排成行 The cards were ranged in alphabetical order.2 )( 在一定范圍內(nèi) ) 變化The prices of the pensrange from $5-$100.3) It s beyond

31、the range ofmy ability.4) I came withinmy range of vision .5) he has a wide range of knowledge.beyond the range of 超出范圍within the range of 在范圍內(nèi)range from A to B 范圍從 A 到 B 28.1) The clouds are building up.云彩在 聚集2) You need more protein tobuild you up. 增強(qiáng)體質(zhì) , 強(qiáng)身健體 。3) She s built up a very successful

32、business. 逐步 建立4) The singer has been built up into a good success. 吹捧，贊揚(yáng)5) I m very glad to see that your vocabulary is graduallybuilding up. 逐漸增長(zhǎng)6）Hard working conditionsbuild up character. （ 喻） 能磨練人的性格29. even if （ +假設(shè)） /though （ +已發(fā)生 / 事實(shí)）即使I wouldnt tell youeven if I knew.Even if she survives,

33、shell never fully recover. Even though hes 24 now, hes still like a little child.I can still remember,even though it was so long ago.30. steady-steadily A steady job/income平穩(wěn)的，持續(xù)的，可靠地，穩(wěn)固的穩(wěn)定的工作 / 收入A steady worker 可靠的工人Steady rain 連綿的雨31. tendency 傾向 趨勢(shì)She has artistic tendencies. 她有藝術(shù) 氣質(zhì) 。There is a

34、 growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.Mary is nice but shehas a tendency to talktoo much.有傾向 ; +to （do） /towardHe has a tendency towards pessimism. 他有悲觀的傾向。Bob has a tendency toexaggerate things. 鮑勃有愛(ài)夸張的傾向。區(qū) 分 ： Trend tendencycurrent:這些名詞均含“趨勢(shì)，傾向”之意。A recent trend in lit

35、erature, fashiontrendtendency:指固有或習(xí)得的傾向性，強(qiáng)調(diào)沒(méi)有外來(lái)的影響或干擾。trend: 指事物發(fā)展總的方向、傾向或趨勢(shì)。current:指向某一方面發(fā)展或在確趨向中行動(dòng)32. widespread adj .分布廣的，普遍的The forests are widespread inour country.我們的國(guó)家森林 分布很廣 。The new laws gained widespread acceptance.Their suggestion metwith widespread disagreement 普遍的There was a widespread

36、 belief in his innocence the whole 總的來(lái)說(shuō)；從總體上看On the whole , he is a good boy.The weather this month has been coldon the whole.On the whole, I m in favor of the idea.The paper is well writtenon the whole.34. average 平均；平均水平 adj/n.above the average 在一般 水平以上 , 中上 ; 在平均數(shù)以上 below the average 在一般水平以下 , 中下

37、 ; 在平均數(shù)以下 on average平均 , 按平均數(shù)計(jì)算 ; 一般地說(shuō)on an average平均 , 按平均數(shù)計(jì)算 ; 一般地說(shuō)The average of 4, 8, and 60 is 24.(N) 4、8 和 60 的平均數(shù)是 24。What is the averagerainfall for August in your country?The average age of the students in this class is 9.His average result (of this three subjects) is 96.His results is the

38、average . 他成績(jī)平平I d say he was of average height.中等個(gè)頭Tom is good at maths-well above average. 遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于平均水平On average , babies start walking at a year old.一般 / 平均來(lái)說(shuō)短語(yǔ)：behalf of 代表一方We attended the global conferenceon behalf ofour country.I m greatly honored toperformance here on behalf of my school.v. 提倡主

39、張擁護(hù)鼓吹 / n. 提倡者He advocates building more schools.The public advocated passing the mitment -commit v. 犯罪犯錯(cuò)誤 , 使承擔(dān)義務(wù) , 為某人作出保證 commit a crime3.make a difference : 有關(guān)系，有影響，有重要性 make no difference ：沒(méi)有關(guān)系，沒(méi)有重要性It wont make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow. 你今天去或明天去沒(méi)有多大關(guān)系 It make no

40、difference if you light a lamp in the sunshine.白天點(diǎn)燈多此一舉。up with 忍受 ; 忍耐 ; 受苦We can t put up withhis endless complaint.Im afraid youllhave to put up withhis bad temper.That woman, as a housewife, has a lot toput up with.Noise is coming to the point wherewe can t put up with it.與 stand, bear 同義We have

41、 to bear with his bad temper because he is a bit frustrated these days. I cannot stand waitingany longer.Modern plastics can very high and very low temperature.A standB. holdC. carry D. SupportKey: Aput aside 節(jié)省 （ 錢(qián)、時(shí)間 ）; 儲(chǔ)蓄 ; 把放在一邊 put away 收拾起來(lái) ;儲(chǔ)存 （錢(qián)）put back 放回原處 ; 拖延put down 寫(xiě)下 ; 記下 ; 控制put for

42、ward 提出 （ 意見(jiàn)、建議 ）; 推薦put off 延期; 推遲put out 熄滅 ; 撲滅put up 舉起; 張開(kāi) （傘）; 張貼 ;為提供食宿long as / as long as只要，如果As long as you dont betray me,Ill do whatever you ask me to （do）.You can go out, as / so long asyou promise to be back before 11 oclock.As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe.You may

43、 borrow this bookso long as you promise to give it back.I will stayas long as I can.on condition that在的條件下1） I will go abroadon condition thatI earn enough money. 如果我掙到足夠的錢(qián)，我就出國(guó)。2）We will help you on condition that/as long as you can offer us the proper reason. 只要你能給我們合適的原因，我們就會(huì)幫助你。adj. 隨便的漫不經(jīng)心的偶然的，

44、休閑的便裝的His casual manner annoyed me . 他 無(wú)所謂的態(tài)度 令我惱火Don t be casual aboutthis. 不要 對(duì)此 漠不關(guān)心He was forced by the 數(shù)）Due to circumstancescircumstances to do this. 他做此事是為 環(huán)境所 迫。 （常用復(fù) beyond our control the lecture was cancelled.由于無(wú)法控制的情況 ，講座取消了。Under no circumstances The weather was terrible, 在這種情況下I will n

45、ot vote for himshould you lend him any money.under/in the circumstances,under/in any circumstances決不，無(wú)論如何不I decided to put off my journey.在任何情況下困時(shí) 喝杯茶提神令我們 精神振奮=I will under/in no circumstances vote for himwill I vote for him.= under/in no circumstances v.（ 使）精神振作 , （ 使）精力恢復(fù) , 更新When tired, you canr

46、efresh yourself with a cup of teaThe host refreshed our teacups.主人又為我們 斟茶 。Sometimes, a small thing all canrefresh your memorythe company s success. he Red Cross 捐錢(qián)5 years. 投稿n. - contribute toHe has/makes an important contribution toHe Contributeda great deal of money to tShe has been contributing to the paper forExercises contribute