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1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上外文翻譯 PLC 今天PLC (programmable logical controller),可編程序邏輯控制器)面臨著更為復(fù)雜的挑戰(zhàn)。當(dāng)初,它們悄悄地取代了繼電器、接觸器并時不時見諸于公司主框架的報告。而今,他們已經(jīng)組成了各種單元、被賦予新的任務(wù)、使用新的語言,并面臨著與各種新型控制產(chǎn)品競爭。作為每年一度PLC技術(shù)最新報道,我們請教了PLC市場銷售人員,制作了這個???#160;編程語言 高級PLC編程語言已經(jīng)在有些方面很普及,但是最近高級編程語言已經(jīng)迅速發(fā)展。西門子的總經(jīng)理兼生產(chǎn)部長指出:“可編程控
2、制在被廣泛的應(yīng)用與于精密操作,除了梯形圖邏輯以外的編程語言變得更加實用、有效和強大。例如,用梯形圖邏輯寫一個三角函數(shù)公式是非常困難的。”被接收的語言包括Boolean,控制系統(tǒng)流程圖編制,和如公式編制語言Graphtec和與它類似的語言,并且還有增加的重要語言如C語言和BASIC語言。 過程控制中的PLC PLC還沒有廣泛的應(yīng)用于過程控制中。是否會一直這樣下去呢?北美GE Fanuc一系列和六系列的生產(chǎn)企劃經(jīng)理Ken Jeannette說:“我覺得PLC將被用于過程控制但是對于過程控制又不是必須的?!?#160;一些廠家十分確定PLC不會廣泛用于過程控制
3、。Rich Ryan經(jīng)理提到PLC在食品、化學(xué)和石油等工業(yè)領(lǐng)域越來越多的應(yīng)用。他認為PLC適合應(yīng)用于場合有兩種,他說:“第一,過程控制系統(tǒng)的型號不適合離散控制系統(tǒng),剛開始這些產(chǎn)品的價格非常的高。而一個可編程控制器以它的體積小,價格低順理成章的被應(yīng)用。第二,你必須把電路和邏輯緊密的結(jié)合起來。例如,一組基本的控制器,連續(xù)的過程變量緊密的互相聯(lián)系在一起,以至于用可編程控制器來完成一系列的邏輯勝過沒有離散控制器的系統(tǒng)?!?#160;Triconex 的總裁Bill Barkovitz預(yù)測:“今后所有的控制器在過程控制系統(tǒng)的業(yè)務(wù)將引用更多的PLC技術(shù),PLC功能比以往任何時
4、候都要多?!?#160;通信和生產(chǎn)自動化協(xié)議(MAP) 通信對于個人自動單元和自動化產(chǎn)業(yè)是很重要的。在過去的幾年里,我們聽到許多關(guān)于生產(chǎn)自動化協(xié)議的事情,并且許多公司已經(jīng)加入大有成功希望的事業(yè)。然而,當(dāng)一個完善的生產(chǎn)自動化協(xié)議說明書沒有及時出現(xiàn)時許多公司都很失望。Larry Kotare說:”現(xiàn)在,生產(chǎn)自動化協(xié)議仍然是生產(chǎn)中一個發(fā)展的對象,一個說明書并不是最終的結(jié)果。例如,雖然當(dāng)新的生產(chǎn)自動化協(xié)議MAP3.0版本使用之時以MAP2.1版本為基礎(chǔ)的產(chǎn)品將會被汰,但是現(xiàn)在人們?nèi)匀粚a(chǎn)品用于MAP2.1版。由于這些原因,許多PLC廠家緊盯著MAP的最新成果。如歐姆龍公司正在進行一
5、個有關(guān)MAP兼容性的項目。但是歐姆龍生產(chǎn)部門總經(jīng)理Frank Newborn說由于缺少一個固定的標(biāo)準,歐姆龍的產(chǎn)品并不涉及到MAP。 由于個體PLC不可能無論何時廣泛的涉及到MAP,生產(chǎn)廠家正在考慮專用網(wǎng)絡(luò)。根據(jù)Sal Probanzano的說法,用戶擔(dān)心如果他們廣泛的應(yīng)用生產(chǎn)廠家將會收回MAP,這樣將會留下一個不支持通信的交流框架。 通用的 I/O 然而關(guān)于 PLC 的兼容問題不同廠商的仍有顧慮,在另一端連接的 I/O 問題,更是支離破碎的。除了少數(shù)例外,I/O 仍然是專有技術(shù)。然而
6、,還是有那些覺得 I/O 最終將更普及。GE Fanuc 希望用它的智能 I/O 線這么做。各個獨立 I/O 制造商都在向同一方向進發(fā)。 許多人說,I/O 是這樣一個高價值項目, PLC 制造商將永遠希望保持它的專有性。就像Ken Jannotta說的: “ I/O 將在硬件銷售中不成比例。當(dāng)然每個 PLC 供應(yīng)商將試圖保護這一點?!?#160;出于這個原因,他說,PLC 的制造商將不會開始銷售其他廠商的通
7、用 I/O ?!叭绻覀冮_始銷售那種產(chǎn)品,那我們還有什么可生產(chǎn)的?” Jannotta 說道 。 隨著更多智能 I/O 出現(xiàn),Sal Provanzano 認為在不同的制造商中間這將導(dǎo)致更多的分化。“當(dāng) I/O 變得非常只能,并成為系統(tǒng)的一部分,到底哪個是I/O,哪個是CPU真的很難定義。如果你愿意,CPU 也同樣可以納入 I/O 的系統(tǒng)” 。 PLC的I/O和個人電腦的連接 雖然不同的 PLC
8、廠商可能會繼續(xù)用專有的 I/O,但一些廠商使 I/O 連接到 IBM PC 這樣的兼容設(shè)備成為可能。Alle - bradeley 和辛辛那提米拉克龍公司已經(jīng)擁有,并有傳言說,GE計劃將沿著同樣的思路。Bill Ketelhut, GE Fanuc 北美的產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃經(jīng)理,認為是 I/O 的普及“我覺得多個主機接口將代替 I/O ?!彼f。朱迪格洛爾,Square D 自動化產(chǎn)業(yè)市場經(jīng)理,將 PLC&
9、#160;看做是工業(yè)電腦。 PLC和個人電腦 如果 IBM 7552,行動儀器 BC22,和其他計算機出現(xiàn)在工廠,這難道不意味著對 PLC 的新競爭。 “有一些對于更有利于電腦的控制功能??删幊坛绦蚩刂破鞅黄冗m應(yīng)的這些要求?!?#160;Rich Ryan說。然而,在我們調(diào)查的廠商多數(shù)不認為“個人電腦入侵”將對他們產(chǎn)生影響。大多數(shù)人說,PLC和PC除架構(gòu)之外,他們通常會做足夠的控制。他們認為PC會做PLC的工作緊緊是因為現(xiàn)在PLC I/O模塊能跟PC連接。他們相信這只是意味著,PLC
10、和個人電腦將能夠共享相同的數(shù)據(jù)。 富瑞恩說:“通用的計算機和可編程控制器內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)不同,硬件結(jié)構(gòu)有內(nèi)置到幾乎每一個制造商的可編程控制器。如今定制的硬件來運行梯形邏輯,解決機器代碼。”他引用的一個根本的區(qū)別稱呼為“機器狀態(tài)” 富瑞安說:“當(dāng)你關(guān)閉機器,或中斷周期,或者跳轉(zhuǎn)到另一個周期,可編程控制器本身記得機器的狀態(tài):定時器狀態(tài)是什么,計數(shù)器狀態(tài)是什么,鎖存的狀態(tài)是什么,但計算機本身不這樣做。PLCPLCs (programmable logical controller) face ever more complex challengesthese day
11、s . Where once they quietly replaced relays and gave an occasional report to a corporate mainframe, they are now grouped into cells, given new job and new langu
12、ages, and are forced to compete against a growing array of control products. For this year's annual PLC technology update ,we queried PLC makers on these topics
13、and more . Programming languages Higher level PLC programming languages have been around for some time ,but lately their popularity has mushrooming. "As Raymond Leveille
14、, vice president & general manager, Siemens Energy &Automation .inc; Programmable controls are being used for more and more sophisticated operations, languages other than l
15、adder logic become more practical, efficient, and powerful. For example, it's very difficult to write a trigonometric function using ladder logic ."Languages gaining acceptance
16、 include Boolean, control system flowcharting, and such function chart languages as Graphcet and its variation .And there's increasing interest in languages like C and BAS
17、IC. PLCs in process control Thus far, PLCs have not been used extensively for continuous process control .Will this continue? "The feeling that I've gotten," say
18、s Ken Jannotta, manger, product planning, series One and Series Six product ,at GE Fanuc North America ,'is that PLCs will be used in the process industry but
19、60;not necessarily for process control." Several vendors -obviously betting that the opposite will happen -have introduced PLCs optimized for process application .Rich Ryan, manger
20、, commercial marketing, Allen-bradley Programmable Controls Div., cites PLCs's increasing use such industries as food ,chemicals ,and petroleum. Ryan feels there are two types
21、of applications in which they're appropriate. "one," he says," is where the size of the process control system that's being automated doesn't justify DCSdistr
22、ibuted control system.With the starting price tags of chose products being relatively high, a programmable controller makes sense for small, low loop count application .The se
23、cond is where you have to integrate the loop closely with the sequential logical .Batch controllers are prime example ,where the sequence and maintaining theprocess variable
24、160;are intertwined so closely that the benefits of having a programmable controller to do the sequential logical outweighs some of the disadvantages of not having a dist
25、ributed control system." Bill Barkovitz, president of Triconex, predicts that "all future controllers that come out in the process control system business will embrace a&
26、#160;lot of more PLC technology and a lot more PLC functionality than they ever did before ." Communications and MAP Communications are vital to an individual automa
27、tion cell and to be automated factory as a whole. We've heard a lot about MAP in the last few years ,and a lot of companies have jumped on the ban
28、dwagon.Many, however, were disappointed when a fully-defined and completed MAP specification didn't appear immediately .Says Larry Komarek: "Right now, MAP is still a mov
29、ing target for the manufacturers, a specification that is not final .Presently, for example. people are introducing products to meet the MAP2.1standard .Yet2.1-based products will&
30、#160;be obsolete when the new standard for MAP3.0 is introduced." Because of this, many PLC vendors are holding off on full MAP implementations. Omron, for example,
31、has an ongoing MAP-compatibility program;but Frank Newburn, vice president of Omron's Industrial Division ,reports that because of the lack of a firm definition ,Omron's PL
32、Cs don't yet talk to MAP. Since it's unlikely that an individual PLC would talk to broad MAP anyway, makers are concentrating on proprietary networks. According t
33、o Sal Provanzano, users fear that if they do get on board and vendors withdraw from MAP, they'll be the ones left holding a communications structure that's n
34、ot supported. Universal I/O While there are concerns about the lack of compatible communications between PLCs from different vendors, the connection at the other end-the I/O-i
35、s even more fragmented .With rare exceptions, I/O is still proprietary .Yet there are those who feel that I/O will eventually become more universal .GE Fanuc is hopi
36、ng to do that with its Genius smart I/O line. The independent I/O makers are pulling in the same direction. Many say that I/O is such a high-value item
37、60;that PLC makers will always want to keep it proprietary .As Ken Jannotta, says: "The I/O is going to be a disproportionate amount of the hardware sale. Certainly&
38、#160;each PLC vendor is going to try to protect that. "For that reason, he says, PLC makers won't begin selling universal I/O system from other vendor. "if&
39、#160;we start selling that kind of product, "says jannotta, "what do we manufacture?" With more intelligent I/O appearing, Sal Provanzano feels this will lead to
40、0;more differentiation among I/O from different makers. "Where the I/O becomes extremely intelligent and becomes part of the system, "he says, "it really is hard
41、0;to define which is the I/O and which is CPU. It really CPU, if you will, is equally integrated into the system as the I/O." Connecting PLC I/O to PC
42、s While different PLCs probably will continue to use proprietary I/O, several vendors make it possible to connect5 their I/O to IBM PC-compatible equipment. Alle-bradel
43、ey, Could, and Cincinnati Milacron already have, and rumor has it that GE is planning something along these same lines .Bill Ketelhut, manage of product planning at
44、GE Fanuc North America ,sees this sort of thing as alternative to universal I/O."I think the trend ,instead of toward universal I/O, will be multiple host interface&
45、#160;," he says .Jodie Glore ,director of marking, Square D Automation Products, Views it as another indication that PLCs are, and have been for some time, industria
46、l computers. PLCs and PCs If the IBM 7552, the Action Instruments BC22,and other computers are appearing on the factory floor, won't this mean new competition for
47、0;PLCs? Rich Ryan: "There are some control functions that are better jobs for computers. Programmable controllers have been forced to fit into those applications. "Yet,
48、160;the majority of vendors we surveyed don't like the "PC invasion" will pose a problem for them .Most said that PLCs and PCs are enough apart in architecture that they will usually do the control. They d
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