商品經(jīng)濟反壟斷法的定義解析

1、 商品經(jīng)濟反壟斷法的定義解析一、反壟斷法的性質 Properties of a, the anti-monopoly law市場經(jīng)濟是商品經(jīng)濟的高級形式或階段，而商品經(jīng)濟離不開競爭，正是企業(yè)即經(jīng)營者之間的競爭推動人類社會經(jīng)濟的繁榮，因此可以說，市場經(jīng)濟就是競爭經(jīng)濟。然而，競爭與壟斷是對立的，也是統(tǒng)一的，正如馬克思在哲學的貧困中指出的那樣：“蒲魯東先生所講的只是由競爭產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)代壟斷。但是，大家知道，競爭是由封建壟斷產(chǎn)生的?？梢?，原來競爭是壟斷的對立面，并非壟斷是競爭的對立面。因此，現(xiàn)代壟斷并不是一個單純的反題，相反，它是一個真正的合題?！?Market economy is the advanc

2、ed form or stage of commodity economy, the commodity economy is inseparable from the competition between enterprises, it is namely operators competition pushes the human social and economic prosperity, therefore it can be said, the market economy is a competitive economy. However, competition and mo

3、nopoly is the opposite, is unified, as Marx in " the poverty of philosophy " pointed out: " Proudhon, just by the modern monopoly competition. But, you know, the competition is produced by the feudal monopoly. Visible, the original monopoly competition is the opposite, not monopoly is

4、 the opposite of competition. Therefore, modern monopoly is not a simple ", on the contrary, it is a true proposition. "企業(yè)之間在市場上競爭的結果是使生產(chǎn)和資本集中，當集中發(fā)展到一定程度就會形成壟斷，而壟斷反過來限制甚至扼殺競爭。同時，在競爭過程中，一個或數(shù)個企業(yè)為牟取更大的利潤和更有利的生存空間總是采取各種不正當競爭手段擾亂市場秩序或采取排除、限制競爭的手段來破壞自由、公平的競爭秩序，這些非法措施的運用既阻礙建立統(tǒng)一、開放和自由的市場，又損害了合法正當競

5、爭的經(jīng)營者以及廣闊消費者的利益，進而損害一國的整體經(jīng)濟和社會公共利益。對于上述市場經(jīng)濟的缺陷，僅靠市場本身這種“無形之手”是無法解決的，只能用國家干預這種有形之手來調節(jié)和矯正失靈或者說癱瘓的市場。 Results between the enterprise in the market competition is to make the concentration of production and capital, when the concentration to a certain extent will form a monopoly, and monopoly in turn li

6、mit or even stifle competition. At the same time, in the process of competition, one or several enterprises to obtain greater profits and more favorable survival space always take unfair competition means to disrupt the market order or taken to exclude, restrict competition means to destroy freedom,

7、 fair competition order, using these illegal measures hinder the establishment of a unified, open and the free market, and damages the legitimate competition of the operators and the interests of consumers, and then damage a country's overall economic and social public interests. For the defects

8、 of the market economy, the market itself alone this " invisible hand " is not resolved, only the visible hand of government intervention to adjust and correct the market failure or paralysis.具體地說，就是要用國家的法律干預來主動地對失靈的市場進行調節(jié)和干預，打擊乃至消除市場上排除、限制競爭的不法行為和不正當競爭行為，從而使市場由混亂、癱瘓重歸于有序、順暢，從而保護合法正當競爭者的利益

9、和廣闊消費者的利益，進而推動一國經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定、協(xié)調、有序、快速地向前發(fā)展，而反壟斷法與反不正當競爭法正是實現(xiàn)國家調節(jié)失靈市場的具體法律手段。 Specifically, is to use legal intervention in the country to take the initiative to the failure of market regulation and intervention, combat and eliminate illegal behavior of market exclusion, restriction of competition and unfair

10、 competition, so the market by the confusion, paralysis to orderly, smooth, so as to protect the legitimate interests of competitors and consumers interests, and to promote a country's economic stability, coordinated, orderly, develop quickly, and the antitrust law and anti-unfair competition la

11、w is the legal means to achieve national regulation malfunction market.對市場失靈或癱瘓的調節(jié)和矯正，傳統(tǒng)的以契約自由、人格平等和所有權絕對為基本原則和以個人利益為本位的民法是無能為力的，此時就需要一種新的法律來擔負起此項歷史使命，這種新的法律就是經(jīng)濟法，經(jīng)濟法作為重要的獨立法律部門，是公私法融合的產(chǎn)物，其以社會整體利益為本位，本質在于國家對經(jīng)濟的干預和調節(jié)，調整手段是以公法手段為主的綜合性手段，所有這些在國內法學界已成共識。而反壟斷法作為規(guī)制排除、限制競爭行為的實體法和程序法的總和，是國家干預和調節(jié)市場運行秩序的基本法律，

12、其具備經(jīng)濟法的一切屬性和特征。因此，反壟斷法在性質上屬于經(jīng)濟法。具體而言，其屬于經(jīng)濟法中的市場管理法或市場運行調控法。 The market failure or paralyzed adjust and correct, to the traditional contract freedom, the equality of personality and absolute ownership as the basic principles and personal interests as the standard of civil law is incapable of action,

13、this time we need a new law to undertake the historical mission, the new law is the economic law, economic law as an independent Department of legal matters, is the product of the integration of public and private law, the interests of the whole society as the standard, essence of state intervention

14、 in the economy and adjustment, adjustment method is the comprehensive measures based on public law means, all of these has become a consensus in the domestic law circles. The sum of the substantive law and procedural law and anti-monopoly law regulation as to exclude, restrict competition, is the f

15、undamental law of state intervention and regulation of the market operation order, it has all the attributes and characteristics of economic law. Therefore, the anti-monopoly law belongs to the economic law in nature. Specifically, it belongs to the regulation of law of economic law. The law of mark

16、et or market.二、反壟斷法的基本法律特征 The basic legal characteristics of the two, the anti-monopoly law反壟斷法作為一種典型的經(jīng)濟法，當然會具有經(jīng)濟法的基本特征，如經(jīng)濟性、政策性、社會整體性、行政主導性和綜合性等，但反壟斷法在表達經(jīng)濟法基本特征的具體形式等方面呈現(xiàn)出自己的特色，使其與經(jīng)濟法的其他部分判然有別。具體而言，反壟斷法主要有以下特征： The anti-monopoly law as a typical economic law, the basic characteristics of course wi

17、ll have economic law, such as economy, policy, society as a whole, the administrative leadership and comprehensive, but the anti-monopoly law in the basic features of the concrete form of economic law has its own characteristics, from other part of the the economic law is different. Specifically, th

18、e main anti-monopoly law has the following characteristics:(一)最典型地表達了國家N-經(jīng)濟的干預資本主義發(fā)展到壟斷階段以后，市場上的激烈競爭最終導致生產(chǎn)與資本的進一步集中，最后形成了壟斷，壟斷組織濫用壟斷力進行排除、限制競爭的非法活動，并大肆吞并和盤剝中小企業(yè)和廣闊民眾，引發(fā)了深刻的階級或階層矛盾，并造成市場秩序的混亂。對此，礦車傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟生活的唯一調整者民法一籌莫展。此時，反壟斷法就成了美國等資本主義國家主動干預經(jīng)濟的有力武器，正是憑借這個武器對市場上排除、限制競爭的禁止和消除，才使市場重歸于自由與公平的良好秩序，從而推動資本主義經(jīng)

19、濟繼續(xù)在競爭中向前發(fā)展。 ( a ) the most typically reflects the state of N- intervention in the economy development of capitalism to the monopoly stage, the fierce competition on the market eventually lead to further concentration of production and capital, and finally formed a monopoly, monopoly abuse of monopo

20、ly power is not exclude, restrict competition activities, and vigorously annexed and exploitation of small and medium-sized enterprises and the broad masses of the people, cause deep class contradictions, and caused the market order confusion. In this regard, the only adjustment of traditional econo

21、mic life of civil law be nonplussed over sth. At this time, the anti-monopoly law to become a powerful weapon for the United States and other capitalist countries active intervention in the economy, it is by virtue of this weapon to prohibit and eliminate market exclusion, restriction of competition

22、, the market return to the free and fair to good order, so as to promote the continued development of the capitalist economy in the competition.(二)以捍衛(wèi)整體利益為本位 ( two ) to defend the interests of the whole into standard法的各個部門在處理社會整體與個體的關系方向，有不同的主旨和調整方式，對國家和非公共組織、個人的保護和制約也各有側重，從而呈現(xiàn)出不同的法律調整模式。一般說來，行政法以權力

23、為本位。包括反壟斷法在內的經(jīng)濟法則具有明顯的社會性，噴灌設備以社會整體利益為本位。而經(jīng)濟法的社會本位，是指它對經(jīng)濟關系的調整中立足于社會整體，在任何情況下都以大多數(shù)人的意志和利益為重。作為經(jīng)濟法的典型代表，反壟斷法正是通過對壟斷狀態(tài)與壟斷行為的規(guī)制來到達維護自由、公平、有序的競爭秩序的目的，進而捍衛(wèi)了廣闊人民群眾的整體利益，即社會公共利益?？梢?，反壟斷法在調整競爭關系時，既不是直接出于對國家利益的維護，也不是出于對個體利益的維護，而是出于對社會整體利益的維護。當然，反壟斷法在捍衛(wèi)了整體利益的同時，通常也就捍衛(wèi)了國家利益和大多數(shù)個體利益。正象許多學者和著述所指出的那樣，反壟斷法所保護的是代表人民

24、大眾整體利益的競爭機制和秩序，而非競爭者個體。 Method of direction relations in all sectors of society and individuals, has a different theme and adjust the way, to the country and the protection of the non - public organization, individual and control also have different emphases, thus showing a pattern of legal adjustme

25、nt of different. Generally speaking, the administrative law is based on power. Including antitrust law, economic law obviously social, to the overall interests of society as the standard. And the economic law of the social standard, it is the economic relation adjustment based on the whole society,

26、in any case to most people's will and interests. Typical as economic law, anti-monopoly law is through the regulation on monopoly and monopoly to maintain free, fair, and orderly competition order, and defend the overall interests of the broad masses of the people, namely the social public inter

27、ests. Visible, the anti-monopoly law in adjusting the relationship of competition, not directly for the maintenance of the interests of the state, nor for the maintenance of the interests of the individual, but on the overall interests of society. Of course, the anti-monopoly law of the overall bene

28、fit in defend, often have to defend the interests of the state and the majority of individual interests. Just as many scholars and works have pointed out, the anti-monopoly law to protect is representing the people the overall interests of the mechanism of competition and order, rather than individu

29、al competitors.(三)具有明顯的經(jīng)濟政策性 ( three ) has obvious economic policy反壟斷法的經(jīng)濟政策性主要表達在以下兩個方面：首先，反壟斷法的制定和修改要充分表達國家的經(jīng)濟政策，尤其是競爭政策和產(chǎn)業(yè)政策。其次，反壟斷的執(zhí)法和司法活動通常也要反映一個國家在特定時期的經(jīng)濟政策，從而具有較大的靈活性，以致于同樣的法條在不同的國家以及不同國家的不同時期的執(zhí)行情況可能有很大的差異。正如有的學者所指出的那樣：“條文大同小異的反壟斷法，在美國被執(zhí)行的力度就比在諸如日、韓等國要嚴厲得多；在美國。在不同時期對反壟斷法的執(zhí)行力度力度也是不一樣的?！闭且驗榉磯艛喾?/p>

30、有明顯的經(jīng)濟政策性。因此許多學者將其界定為競爭政策法。 The economic policy of antimonopoly law is mainly reflected in the following two aspects: firstly, the formulation and the anti-monopoly law amendment should fully reflect the country's economic policy, especially the industrial policy and competition policy. Secondly

31、, the anti-monopoly law enforcement and judicial activities usually should also reflect a country in a given period of economic policy, which has great flexibility, so that the same law in different countries as well as possible implementation in different periods and different countries have differ

32、ent. Just as some scholars have pointed out: " anti-monopoly law more or less the same, is performed in the United States than in the strength of such as day, South Korea and other countries much more in the United States of America. In different periods of the anti-monopoly law enforcement eff

33、orts is not the same. " It is because of the anti-monopoly law has obvious economic policy. So many scholars define it as competition law and policy.(四)是以綜合性的調整方法來調整競爭關系的競爭政策法 ( four ) is used to adjust the relationship between competition policy and competition in order to adjust the comprehen

34、sive methods.經(jīng)濟法作為國家干預經(jīng)濟的重要法律部門，它主要由企業(yè)組織管理法、宏觀經(jīng)濟調控法、市場管理法(即市場運行調控法)和社會經(jīng)濟保障法所組成。而反壟斷法與反不正當競爭法一起構成市場管理法或市場運行調控法的主體，它們共同調整市場競爭關系，擔負著維持市場處于自由、公平、正當、有序競爭的良好環(huán)境的任務。反壟斷法在實現(xiàn)其對市場競爭關系的調整時，采用的是經(jīng)濟法所特有的綜合性調整方法，即以解割處于壟斷狀態(tài)(主要是處于獨占或準獨占，同時又有壟斷行為的大企業(yè))的企業(yè)、發(fā)布禁令、批準、罰款等行政手段為主，同時附以民事調整方法(如判令壟斷企業(yè)對損害的競爭對手以三倍賠償?shù)?和刑事調整方法(如對壟斷企

35、業(yè)處以罰金，對壟斷企業(yè)的法定代表人或負責人處以三年以下的監(jiān)禁等)。 Important department of law and economic law as the state intervention in the economy, the regulation which is mainly composed of enterprise organization and management method, macro economic law, market management law ( i.e. the market operation regulation method)

36、and economic and social security law. The antitrust law and anti-unfair competition law together constitute the main body of market management or market regulation law, they jointly adjusting market competition relations, charged with maintaining market in good environment for free, fair, just, orde

37、rly competition task. In the implementation of the anti-monopoly law of the market competition relations adjustment, using the comprehensive adjustment method characteristic of economic law, namely to cut in a monopoly status (mainly in exclusive or quasi monopoly, and monopoly enterprises, large en

38、terprises ) issued the ban, as approved, fines administrative means, accompanied by the civil adjustment method ( such as any monopoly to damage competitors to three times compensation ) and criminal adjustment method ( such as the monopoly enterprise, fines, the monopoly enterprise legal representa

39、tive or the person in charge, sentenced to three years imprisonment. ).同時，由于反壟斷法的制定、修改及執(zhí)行都表達了國家在特定時期的經(jīng)濟政策，尤其是競爭政策，所以反壟斷法可以說是競爭政策法的重要組成部分，而競爭政策法是經(jīng)濟法中的市場管理法或市場運行法的主體。競爭政策法有廣義與狹義之分。廣義的競爭政策法是指一切調整競爭關系的經(jīng)濟法律。主要包括反壟斷法、反不正當競爭法以及壟斷促進法等等。而狹義的競爭政策法主要是指反壟斷法和反不正當競爭法，不包括壟斷促進法等其他競爭政策法。而反壟斷法與反不正當競爭法雖有共同之處，如兩者都以維護良好

40、競爭秩序為己任，但兩者的根本區(qū)別在于反壟斷法所反對或禁止的是經(jīng)營者排除或限制競爭的狀態(tài)和行為，而反不正當競爭法所反對或禁止的是經(jīng)營者采用假冒、混淆、竊取他人商業(yè)秘密、賄賂和虛假廣告等不正當競爭行為。因此，反壟斷法是狹義的競爭政策法的兩大支柱之一，是禁止排除或限制競爭的狀態(tài)和行為的經(jīng)濟法。 At the same time, since the formulation, modification and implementation of anti-monopoly law reflect a nation in a specific period of economic policy, esp

41、ecially the policy of competition, so the anti-monopoly law can be said is an important part of competition law and competition policy, law is the main body of market management and market operation law in economic law. Competition policy is divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Competition pol

42、icy law in broad sense refers to all the adjustment of competition between economic law. Mainly includes the anti-monopoly law, anti-unfair competition law and anti-monopoly law to promote etc. But the competition policy law in a narrow sense mainly refers to the antitrust law and anti-unfair compet

43、ition law, not including monopoly promotion act and other policy of competition law. The antitrust law and anti-unfair competition law have something in common, such as both to maintain good competition order as their responsibility, but the fundamental difference between them is that oppose or proh

44、ibited by the anti-monopoly law is the elimination or restriction of competition state and behavior, and anti-unfair competition law to oppose or prohibited operators using fake, confusion, theft of commercial secrets, bribery and false advertising, unfair competition. Therefore, anti-monopoly law i

45、s one of the two pillars of competition law in narrow sense, is the economic law prohibits the exclusion or restriction of competition state and behavior.(五)是實體法與程序法的統(tǒng)一體 ( five ) is a combination of substantive law and procedural law反壟斷法是由反壟斷實體法和反壟斷程序法兩部分組成。其中，反壟斷實體法為反壟斷法的主體內容，它是對排除或限制競爭的狀態(tài)和行為的規(guī)制，主要

46、包括禁止嚴重限制競爭的壟斷協(xié)議即橫向和縱向壟斷協(xié)議、禁止具有市場支配地位的企業(yè)即經(jīng)營者濫用壟斷力、對大企業(yè)合并的監(jiān)控以及反壟斷法適用除外的領域等幾部分。在我國，還應當包括禁止行政性壟斷制度。而反壟斷程序法從廣義上講包括兩部分，一部分是關于反壟斷主管機構執(zhí)行反壟斷法的行政程序，如對大企業(yè)合并的監(jiān)控程序、對企業(yè)之間橫向壟斷協(xié)議即卡特爾協(xié)議的登記或批準程序；另一部分是在適用反壟斷法實體標準過程中產(chǎn)生的訴訟程序，如對反壟斷主管機構的禁令不服向有關法院提起訴訟的程序、反壟斷主管機構以政府及政府部門為被告提起的訴訟程序，以及反壟斷主管機構要用準司法程序審理案件的程序等等。對于反壟斷法的法標準體系，有學者認

47、為，“除涉及壟斷與限制競爭的實體法標準外，還包括行政法標準和反壟斷的程序法標準。后兩種標準的調整對象至為明顯：行政法標準是調整反壟斷法執(zhí)行機構的組織關系和它在職權行使中產(chǎn)生的行政管理關系；程序法標準是調整因適用反壟斷法實體法標準而產(chǎn)生的訴訟關系。這兩部分法標準嚴格說是不屬于反壟斷法范疇，因為它們只能被看作是規(guī)定在反壟斷法中的行政法和訴訟法?！惫P者認為，經(jīng)濟法包括反壟斷法本身是公、私法融合的產(chǎn)物，“諸法合體”為其本色，并且公法與私法標準已經(jīng)交織、融合在一起，形成一個不可分割的體系嚴密的統(tǒng)一體，人為地割裂反壟斷法的標準的結果會導致否認經(jīng)濟法作為一個獨立法律部門的地位的結果。Anti-monopol

48、y law is composed of the anti-monopoly law and anti-monopoly law in two parts. Among them, the main anti-monopoly substantive law of anti-monopoly law, it is the regulation of the exclusion or limitation of competition state and behavior, including monopoly agreements prohibit the serious restrictio

49、n of competition is horizontal and vertical monopoly agreements, prohibit the dominant firm is the abuse of monopoly power, monitoring of large mergers and anti-monopoly law except suitable areas and other parts. In our country, should also include the prohibition of administrative monopoly system. And the procedure of antitrust law in a broad sense includes two parts, one part is about the anti-monopoly authority enforcement of antitrust law of administrative procedure, such as monitoring program, the merger between enterprises horizontal monopoly agreement tha