LED英文資料及中文翻譯

1、First LED SummaryLED (Light Emitting Diode, light-emitting diode, is a solid statesemiconductor devices, which can be directly converted into electricity to light. LED is the heart of a semiconductor chip, the chip is attached to one end of a stent, is the negative side, the other end of the power o

2、f the cathode, the entire chip package to be epoxy resin. Semiconductor chip is composed of two parts, part of the P-typesemiconductor, it inside the hole-dominated, the other side is the N-typesemiconductor, here is mainly electronic. But linking the two semiconductors, among them the formation of

3、a "PN junction." When the current through the wires role in this chip, will be pushing e-P, P zone in the hole with electronic composite, and then to be issued in the form of photon energy, and this is the principle of LED luminescence. The wavelength of light that is the color of light, i

4、s formed by the PN junction of the decisions of the material.Second LED history and development50 years ago, people have to understand semiconductor materials can produce light of the basic knowledge, the first commercial diodes in 1960. English is the LED light emitting diode (LED acronym, and its

5、basic structure is an electroluminescent semiconductor materials, placed in a wire rack, then sealed with epoxy resin around, that is, solid package, Therefore, the protection of the internal batteries can play the role of line, so the seismic performance LED good.LED is the core of the P-type semic

6、onductor and components of the N-typesemiconductor chips, the P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor between a transition layer, called the PN junction. In some semiconductor materials in the PN junction, the injection of a small number of carrier-carrier and the majority of the extra time wi

7、ll be in the form of light energy to release, thus the power to direct conversion of solar energy. PN junction on reverse voltage, a few hard-carrier injection, it is not luminous. This use of injection electroluminescent diodes isproduced by the principle of light-emitting diodes, commonly known as

8、 LED. When it in a positive state of the work (that is, at both ends with forward voltage, thecurrent flows from the LED anode, cathode, semiconductor crystals on the issue from the ultraviolet to infrared light of different colors, light and the strength of thecurrents.Instruments used for the firs

9、t LED light source instructions, but all kinds oflight colored LED lights in traffic and large screen has been widely applied, have a very good economic and social benefits. The 12-inch red traffic lights as an example, is used in the United States have long life, low-efficiency 140 wattincandescent

10、 lamp as a light source, it produced 2,000 lumens of white light. The red filter, the loss-90 percent, only 200 lumens of red light. In the light of the new design, Lumileds companies have 18 red LED light source, including the loss of circuit, atotal power consumption of 14 watts to generate the sa

11、me optical effect. Automotive LED lights is also the source of important areas.For general lighting, people need more white light sources. The 1998 whiteLED successful development. This is the GaN LED chip and Yttrium AluminumGarnet (YAG package together cause. GaN chip of the Blu-ray ( p = 465nm, W

12、d = 30nm, made of high-temperature sintering of the Ce3 + YAG phosphors excited by this Blu-ray after irradiating a yellow, the peak 550 nm. Blue-chip installed in the LED-based Wanxing reflection in the cavity, covered with a resin mixed with YAG thin layer, about 200-500 nm. LED-based tablets issu

13、ed by the Blu-ray absorption part of the phosphor, the phosphor another part of the Blu-ray and a yellow light mixed, can be a white. Now, the InGaN / YAG white LED, YAG phosphor by changing the chemical composition of the phosphor layer and adjust the thickness of the3500-10000 K color temperature

14、can be colored white. This blue LED through the method by white, constructed simple, low-cost, high technology is mature, so use the most.The development of LED display can be divided into the following phases:first phase 1990 to 1995, mainly monochrome and 16 color graphics screen. Used to display

15、text and simple images, mainly used in railway stations, financial securities, banks, post offices and other public places, as public information display tools. The second stage is from 1995 to 1999, there have been 64, 256 level gray-scale two-color video screen. Video control technology, image pro

16、cessing, optical fibercommunication technology applications will enhance the LED display to a new level. LED display control LSI chips special at this time developed by domestic companies, and can be applied. The third stage, from 1999, red, pure green, blue LED in bulk into China, while domestic en

17、terprises in-depth research and development work, using red, green, and blue LED production of full-color display has been widely used , poured into sports stadiums, convention centers, squares and other public places, which will bring the domestic large-screen full-color era. With the rapid develop

18、ment of LED materials market, surface mount device is available from 2001, mainly used in indoor full color, and its high brightness, colorful, low temperature characteristics, the point spacing can be adjusted by different price Requirements were accepted, in just two years time, product sales have

19、 more than 300 million yuan, surface mount full-color LED display application market entered the new century. To meet the 2008 Olympic Games, "downsizing" plan, Liard developed a surface mount dual color displays, a lot of time for the training center and game scoring. Full color in Olympi

20、c venues, in order to tighten investment, full color way is mostly detachable, live during theOlympic Games as a tool can be used for rental after the event, as the performance of national policies such as public places, tools released by In this way cost recovery as soon as possible. On the market,

21、 China's accession to WTO, Beijing's successful Olympic bid and so on, into the development of LED display industry, a newopportunity. Domestic LED display market continues to grow, currently in thedomestic market, domestic LED display market share of nearly 95%. LED display theinternational

22、 market capacity is expected to 30% a year growth rate. Currently, LED display manufacturers concentrated primarily in Japan, North America, China LED manufacturers in which the insignificant share of exports. According to incomplete statistics, the world, there are at least 150 manufacturers full c

23、olor, in which products are complete, the larger company has some 30 or so.Third LED advantagesConductor light-emitting diode (LED as a third-generation semiconductorlighting source. This fantastic product has a lot of advantages: (1 efficient light: spectra of almost all concentrated in the visible

24、 light frequency, the efficiency can reach 80% -90%. The luminous efficiency of incandescent visible light efficiency of almost 10% -20% only. (2 high quality of light: not as a result of spectrum UV and infrared, there is no heat, no radiation, is typically a green light illumination. (3energy cons

25、umption of the small: single power generally 0.05-1w, through the cluster can be tailored to meet different needs, and waste very little. As a light source, under the brightness in the same power consumption of only ordinary incandescent 1/8-10.(4 long life: flux attenuation to 70% of the standard l

26、ife expectancy is 100,000 hours.A semiconductor light can be used under normal circumstances 50 years, even if the long life of the people, life will be used up to two lights. (5 durable and reliable: No tungsten wire, glass and other easily damaged components, non-normal retirement rate is very sma

27、ll, very low maintenance costs. (6 the application of flexibility: small size, can flat pack, easy to develop into a short thin products, make point, line, face various forms of specific applications. (7 Security: working voltage 1.5-5v or less in between the current 20-70mA in between. (8 green: re

28、cyclable waste, no pollution, unlike fluorescent lamps containing mercury as ingredients. (9 response time is short: to adapt to frequent and high-frequency switching operation of occasions.Fourth Classification of LED display1, color by color can be divided intoSingle-color display: Single color (r

29、ed or green.Two-color display: red and green dual-color, 256 gray scale levels, can display 65,536 colors.Full-color screen: red, green, blue color, 256 grayscale full color display can display more than 16 million kinds of colors.2, according to display device classificationLED Digital Display: 7 s

30、egment display devices for the digital control code, suitable for production of the clock screen, the interest rate screens, showing the number of electronic display.LED dot-matrix graphic display: display device is arranged by a number of uniform composition of the dot-matrix LED display modules, s

31、uitable for broadcast text, image information.LED video display: display devices are formed by a number of light-emitting diodes that can display video, animation and other video files. 3, by using the occasion categoriesIndoor Display: LED spots smaller, general 3mm - 8mm, shows the general area of

32、 a few to more than ten square meters.Outdoor Display: dozens of square meters in size to several hundred square meters, high brightness, can work in the sun, with wind, rain, water resistant.4, classified according to light spot diameterIndoor screen: 3mm, 3.75mm, 5mm,Room external screen: 10mm, 12

33、mm, 16mm, 19mm, 20mm, 21mm, 22mm, 26mmRoom external screen as the basic unit of light emitting tube, LED tube principle is a set of red, green, and blue light-emitting diode sealed in a plastic barrel and jointly develop5, Display a static, horizontal scroll, vertical scroll and flip display. One bl

34、ock module control drive 12 (up to control 24 8X8 Dot Matrix, a total of 16X48 dot matrix (or 32X48 dot matrix, is a single block of MAX7219 (or PS7219, HD7279, ZLG7289 and 8279, and the like LED display driver module 12 times (or 24 times! Can use "cascade" approach the composition of any

35、 large dot matrix display. Effects, good power consumption, and the MAX7219 circuit than the use of lower cost.Fifth LED applicationsIt is a semiconductor light-emitting diode by controlling the display, which probably look like that from lots of small red lights are usually formed by the bright lig

36、hts off to show character. Used to display text, graphics, images, animations, quotes, video, video signals and other information on the display screen.Graphic display and LED display into the video display by the LED matrix blocks. Graphic displays can be synchronized with the computer display Chin

37、ese characters, English text and graphics; video display using micro-computer control, graphics, images, and Mao, real-time, synchronization, clear message to the broadcast of a variety of information dissemination, but also shows two dimensional, three-dimensional animation, video, TV , VCD program

38、s and live on. LED display shows the screen brightly colored, three-dimensional sense of strong, static, such as painting, moving as the film is widely used in finance, tax, business, telecommunications, sports, advertising, industrial enterprises, transport, education systems, stations, docks, airp

39、orts, shopping malls, hospitals, hotels, banks, securities markets, construction market, auction houses, industrial enterprises in management and other public places.LED display can show changes in the numbers, text, graphics and video; not only can be used in the indoor environment can also be used

40、 for outdoor environment, with a projector, TV wall, LCD screen can not match advantage.Sixth LED screen test methodA look at Screen size, appearance, smoothness, with the screen connection and so onSecond look after the dead pixel screen light up, not in not within the scope of (in general the scre

41、en is basically gone nowColor consistency, display text is normal, display pictures, play full screen full color to white, red, green, and blue.一 LED概述LED （Light Emitting Diode），發(fā)光二極管，是一種固態(tài)的半導(dǎo)體器件，它可以直接把電轉(zhuǎn)化為光。LED 的心臟是一個(gè)半導(dǎo)體的晶片，晶片的一端附在一個(gè)支架上，一端是負(fù)極，另一端連接電源的正極，使整個(gè)晶片被環(huán)氧樹脂封裝起來(lái)。半導(dǎo)體晶片由兩部分組成，一部分是P 型半導(dǎo)體，在它里面空穴占

42、主導(dǎo)地位，另一端是N 型半導(dǎo)體，在這邊主要是電子。但這兩種半導(dǎo)體連接起來(lái)的時(shí)候，它們之間就形成一個(gè)“P-N 結(jié)”。當(dāng)電流通過(guò)導(dǎo)線作用于這個(gè)晶片的時(shí)候，電子就會(huì)被推向P 區(qū)，在P 區(qū)里電子跟空穴復(fù)合，然后就會(huì)以光子的形式發(fā)出能量，這就是LED 發(fā)光的原理。而光的波長(zhǎng)也就是光的顏色，是由形成P-N 結(jié)的材料決定的。二 LED歷史及發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀50年前人們已經(jīng)了解半導(dǎo)體材料可產(chǎn)生光線的基本知識(shí)，第一個(gè)商用二極管產(chǎn)生于1960年。LED 是英文light emitting diode（發(fā)光二極管）的縮寫，它的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是一塊電致發(fā)光的半導(dǎo)體材料，置于一個(gè)有引線的架子上，然后四周用環(huán)氧樹脂密封，即固體封裝，所

43、以能起到保護(hù)內(nèi)部芯線的作用，所以LED 的抗震性能好。發(fā)光二極管的核心部分是由P 型半導(dǎo)體和N 型半導(dǎo)體組成的晶片，在P 型半導(dǎo)體和N 型半導(dǎo)體之間有一個(gè)過(guò)渡層，稱為P-N 結(jié)。在某些半導(dǎo)體材料的PN 結(jié)中，注入的少數(shù)載流子與多數(shù)載流子復(fù)合時(shí)會(huì)把多余的能量以光的形式釋放出來(lái)，從而把電能直接轉(zhuǎn)換為光能。PN 結(jié)施加反向電壓時(shí)，少數(shù)載流子難以注入，故不發(fā)光。這種利用注入式電致發(fā)光原理制作的二極管叫發(fā)光二極管，通稱LED 。 當(dāng)它處于正向工作狀態(tài)時(shí)（即兩端加上正向電壓），電流從LED 陽(yáng)極流向陰極時(shí)，半導(dǎo)體晶體就發(fā)出從紫外到紅外不同顏色的光線，光的強(qiáng)弱與電流有關(guān)。最初LED 用作儀器儀表的指示光源，

44、后來(lái)各種光色的LED 在交通信號(hào)燈和大面積顯示屏中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用，產(chǎn)生了很好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。以12英寸的紅色交通信號(hào)燈為例，在美國(guó)本來(lái)是采用長(zhǎng)壽命、低光效的140瓦白熾燈作為光源，它產(chǎn)生2000流明的白光。經(jīng)紅色濾光片后，光損失90%，只剩下200流明的紅光。而在新設(shè)計(jì)的燈中，Lumileds 公司采用了18個(gè)紅色LED 光源，包括電路損失在內(nèi)，共耗電14瓦，即可產(chǎn)生同樣的光效。 汽車信號(hào)燈也是LED 光源應(yīng)用的重要領(lǐng)域。對(duì)于一般照明而言，人們更需要白色的光源。1998年白光的LED 開(kāi)發(fā)成功。這種LED 是將GaN 芯片和釔鋁石榴石（YAG ）封裝在一起做成。GaN 芯片發(fā)藍(lán)光（p=4

45、65nm，Wd=30nm），高溫?zé)Y(jié)制成的含Ce3+的YAG 熒光粉受此藍(lán)光激發(fā)后發(fā)出黃色光射，峰值550nm 。藍(lán)光LED 基片安裝在碗形反射腔中，覆蓋以混有YAG 的樹脂薄層，約200-500nm 。 LED基片發(fā)出的藍(lán)光部分被熒光粉吸收，另一部分藍(lán)光與熒光粉發(fā)出的黃光混合，可以得到得白光?，F(xiàn)在，對(duì)于InGaN/YAG白色LED ，通過(guò)改變YAG 熒光粉的化學(xué)組成和調(diào)節(jié)熒光粉層的厚度，可以獲得色溫3500-10000K 的各色白光。這種通過(guò)藍(lán)光LED 得到白光的方法，構(gòu)造簡(jiǎn)單、成本低廉、技術(shù)成熟度高，因此運(yùn)用最多。LED 顯示屏的發(fā)展可分為以下幾個(gè)階段：第一階段為1990年到1995年，主

46、要是單色和16級(jí)雙色圖文屏。用于顯示文字和簡(jiǎn)單圖片，主要用在車站、金融證券、銀行、郵局等公共場(chǎng)所，作為公共信息顯示工具。第二階段是1995年到1999年，出現(xiàn)了64級(jí)、256級(jí)灰度的雙基色視頻屏。視頻控制技術(shù)、圖像處理技術(shù)、光纖通信技術(shù)等的應(yīng)用將LED 顯示屏提升到了一個(gè)新的臺(tái)階。LED 顯示屏控制專用大規(guī)模集成電路芯片也在此時(shí)由國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)并得以應(yīng)用。第三階段從1999年開(kāi)始，紅、純綠、純藍(lán)LED 管大量涌入中國(guó)，同時(shí)國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)進(jìn)行了深入的研發(fā)工作，使用紅、綠、藍(lán)三原色LED 生產(chǎn)的全彩色顯示屏被廣泛應(yīng)用，大量進(jìn)入體育場(chǎng)館、會(huì)展中心、廣場(chǎng)等公共場(chǎng)所，從而將國(guó)內(nèi)的大屏幕帶入全彩時(shí)代。隨著LE

47、D 原材料市場(chǎng)的迅猛發(fā)展，表面貼裝器件從2001年面世，主要用在室內(nèi)全彩屏，并且以其亮度高、色彩鮮艷、溫度低的特性，可隨意調(diào)整的點(diǎn)間距，被不同價(jià)位需求者所接受，在短短兩年多時(shí)間內(nèi)，產(chǎn)品銷售額已超過(guò)3億元，表面貼裝全彩色LED 顯示屏應(yīng)用市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)。為了適應(yīng)2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)的“瘦身”計(jì)劃，利亞德開(kāi)發(fā)了表面貼裝雙基色顯示屏，大量用于訓(xùn)練館和比賽計(jì)時(shí)計(jì)分系統(tǒng)。在奧運(yùn)場(chǎng)館全彩屏方面，為緊縮投資，全彩屏大部分采用可拆卸方式，奧運(yùn)期間可作為實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播工具，賽事結(jié)束后可用于租賃，作為演出、國(guó)家政策發(fā)布等公共場(chǎng)合應(yīng)用工具，通過(guò)這種方式可盡快收回成本。就市場(chǎng)而言，中國(guó)加入WTO 、北京申奧成功等，成為L(zhǎng)ED 顯示屏產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的新契機(jī)。國(guó)內(nèi)LED 顯示屏市場(chǎng)保持持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，目前在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上，國(guó)產(chǎn)LED 顯示屏的市場(chǎng)占有率近95%。國(guó)際上LED 顯示屏的市場(chǎng)容量預(yù)計(jì)以每年30%的速度在增長(zhǎng)。目前，LED 顯示屏的主要制造廠商集中在日本、北美等地，我國(guó)LED 制造廠商出口的份額在其中微不足道。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，世界上目前至少有150家廠商生產(chǎn)全彩屏，其中產(chǎn)品齊全，規(guī)模較大的公司約有30家左右。三 LED優(yōu)點(diǎn)導(dǎo)體發(fā)光二極管(LED作為第三代半導(dǎo)體照明光源。這種產(chǎn)品具有很多夢(mèng)幻般優(yōu)點(diǎn)：(1光效率高：光譜幾乎全部集中于可見(jiàn)光頻率，效率可以達(dá)到80%-90%。而光效差不多的白熾燈可見(jiàn)光效率僅為