英美文學賞析--英國文學部分

1、英國文學史資料British Writers and Works一. Anglo-Saxon period<Beowulf>貝奧武夫:thenational epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. (主題嚴肅，語言莊重)e.g. Homers Iliad and OdysseyAr

2、tistic features:1. Using alliteration(押頭韻)（該文最大修辭特點，每行第一個詞輔音韻）Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（輔音）2. Using metaphor（暗喻，隱喻） and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Un

3、derstatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas二.The Middle Ages （Medieval Ages）Geoffery Chaucer杰弗里喬叟1340(?)1400(首創(chuàng)“雙韻體”，英國文學史上首先用倫敦方言寫作。約翰·德萊頓（John Dryden）稱其為“英國詩歌之父”The father of English poetry.first time to use heroic couplet(英雄雙韻體) by middle English代表作坎特伯雷故事集The Canterbu

4、ry tales。It is _alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (綜合的，廣泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A ) A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. MatinLuther C. William Langland D. J

5、ohn Gowerwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity.<The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic couplet(英雄雙韻體) by middle English<Troilus and Criseyde>特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德<The Houseof Fame>聲譽之宮Medieval Ages popular Literary form: Romance(傳奇故事)Famous three：King Arthur Sir Gawain and the

6、 Green Knight Beowulf三.The Renaissance Period key word: humanism(Bacon,Shakespeare,Marlowe)A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe

7、beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology(占星術/學、星座)2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. red

8、iscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1  FrancisBacon弗蘭西斯培根15611626（散文之父）The first English essayist.（哲學家、散文家；在論述探究知識的著作中提出了知識就是力量這一著名論斷；近代唯物主義哲學的奠基人和近代實驗科學的先驅(qū)。）Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern

9、 science. The first English essayist.nWriting style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to mans reason.<TheAdvancement of Learning>學術的推進<Essays>隨筆(famous quotas: <Of studies>)nThe theme of Of Studies: u

10、ses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.2 ChristopherMarlowe柯里斯托弗馬洛15641595“University Wits”(大學才子派), the pioneer of English drama（完善了無韻體詩。）Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.（不押韻的抑揚格五音步）Marlowe gave new vigor to _ with his “mighty li

11、nes”( D ) A. the Petrarchan sonnet B. sestina C. terzarima D. blank verse <The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲?。ǜ鶕?jù)德國民間故事書寫成）<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝n  <The Jew ofMalta>馬耳他的猶太人3William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亞15641616l  Historical plays:Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III

12、 ; Henry V；Richard II；Henry VIIIFour Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大歡喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer NightS Dream>仲夏夜之夢; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人Four Tragedies:<Hamlet>哈姆萊特; <Othello>奧賽羅; <King Lear>李爾王; <Macbeth>麥克白Shakespeare Sonnet :154<The So

13、nnets> Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.4. Ben Jonson<Comedy of Humours><Volpone, or the fox>狐貍5Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯賓塞15521599（后人稱之為“詩人的詩人”。）The poets poet

14、.The first to be buried in the Poets corner of Westerminster AbbeyWhich of the following statements is not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous for “the poets poet”? ( B ) A. Spensers idealism B. his struggle for criteria C. his love of beauty D. his exquisite melody     <The Fa

15、erie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth) The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.Artistic features:1. Using Spenserian Stanza Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in

16、iambic hexameter.<The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日歷 The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.<Amoretti>愛情小唱n6 Thomasl More托馬斯莫爾14781535<Utopia>烏托邦四. Revolution and Restoration(資產(chǎn)階級革命與王朝復辟)The 17th Century（John Milton，Marvell ,Donne, Dryden）Theme :sex and death1 John Milton約翰彌爾頓16

17、081674(文風：莊嚴，敬畏)（詩人、政論家;失明后寫失樂園、復樂園、力士參孫.）a great master of the blank verse Epics: <Paradise Lost>失樂園ntheme: fall of man  <Paradisen Regained>復樂園Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士參孫<Areopagitica>論出版自由n<The Defence of theEnglish People>為英國人民聲辯<On

18、 His Blindness>我的失明The Metaphysical poet(玄學派詩人).(Marvell ,Donne, Dryden)Milton 和Bunyan 對比(1)Milton A. was the chief Puritan poet; B. gave us the only epic since Beowulf; C. voiced the Puritan ideals for the educated class; (2)Bunyan A. was the chief Puritan writer of prose; B. gave us the only gr

19、eat allegory - The Pilgrims Progress;C. spoke for the common people. Metaphysical Poetry(玄學詩)：Poetry of a group of 17th century English poets whose verse is characterized by an intellectually challenging style and extended metaphors comparing very dissimilar thingsmysticism in content and fantastica

20、lity in form(主題神秘，語言奇特) the diction（用語）is simple, the imagery(意象) is from the actual, the form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with god, or with himself.（主題：love, religious, thought）Artistic features:1. Conceits（狂想，自負，幻想）or imagery奇思妙喻2. syllogism三段論 Meditations 沉思錄The Flea 虱子(Donn

21、e) Songs And SonnetsHoly SonnetsValediction:<Forbidding Mourning>2.  JohnBunyan約翰班揚16281688（代表作天路歷程，宗教寓言，被譽為“具有永恒意義的百科全書”，是英國文學史上里程碑式著作。與但丁的神曲、奧古斯丁的懺悔錄并列為世界三大宗教題材文學杰作。）Puritan poet(清教徒派詩人)Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrims Progress>天路歷程n五The 18th Century：Enlightenment andNeo-Classic

22、al(Pope,Swift ,Defoe,)同時為美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭與法國大革命提供了框架，并且導致了資本主義和社會主義的興起，與音樂史上的巴洛克時期以及藝術史上的新古典主義時期是同一時期。 A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, （秩序，邏輯）restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and

23、16thcentries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小說崛起（the rise of English novel）：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel現(xiàn)實主義小說)Gothic novel(哥特式小說)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to

24、 the end of century)Characteristics of Neo-Classical literatureProse: should be precise , direct , smooth ,flexiblePoetry: should be lyrical , epical , didactic and dramatic and each class should be guided by its own principles;Dram: should be written in the heroic couplets 1  AlexanderPope亞歷山大

25、蒲柏16881744（18世紀英國最偉大的詩人，其詩多用“英雄雙韻體”/ “ heroic couplets”。詞句工整、精練、富有哲理性。）As a representative of the Enlightenment， Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism （理性主義）to England.Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? ( C ) A.

26、John Bunyan B. Daniel Defoe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift <AnEssay on Criticism>批評論nArtistic features:1.Using“heroic couplets”<The Rape of the Lock>卷發(fā)遇劫記<Moral Essays>道德論<Essay on Man>人論n<The Dunciad>愚人記n2. Jonathan Swift喬納森斯威夫特16671745諷刺小說家a master satirist<Gu

27、llivers Travels>格列佛游記(fictional work)Yahoos出自格列佛游記。半人半獸的馬Four parts: Lilliput 小人國Brobdingnag大人國 Flying Island 飛島Houyhnhnm馬島<A Modest Proposal>一個小小的建議n<The Battle of Books>書戰(zhàn)<A Tale of a Tub>木桶的故事n <The Drappers Letters>一個麻布商的書信3. Daniel Defoe丹尼爾笛福16601731<Robinsonn Crus

28、oe>魯賓遜漂流記（小說家，新聞記者，小冊子作者；十八世紀英國現(xiàn)實主義小說的奠基人。）lHe is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, andhe is the founder of realistic novel.<Robinsonn Crusoe>魯賓遜漂流記It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Rob

29、inson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved

30、 and returns to England.<Moll Flanders><Colonel Jacque> <Captain singleton>4. Robert Burns羅伯特彭斯17591796（前浪漫主義，蘇格蘭民間詩人, National poet of Scottish）The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用蘇格蘭方言寫的詩 <John Anderson, My Jo>約翰安德生，我的

31、愛人 <A Red, Red Rose>一朵紅紅的玫瑰n <Auld LongnSyne>往昔時光5. Henry Fielding亨利菲爾丁17071754（英國小說家，戲劇家，被譽為“英國小說之父”。） He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文體史詩), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.novels:<The History

32、of Tom Jones, a Foundling>棄嬰湯姆瓊斯<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews>約瑟夫安德魯<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great>大詩人江奈生威爾德<Amelia>愛米利亞n plays:<The Historical Register for 1736>一七三六年歷史記事<Don Quixote in England>堂吉柯德在英國n六 The Romantic PeriodAge of passion

33、 rebellion and creativityThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death.Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualities of each individuals mind.(人應該是獨立自由的個體) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous e

34、motion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).1. William Wordsworth威廉華茲華斯17

35、701850被稱作Worshipper of nature, Natures prient（與柯爾律治(Coleridge)、騷塞(Southey)同被稱為“湖畔派”詩人。 The Lake Poets） <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌謠集(with Samuel TaylorColeridge):a landmark in English poetry <I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud> Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is

36、 nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace”2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively

37、 and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey The Solitary Reaper孤獨的割麥女 <The Prelude>序曲2. Samuel TaylorColeridge塞繆爾泰勒科爾律治17721834        The Lake Poets <The Rime of the AncientMariner>

38、;古舟子頌 <Christabel>柯里斯塔貝爾 <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory <Frost at Night>半夜冰霜 <Dejection, an Ode>憂郁頌 <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌謠集(with William Wordsworth)3.  George Gordon Byron喬治戈登拜倫17881824（拜倫式英雄Byroni

39、c heroes孤傲、狂熱、浪漫，卻充滿了反抗精神。內(nèi)心充滿了孤獨與苦悶，卻又蔑視群小。恰爾德·哈羅德是拜倫詩歌中第一個“拜倫式英雄”。）l“Byronic hero”is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.<Don Juan>唐璜<Childe Harolds Pilgrimage>恰爾德哈羅德爾游記<Cain>該隱<When We Two Parted>當初我們倆分別<Sh

40、e Walks In Beauty>4.  Persy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪萊17921822Poetic Drama：<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普羅米修斯 Theme: the drama celebraies mans victory over tyranny and oppression<Queen Mab>麥布女王<Revolt of Islam>伊斯蘭的反叛<The Cenci>欽契一家<A Defence of Poetry>詩辯<The Necessity o

41、f Atheism>無神論的必要性 Lyrics: <Ode to the West Wind>西風頌 (destroyer and preserver)Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who

42、scatter the seadsshich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies. Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode

43、 to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcbcdcdedee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic

44、 features: Using rerzarima(三行詩aba bcbcdcdedefe)<To a Skylark>致云雀Ode: A long lyric poem that is Serious in subject and treatment; Elevated in style; Elaborate in stanzaic structure    5.  John Keats約翰濟慈17951821(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名詩句。)     Four great odes: <Ode on a Grec

45、ian Urn>希臘古甕頌<Ode to aNightingale>夜鶯頌<Ode to Psyche>心靈頌<Ode On Melancholy>憂郁頌<To Autumn>秋頌nTheme: The theme of John Keats' poem, "To Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every t

46、ype of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different typ

47、es of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.On first looking into chapmans homer6.  Jane Austen簡奧斯丁17751817lShe compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire.<Sense and Sensibility>理智與感情<Pride and Preju

48、dic>傲慢與偏見(chapter I)7. WalterScott沃爾特斯科特17711832 (歷史小說之父”)Father of history novels<Rob Roy>羅伯羅伊<Ivanhoe>艾凡赫Poetry in the Neo-classical period:Too artificial; too rhetorical in language; too restrained in its expression of emotion; too repressive of the imagination“preface to Lyrical B

49、allads”:Spontaneous overflow of emotion; poet as man talking to man; language of common man; common people represent natural man  七The Victorian Period 1832-1900(Realism and Naturalism)(現(xiàn)實主義Realism，小說為主)Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events.1.  Charles Dickens查爾斯狄更斯18121870（批判現(xiàn)實主義小說家）critical realist writer <The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club>匹克威克外傳 <Oliver Twist>奧利弗特維斯特（