延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及其轉(zhuǎn)換

1、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及其轉(zhuǎn)換動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、發(fā)生過(guò)程的長(zhǎng)短可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。 一 . 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作 , 如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以與表示時(shí) 間段的狀語(yǔ)連用。表示時(shí)間段的短語(yǔ)有 : for+一段時(shí)間 , 如 :for 2 years; since 從 句 , 如 since he came here; since+過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)名詞 , 如 since last year, sinc

2、e 5 days ago. 例 :He has lived here for 6 years. Y ou can keep the book for 5 days.二 . 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也稱終止性動(dòng)詞、 瞬間動(dòng)詞 , 表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作 , 這種動(dòng)作發(fā) 生后立即結(jié)束。如 : open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy 等。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在肯定句中與表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ)連用,如:two years ago; at 5 o'clock;例 : He died 5 years ago.三 . 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)

3、性動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換:例:He left five minutes ago. = He has been away for five minutes.這句話的意思是指他離開(kāi)的動(dòng)作是 5分鐘之前發(fā)生的,是過(guò)去時(shí)。也就是說(shuō) 從他離開(kāi)到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有五分鐘了,這個(gè)動(dòng)作是延續(xù)的,要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),并且 要把原來(lái)的短暫性動(dòng)詞 改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。下面是一些短暫性動(dòng)詞及相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,須牢記。leave - be away, borrow - keep, buy - have,begin/start - be on, die - be dead, finish - be over,join - be in+組織機(jī)構(gòu)

4、, be a member of+組織機(jī)構(gòu) ,open sth - keep sth open, fall ill - be ill, get up-be up,catch a cold - have a cold, come here - be here,go there - be there, become - be, come back - be back,fall asleep - be asleep, get to/ arrive/reach - be (in,leave - be away from, get to know - know,go (get out be out, p

5、ut on wear ; catch a cold have a cold等。 練習(xí) :1. The old man died 4 years ago.-The old man_for 4 years.2. He joined the Party 2 years ago.-He _the Party for 2 years.3. I bought the book 5 days ago.- I _the book for 5 days.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(一現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是初三教材中的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目,下面我們就來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)它的構(gòu)成。 1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本句式是 “have (has +過(guò)去分詞 ” 。如: I

6、 have seen that film.我已經(jīng)看過(guò)那部影片了。 We have just finished our homework.我們剛剛做完家庭作業(yè)。 She has gone home.她回家去了。注意:1該句式中的 have 或 has 是助動(dòng)詞, has 用于第三人稱單數(shù),其它人 稱一律用 have 。 2該句式中 have (has 和過(guò)去分詞之間可用 just 插入。 3 把該句式譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí),往往用 “ 已經(jīng) ” 、 “ 剛剛 ” 、 “ 過(guò) ” 或 “ 了 ” 等。2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問(wèn)句式是把助動(dòng)詞 have 或 has 提到主語(yǔ)之前。如: Have you read

7、this story book yet?你讀過(guò)這本故事書(shū)嗎? Has he eaten that apple yet?他吃那個(gè)蘋(píng)果了嗎?注意:1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問(wèn)句往往在句末加 yet 。 2把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般 疑問(wèn)句譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí),往往譯成 “ 過(guò)嗎? ” 、 “ 還有 嗎? ” 等。 3其肯定回 答用:Y es , . . . have (has .否定回答用:No , . . . haven't (hasn't .有時(shí)用: No , not yet.或 No , never .3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句式是 “have (has +過(guò)去分詞 ” 。如: We haven'

8、;t studied Unit 2yet.我們還沒(méi)學(xué)習(xí)第二單元。 The train hasn't stopped yet.火車(chē)還沒(méi)有停下來(lái)。注意:1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句句末往往加 yet 。 2否定句常譯為 “ 還沒(méi)有 ” 等?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(二現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。如: Have you read that story?你讀過(guò)那個(gè)故事嗎?(“ 讀 ” 這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,對(duì) 現(xiàn)在造成的影響是:是否知道故事的內(nèi)容I have bought two apples.我買(mǎi)了兩個(gè)蘋(píng)果。 (“ 買(mǎi) ” 這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,對(duì)現(xiàn) 在造成的結(jié)果是:擁有兩個(gè)蘋(píng)果在學(xué)

9、習(xí)這一概念的同時(shí),還應(yīng)注意常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的幾個(gè)副詞:already , just , yet , ever , never 等。 already , just 多用于肯定句中, yet , ever , never 多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。如:I have already finished my homework.我已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了。He has just had his meal.他剛吃過(guò)飯。Have you ever sung this English song?你曾唱過(guò)這首英文歌嗎?They haven't started yet.他們還沒(méi)有動(dòng)身。W e have neve

10、r heard of it.我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(三1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)既涉及過(guò)去,又聯(lián)系現(xiàn)在,它可表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始 一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,和由 for 或 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如:W e have lived here for five years.我們?cè)谶@里住了五年了。I have known him since he was a boy.我從他還是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。 注意:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事對(duì)現(xiàn)在 造成的影響;一般過(guò)去時(shí)指過(guò)去發(fā)生的事實(shí)。請(qǐng)看下面對(duì)話中一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn) 在完成時(shí)的不同。A :Have you seen

11、 the film? B :Y es , I have.A :When did you see it? B :I saw it a year ago.2.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的使用。這家工廠工作十年了。(2 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞:come , go , arrive , reach , see , hear , close , leave , begin , start , lose , buy , fall , join , die 等,這些動(dòng)詞可用于完成時(shí)態(tài),說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng) 作的結(jié)果還存在,但不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。例如:【正】 The play has begun.戲開(kāi)演了。

12、 (戲正在演著【誤】 The play has begun for half an hour.戲開(kāi)演半小時(shí)了。3.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示狀態(tài)有三種方法:(1用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)替換非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用現(xiàn)在完 成時(shí), 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為 “for +時(shí)間段 ” 或 “since +時(shí)間點(diǎn) (過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或非延續(xù)性 動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)從句 ” 或用在 how long的問(wèn)句中。例如:They have been here for five years. 他們來(lái)這里已經(jīng)五年了。 (這里 come 這一非 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞改成了 be 。 常見(jiàn)的非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換如下:comebe , come t

13、obe in /at , go outbe out , leavebe away , begin /startbe on , buyhave , borrowkeep , joinbe a member of /be a. . . member , diebe dead, put onwear , catch a cold have a cold, get to knowknow , become a teacherbe a teacher, fall asleepbe asleep, go to sleepsleep 等。(2用 “ 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)+一段時(shí)間+ago” 這一句型(即

14、用一般過(guò) 去時(shí) 。例如:They came here five years ago.他們是五年前來(lái)這里的。(3用 “It is(has been+時(shí)間段+since 從句(從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用非延續(xù)性動(dòng) 詞的過(guò)去式 ” 這一句型。例如:It is five years since they came here.自從他們來(lái)到這里已經(jīng)有五年了?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與中考題選擇填空。1. I_ a letter from him since he left. (天津市A . didn't receive B. haven't got C. didn't have D. haven'

15、t heard2. Where have you _ these days ? I have to Dazhu with my friends . (重慶市 A . been ; gone B. been ; been C. gone ; been D. gone ; gone3. How long have you _ this book?(哈爾濱市A . bought B. borrowed C. had D. lent4. Where's Peter? He _ to Nanjing. (沈陽(yáng)市A . is going B. has been C. has gone D. wen

16、t5. Y ou've never seen such a wonderful film before, _ ?(河北省 A . haven't you B. have you C. do you D. don't you6. W e have lived here _ five years ago. (河南省A . when B. since C. before D. after7. I have watched the game. When you _ it?(長(zhǎng)沙市A . have ; watched B. do ; watch C. did ; watch D.

17、 will ; watch8. How do you like Beijing, Mr Black? Oh , I _ such a beautiful city . (江西省 A . don't visit B. didn't visit C. haven't visited D. hadn't visited 9. The old people _ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week . (廣州市 A . don't feel B. hasn't felt C. hav

18、en't felt D. didn't feel10. My grandfather_ in the small town all his life. He always says he likes the town. (四川省 A . lived B. have lived C. has lived D. is living 11. Miss Brown _ to the Great Wall twice. (貴陽(yáng)市A . have been B. has been C. have gone D. has gone12. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice _ he came to Yunnan. (昆 明市 A . after B. before C. since D. for13. His grandpa _ for two years. (廣西A . was died B. has been dead C. was dead D. has died14. Have you ever_ to Haikou?