句子基本成分

1、什么叫句子成分呢？句子的組成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，詞與詞之間有一定的組合關(guān)系，按照不同的關(guān)系，可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。句子成分由詞或詞組充當?，F(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。英語的基本成分有七種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial) 和補語（complement）。一個完整的英語句子，至少由兩部分組成（祁使句除外）主語和謂語。主語是一個句子敘述的主體，表明這句話描述的是什么，謂語則用以說明主語的情況，它在人稱和單復數(shù)形式上應

2、與主語保持一致。除了主語和謂語，句子有時還需要其他的成分，如用在系動詞后用在系動詞后表明主語性質(zhì)，特征，狀態(tài)或身份的表明主語性質(zhì)，特征，狀態(tài)或身份的表語，用在及物動后，表示行用在及物動后，表示行為對象或結(jié)果的為對象或結(jié)果的賓語，修飾或限定名詞或代詞的修飾或限定名詞或代詞的定語，修飾動詞修飾動詞.形形容詞容詞.副詞副詞.介詞短語介詞短語.或全句的或全句的狀語以及對一個名詞或代詞作進一步對一個名詞或代詞作進一步解釋的解釋的同位語等。英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語五種五種基本句型列式如下：一： （主謂）二：

3、（主系表）三： （主謂賓）四： （主謂間賓直賓）五： （主謂賓賓補）基本句型基本句型 一：一： （主謂）（主謂）主語主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞名詞（如boy），主格代詞主格代詞（如you），數(shù)詞數(shù)詞，名詞化的形容詞名詞化的形容詞，動詞不定式動詞不定式，動名詞或從句動名詞或從句。主語一般在句首句首。注意名詞單數(shù)形式常和冠詞不分家！ 謂語謂語：謂語由動詞構(gòu)成，是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。不及物動詞（不及物動詞（vi.）沒有賓語，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一個共同特點，即句子的謂語動詞都能表達完整的意思，不能再接對象（即賓語），這類動詞叫做不及物動詞不及物動

4、詞，后面可以跟副詞、介副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句詞短語、狀語從句等作狀語。 （不及物動詞）（不及物動詞） 1. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。2. The universe remains. 宇宙長存。3. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4. Who cares? 管它呢？ 5. What he said does not matter. 他所講的沒有什么關(guān)系。 6. They talked for half an hour. 他們談了半個小時。 7. The pen writes smoothly 這支筆書寫流利?；揪湫突?/p>

5、本句型 二：二： （主系表）（主系表）此句型的句子有一個共同的特點：句子謂語動詞都不能表達一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明主語性質(zhì)，特征，狀態(tài)或身份的表語構(gòu)成復合謂語，才能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做連系動詞。系動詞分三類：1）表示人或事物的身份特征或狀態(tài):appear, be, feel , look, seem, smell,sound, taste。例如 look well/面色好,sound nice/聽起來不錯,feel good/感覺好，smell bad/難聞，taste good/嘗起來不錯； 2)表示狀態(tài)的變化：become,come,fall,go,get, grow, t

6、urn,prove等；例如become cold/變冷，go grey/變灰白, (dreams) come true/（夢想）實現(xiàn)；3)表示某種狀態(tài)的延續(xù)或持續(xù)：continue，remain, stay, keep 等。例如keep silent/保持沉默，stay fine/仍然很好 。 注意be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。表語通常由名詞n. 代詞pron. 形容詞adj. 數(shù)詞，副詞adv. 介詞短語prep.phr.，動詞不定式to-do，現(xiàn)在分詞，或從句等擔任。 （系動詞）（系動詞） 1. This is an English-Chin

7、ese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。（n.）2. The dinner smells good. (adj.) 午餐的氣味很好。3. He fell in love. (介詞短語) 他墮入了情網(wǎng)。 4. Everything looks different. （adj.） 一切看來都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong. 他長得又高又壯6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X。(句子，表語從句)7. Our well has gone dry. 我們井干枯了。 8. His

8、face turned red. 他的臉紅了。9.I am not quite myself today.我今天身體不太好。（pron.）10.The war was over. 戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束了。(adv.)11. He seemed to know the truth.他似乎知道真相。(動詞不定式)12. He is out of condition. 他身體情況不太好。(介詞短語)13. Time is pressing. 時間緊迫。（現(xiàn)在分詞）14. Who was the first? 誰第一？（數(shù)詞）There be 結(jié)構(gòu)： There be 表示存在有。這里的there沒有實際意義，不

9、可與副詞there那里混淆。 此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞，表示（存在）有某事物 試比較：There is a boy there.（那兒有一個男孩。）/前一個there無實意，后一個there為副詞那里。 基本句型基本句型 三：三： （主謂賓）（主謂賓） 此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞。賓語位于及物動詞之后，一般同主語構(gòu)成一樣，不同的是構(gòu)成賓語的代詞必須是代詞賓格，如：me，him，them等 （及物動詞）（及物動詞） 1. Who knows the answer? 誰知道答案？

10、 2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感謝。3. He has refused to help them. 他拒絕幫他們。4. He enjoys reading. 他喜歡看書。5. They ate what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。6. He said Good morning. 他說：早上好！7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承認犯了錯誤。 間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。 一般的順序為：動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。如：Gi

11、ve me a cup of tea, please.注意：間接賓語在下列情況下?？梢愿臑橐粋€由to或for引起的短語。 1）當直接賓語是一個人稱代詞時 Give it to me. 把它給我。（試比較：Give me the book.） Ill order it for you. 我給你點菜。（試比較：I ordered us three dishes.） 2）需對間接賓語加以強調(diào)時 Ive bought this book for you, not for myself.常用的接雙賓語的動詞有1）介詞用to的: give, show, send, bring, offer, read,

12、pass, lend, hand, tell, return, write, pay, throw, allow, wish, teach, fetch等; 2) 介詞用for的: make, do, spare, order, cook, sing, buy, find, get等?；揪湫突揪湫?五：五： （主謂賓賓補）（主謂賓賓補）此句型的句子的共同特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補足語：位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復合賓語。能作賓補的有：名詞，形容

13、詞，介詞短語，不定式短語，分詞短語，副詞等。例如：1）名詞）名詞/代詞賓格代詞賓格 + 名詞名詞The war made him a soldier./戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士.2）名詞）名詞/代詞賓格代詞賓格 + 形容詞形容詞New methods make the job easy./新方法使這項工作變得輕松. 3）名詞）名詞/代詞賓格代詞賓格 + 介詞短語介詞短語I often find him at work./我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作. 4）名詞）名詞/代詞賓格代詞賓格 + 動詞不定式動詞不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows.

14、/老師讓學生們關(guān)上窗戶. 5）名詞）名詞/代詞賓格代詞賓格 + 分詞分詞I saw a cat running across the road./我看見一只貓跑過了馬路. 6）名詞）名詞/代詞賓格代詞賓格+副詞副詞 Please keep the dog out. （及物）（及物） （賓語）（賓語） （賓補）（賓補） 1. They appointed him manager. 他們?nèi)蚊斀?jīng)理。2. They painted the door green. 他們把門漆成綠色3. This set them thinking. 這使得他們要細想一想。4. They found the hous

15、e deserted. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那房子無人居住。5. What makes him think so? 他怎么會這樣想？6. We saw him out. 我們送他出去7. He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早點回來。8. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看見他們上了那輛公共汽車。 注意： 主動語態(tài)變成被動語態(tài)后，賓語補足語就變成了主語補足語：1.He was last seen playing near the river. 有人最后一次看見他在河邊玩。（Someone last saw him playing near t

16、he river. （賓補）2.He was considered to have stolen the money. 有人認為他偷了錢。3.The door was pushed open.門被推開了4.He was caught cheating in the exam. 他被當場抓住考試作弊。5.He was made monitor. 他被選為班長。但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡短但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡短，這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語（modifier）而加以擴大。這些修飾語可以

17、是單詞（主要是形容詞、副單詞（主要是形容詞、副詞和數(shù)詞詞和數(shù)詞），也可以是各種類型的短語（主要是介詞短語、不定式短語各種類型的短語（主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語和分詞短語）。我們稱之為：定語、狀語定語、狀語 一、一、 定語定語：定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用的表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾若修飾some, any, every, no構(gòu)成的復構(gòu)成的復合不定代詞時，（如：合不定代詞時，（如：something、nothing）；或）；或不定式、分詞短語不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語作定語、從句作定語時，則定語通常時，

18、則定語通常置后置后。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。之后。 形容詞形容詞作定語：作定語：The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修飾名詞boy；blue修飾名詞pen.）/小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是個英俊的男孩。數(shù)詞數(shù)詞作定語相當于形容詞：作定語相當于形容詞：Two boys need two pens./兩個男孩需要兩支鋼筆。There are two boys in the room./房間里有兩個男孩。 代詞或名詞所有格代詞或名詞所有格作定語：作定語：The boy nee

19、ds Toms pen./他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。His name is Tom./他的名字是湯姆。介詞短語介詞短語作定語：作定語：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。The boy in blue is Tom./穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有兩個9歲的，三個10歲的男孩。 名詞名詞作定語：作定語：The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圓珠筆。He works in a trade company。

20、他在一家貿(mào)易公司上班。副詞副詞作定語：作定語：The boy there needs a pen./那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。She meet her English teacher on her way home .不定式不定式作定語：作定語：The boy to write this letter needs a pen./寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。There is nothing to do today./今天無事要做。 分詞（短語）分詞（短語）作定語：作定語：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那個微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽

21、買的鋼筆。The pen bought by her is made in China./她買的筆是中國產(chǎn)的。There are five boys left./有五個留下的男孩。 定語定語從句：從句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那個在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。The boy you will know is Tom./你將認識的男孩叫湯姆。There are five boys who will play the game./參加游戲的男孩有五個。 二、狀語：二、狀語： 狀語修飾動詞、形

22、容詞、副詞或全句動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說明方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。 狀語在句子中的位置位置很靈活，常見情況為： 1）通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強調(diào)時放在句首； 2）修飾形容詞或副詞時，通常位于被修飾的詞之前； 3)表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強調(diào)時放在句首，地點狀語一般須在時間狀語之前(如果修飾同一個動詞的時間狀語或地點狀語不止一個，則一般按照“由小到大”排列)； e.g. He arrived here at about ten oclock yesterday morning. she lived in a small village in

23、 the north. 4)一些表示不確定時間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語通常位于be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，動詞之前 有時狀語在句中的某個位置會引起歧義，應注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩”（此時in the classroom為girl的定語），也可以理解為男孩在教室里喊女孩（此時in the classroom為地點狀語），最好寫作In the classroom, the boy calls the girl. 副詞（短語）副詞（短語）作狀語：作狀語：The boy ne

24、eds a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語）The boy needs a pen now./ Now, the boy needs a pen./ The boy, now, needs a pen./男孩現(xiàn)在需要一支鋼筆。（時間狀語） 介詞短語作狀語：In the classroom, the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。（地點狀語）Before his mother, Tom is always a boy./在母親面前,湯姆總是一個男孩子.(條件狀語)On Sundays, there is no student in

25、the classroom./星期天,教室里沒有學生.(時間狀語) 分詞（短語）分詞（短語）作狀語作狀語：He sits there, asking for a pen./他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen./因為不得不完成作業(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語）Frightened, he sits there soundlessly./（因為）受了驚嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。（原因狀語） 不定式不定式作狀語：作狀語：The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩

26、需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。（目的狀語）To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business./為實現(xiàn)夢想,湯姆變得對商業(yè)很有興趣. 名詞作狀語：Come this way!/走這條路?。ǚ较驙钫Z） 狀語從句：狀語從句： 時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句 三、同位語：三、同位語：同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如： We students should study hard. / (student

27、s是we的同位語，都是指同一批學生） We all are students. / (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的我們） 四、獨立成分：四、獨立成分： 有時句子中會有一些與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨立成分(注意：區(qū)別于分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu))。 感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定詞yes 否定詞no 稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。 插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,這個故事還遠沒結(jié)束. 情態(tài)詞,表示說話人的語氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語）:perha

28、ps也許,maybe大概,acturely實際上,certainly當然，等。 五、分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)五、分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語與句子的主語一致! 否則應有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。例：錯句：Studying hard,your score will go up.正確：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up.或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.解析：錯句中分詞studying沒有自帶邏輯主語，則其邏輯主語就是句子的主語，既your score . 顯然做study的應是

29、人，不應是your score（分數(shù)）. 正確句(1)更正了句子的主語,使其與分詞邏輯主語一致( 同為you );正確句(2)則使用條件分句帶出study的主語,(不過已經(jīng)不是分詞結(jié)構(gòu)了). 分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)常省略being,having been.不過There being.的場合不能省略.如：Game (being) over,he went home.He stands there,book (being) in hand. 獨立結(jié)構(gòu)還可用with、without引導，作狀語或定語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)不但可以用分詞，還可以用不定式、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞或名詞等。如：With nothing to d

30、o,he fell asleep soon./無事可做，他很快就睡著了。The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老師進來了，戴著一付眼鏡。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略?。?句子成分練習題句子成分練習題( 一一 ) (一). 指出下列句中主語的中心詞（4分， 4分鐘） The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given

31、by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult. (二) 選出句中謂語的中心詞（10分， 10分鐘） I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to schoo

32、l by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homew

33、ork What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to? A. give B.did C. whom D. book (三) 挑出下列句中的賓語（10分，10分鐘） My brother hasnt done

34、 his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the

35、 class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didnt know who Father Christmas really is. (四) 挑出下列句中的表語（5分， 5分鐘） The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all

36、became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it. (五) 挑出下列句中的定語（6分，6分鐘） They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiti

37、ng for the sound of the other shoe! (六) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語（6分， 6分鐘） She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming pla

38、ying football on the playground just now? (七) 挑出下列句中的狀語（8分， 8分鐘） There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She l

39、oves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. (八) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語（5分， 5分鐘） Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.

40、 Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me? 句子成分練習題句子成分練習題( 二二 ) 指出下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分： 1.Whether well go depend on the weather . 2. Peoples standards of living are going up steadily . 3. That was how they were defeated. 4.The nursery takes good care of our children . 5.Ill return the

41、 book to you tomorrow . 6.We are sure that we shall succeed . 7.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other . 8.There are many film that Id like to see. 9.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ? 10.I have a lot of work to do .11.Anyway I wont stop you from doing it .12.I said it in f

42、un .13.We can send a car over to fetch you .14.She had to work standing up .15.Seeing this ,some comrades became very worried .16.Much interested , he agreed to give it a try .17.The bus arrived ten minutes late .18.We should serve the people heart and soul.19.Spring coming on , the tree turned gree

43、n .20.Some farmers saw something strange in the sky .21.We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting .22.Its strange that she doesnt come today .23.It was in the library that I come today .24.He likes drawing at times when he isnt working .25.We left in such a hurry that we forgot t

44、o lock the door. 句子成分練習題句子成分練習題( 三三 ) A 1、 _ six years since I began to study English.A. It is B. I have been C. There are D. It was 2 、_ in the room at that time.A. Nobody was B. Someone were C. Who is D. He are 3 、ITS very noisy outside. _ is going on? A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where 4、 _ in Engl

45、ish in class every day is important.A. Speak B. Talking C. Saying D. To tell 5 、There must be_ near the factory.A. a book store B. book store C. books store D. books stores 6 、Although its raining hard, _ are still working in the fields.A. but they B. and they C. they D. since they B 1、 The doctor a

46、s well as the nurses _ great concern for the patients.A. show B. shows C. have shown D. are showing 2、 Your son must be a clever boy, _ he?A. is B. isnt C. must D. mustnt 3、 The computer center, _ last year, is very popular among students in this school.A. open B. opening C. opened D. being opened 4

47、 、I _ go to the shop today, for there is a lot of food at home.A. mustnt B. had to C. cant D. neednt 5 、Dont _ excited.A. get B. is C. seem D. look 6 This room _ every morning.A. is cleaning B. is cleaned C. cleans D. cleaning C 1、 Glad to meet you! _ is your full name?A. What B. Where C. How D. Who

48、 2、 He is _ to lift the heavy box.A. too weak B. weak tooC. enough weak D. weak enough 3、 The days are _ warmer and warmer in spring.A. getting B. looking C. seeming D. going 4 、His job is_English.A. teach B. to teach C. taught D. teaches 5 、Two balls are_.A. under the desk B. in the wall C. to here

49、 D. at desks D 1 、We should get ready_ others.A. helping B. to help C. help D. help with 2、 _interesting work we are doing?A. What a B. How C. What D. What an 3、 I want_ a teacher when I grow up .A. to be B. to C. be D. being 4、 -Would you like to go on a picnic with me today?-I dont think so. To be honest, I really dont feel like_on apicnic.A. going B. to go C. go D. went 5 Do you know_?A. where does he l