英文SCI論文寫作技巧

1、我并不是大牛，但也算是在外文期刊上發(fā)了幾篇文章，現(xiàn)在我寫文章2天可以寫成，一周可以完稿。以前寫的文章老是refuse，現(xiàn)在大多都是revised，摸索寫文章的路真的很艱辛，研二上學(xué)期我寫的4篇文章，結(jié)果改來改去的，整的快崩潰了，現(xiàn)在好了，寫的文章能拿到1.5左右的雜志上基本就accept了。我覺得寫文章之前要先有思路，你怎么去寫怎么寫的和別人不同，有新意。這里面的文章很大，我也說不透，只是參透了一二，和大家分享，望大家不要恥笑。我畢竟是個碩士研究生。我覺得論文寫很簡單，主要是能夠發(fā)表出去。下面我簡單講下我的思路。有相同或不同見解的留下言，共同交流，一起進(jìn)步。我是材料出身，搞的是催化，文章的第一

2、步要有圖，也就是說首先把圖做的漂漂亮亮的，不管是SEM，TEM，Uv-vis，F(xiàn)TIR，還是催化效果圖。、圖片放到你的文章里就是你的思路，圖片放好了 你的思路就出來了，這是就關(guān)鍵的過程，放圖的過程中你要考你怎么寫，你的文章新的地方在哪？；圖做好了也放好了，就是寫文章了，寫文章也很快了，因?yàn)樗悸酚辛四愕奈恼乱矘?gòu)思好了。我在這里給出我寫文章時的程序。對于文章主體部分，我覺得先寫 Results and discussion，寫完了根據(jù)其內(nèi)容下個Conclusion，然后根據(jù)Conclusion寫Abstract（因?yàn)樗鼈儌z有些許的類似），而后補(bǔ)充Experimental。最后也是最難寫的地方Int

3、roduction，這個讓審稿人一看就能知道你的文章的水平，所以寫好Introduction是關(guān)乎論文是否收錄的關(guān)鍵所在。我和外國審稿人專家關(guān)于審稿交流過意見，他們也是這樣認(rèn)為，他們也認(rèn)為Introduction是整個文章的臉面，這是他們主要審的地方，在這里能看到你的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)，創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)不夠直接refuse；Introduction寫的還可以的話，就看Results and discussion，這部分其實(shí)主要看的是圖，你的圖的清晰度質(zhì)量，以及性能圖。我審過一篇Journal of Hazardous Materials上面的文章，我也是這樣審的。當(dāng)然是咱們國內(nèi)某名牌大學(xué)的文章，做的是催化，我也是做

4、這個的不知為什么編輯發(fā)來讓我審，我也感覺很莫名。后來編輯告訴我和我的文章有些類似還稱我是專家，教授下面我引用了一些總結(jié)的寫作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我覺得很有用。大家認(rèn)真看看，在此先祝福大家論文高中，碩果累累不減當(dāng)年勇時：1. 前言部分1.1 如何指出當(dāng)前研究的不足以及有目的地引導(dǎo)出自己的研究的重要性通常在敘述了前人成果之后，用However來引導(dǎo)不足，比如However, little information.          little attention has been devoted tolittle work.  &

5、#160;       little data / little researchor    few studies / investigations  / few attempts have been don onor    none of these studies     has (have) been less                

6、;        done on . / focused on / attempted to                        conducted / investigated / studied                     

7、 (with respect to)OR  To the author's knowledge. There is little information available in literature about.Until recently, there is some lack of knowledge about.Previous research (studies, records) has (have)                      &

8、#160;                     failed to consider                                            ignored           

9、60;                               misinterpreted                                            neglected to  

10、0;                                         overestimated, underestimated                                    &#

11、160;       misleadedthus, these previous results are                               inconclusive / misleadingunsatisfactory / questionable /controversial.Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist

12、.一定要注意絕對不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看來前人的結(jié)論完全不對。這是前人工作最起碼的尊重，英文叫做給別人的工作credits.所以文章不要出現(xiàn)非常negative的評價，比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commonsense, etc.可以婉轉(zhuǎn)地提出：Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation.Their results could be better convinced if they .Or  

13、;       Their conclusion may remain some uncertainties.           1.2.之后引導(dǎo)出一種新方法，或者一種新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一樣，可以通過下面的方式強(qiáng)調(diào)自己工作的作用：However, data is still scarce                      

14、; rare                       less accurate              there is still dearth ofWe need to / aim to /  have to    provide more documents /  data / records / stu

15、dies    increase the datasetFurther studies are still necessary. / essential.       為了強(qiáng)調(diào)自己研究的重要性，一般還要在However之前介紹自己研究問題的反方面，另一方面等等, 比如：1)時間問題如果你研究的問題時間上比較新，你就可以大量提及對時間較老的問題的研究及重要性，然后說(However)，對時間尺度比較新的問題研究不足2)物性及研究手段問題如果你要應(yīng)用一種新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出當(dāng)前比較流行的方法以及物質(zhì)性質(zhì)，然后說對你所研

16、究的方向和方法，研究甚少。3)研究區(qū)域問題首先總結(jié)相鄰區(qū)域或者其它區(qū)域的研究，然后強(qiáng)調(diào)這一區(qū)域研究不足4)不確定性雖然前人對這一問題研究很多，但是目前有兩種或者更多種的觀點(diǎn)，這種uncertanties, ambiguities，值得進(jìn)一步澄清5)提出自己的假設(shè)來驗(yàn)證如果自己的研究完全是新的，沒有前人的工作進(jìn)行對比，在這種情況下，你可以自信地說，根據(jù)提出的過程，存在這種可能的結(jié)果，本文就是要證實(shí)這種結(jié)果。We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the .It is hoped that the question will be resol

17、ved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).1.3. 如何提出自己的觀點(diǎn)We aim toThis paper reports on               provides results.              extends the method          

18、   focus on.The purpose of this paper is to.Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discuss.1.4.  圈定自己的研究范圍前言的另外一個作用就是告訴讀者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究內(nèi)容。如果處理不好，reviewer會提出嚴(yán)厲的建議，比如你沒有考慮某種可能性，某種研究手段等等。為了減少這種爭論，在前言的結(jié)尾你就要明確提出本文研究的范圍：1)時間尺度問題如果你的問題涉及比較長的時序，你可以明確地提出本文只關(guān)心這一時間范圍的問題。We p

19、reliminarily focus on the older (younger).或者有兩種時間尺度的問題 (long-term and short term)，你可以說兩者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一種2) 研究區(qū)域的問題和時間問題一樣，明確提出你只關(guān)心這一地區(qū)1.5. 最后的原場在前言的最后，還可以總結(jié)性地提出，這一研究對其它研究的幫助?；蛘哒f，further studies on . will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)總之，其目的就是讓讀者把思路集中到你要討論的問題上來。減少爭論(arguments).2. 怎樣提出觀

20、點(diǎn) 在提出自己的觀點(diǎn)時，采取什么樣的策略很重要。不合適的句子通常會遭到reviewer的置疑。1)如果觀點(diǎn)不是這篇文章最新提出的，通常要用We confirm that.2)對于自己很自信的觀點(diǎn),可用We believe that.3)在更通常的情況下，由數(shù)據(jù)推斷出一定的結(jié)論，用， Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that.4) 在及其特別的情況才可以用We put forward (discover, observe.) . "for the first time".來強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的創(chuàng)新。5) 如果自己對所提出的觀點(diǎn)不

21、完全肯定，可用   We tentatively put forward (interpret this to.)Or         The results may be due to (caused by)/  attributed to / resulted from.Or         It seems that . can account for (interpret) this. 要注意這些結(jié)構(gòu)要合理搭配。如果通篇是類型1)和5)，那這篇文章的意義就大

22、打折扣。如果全是2)，肯定會遭到置疑。所以要仔細(xì)分析自己成果的創(chuàng)新性以及可信度。3. 連接詞與邏輯 寫英文論文最常見的一個毛病就是文章的邏輯不清楚。解決的方法有：1)句子上下要有連貫，不能讓句子之間獨(dú)立常見的連接詞語有, also, in addition,  afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, However, although, unlike, in contrast, Unfortunately,Similarly, alternatively, parallel results, Co

23、mpared with other results, In order to, despite, For exampleconsequently, thus, therefore.用好這些連接詞，能夠使觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)得有層次，更加明確。比如，如果敘述有時間順序的事件或者文獻(xiàn)，最早的文獻(xiàn)可用AA advocated it for the first time.接下來，可用Then BB further demonstrated that.再接下來，可用Afterwards, CC.如果還有，可用More recent studies by DD.如果敘述兩種觀點(diǎn)，要把它們截然分開AA put

24、 forward that.  In contrast, BB believeor         Unlike AA, BB suggestor         On the contrary (表明前面的觀點(diǎn)錯誤，如果只是表明兩種對立的觀點(diǎn)，用in contrast)， BB.     如果兩種觀點(diǎn)相近,可用AA suggest . Similarly ( alternatively),  BB.Or    &#

25、160;    Also, BBor         BB also does 表示因果或者前后關(guān)系，可用 Consequently, therefore, as a result,表明遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition,當(dāng)寫完一段英文，最好首先檢查一下是否較好地應(yīng)用了這些連接詞。2) 段落的整體邏輯經(jīng)常我們要敘述一個問題的幾個方面。這種情況下，一定要注意邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。首先第一段要明確告訴讀者你要討論幾個部份   .Ther

26、efore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed.The first question involves.The second problem relates to The third aspect deals with.上面的例子可以清晰地把觀點(diǎn)逐層敘述。Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third. Finally,.當(dāng)然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用來補(bǔ)充說明。4. 正文部份的整體結(jié)構(gòu)小標(biāo)題是比較好的方法把要討論的問題分為幾個片段。一般第一個片段指出文章最為重要

27、的數(shù)據(jù)與結(jié)論。補(bǔ)充說明的部份可以放在最后一個片段。一定要明白文章的讀者會分為多個檔次。文章除了本專業(yè)的專業(yè)人士讀懂以外，一定要想辦法能讓更多的外專業(yè)人讀懂。所以可以把討論部份分為兩部份，一部份提出觀點(diǎn)，另一部份詳細(xì)介紹過程以及論述的依據(jù)。這樣專業(yè)外的人士可以了解文章的主要觀點(diǎn)，比較專業(yè)的討論他可以把它當(dāng)成黑箱子，而這一部份本專業(yè)人士可以進(jìn)一步研究。5. 關(guān)于abbreviation如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 兩種方法加以解決1) 在文章最好加上個Appendix，把所有Abbreviation列表2) 在不同的頁面上，不時地給出Abbreviation的含義，用來提醒讀者?？?/p>

28、之，寫文章的目的是要讓讀者讀懂，讀得清晰，并且采取各種措施方便于讀者。          5. Discussion 部分5. 1時態(tài) (a) 指出結(jié)果在哪些圖表中列出，常用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：Figure 2 shows the variation in the temperature of the samples over time. (b) 敘述或總結(jié)研究結(jié)果的內(nèi)容為關(guān)于過去的事實(shí)，所以通常采用過去時。如：After flights of less than two hours, 11% of the

29、army pilots and 33% of the civilian pilots reported back pain. (c) 對研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行說明或由其得出一般性推論時，多用現(xiàn)在時。如：The higher incidence of back pain in civilian pilots may be due to their greater accumulated flying time.(d) 不同結(jié)果之間或?qū)嶒?yàn)數(shù)據(jù)與理論模型之間進(jìn)行比較時，多采一般現(xiàn)在時（這種比較關(guān)系多為不受時間影響的邏輯上的事實(shí)）。如：These results agree well with the

30、 findings of Smith, et al.6. 討論部份包括什么內(nèi)容?6.1 主要內(nèi)容1) 主要數(shù)據(jù)特征的總結(jié)2) 主要結(jié)論以及與前人觀點(diǎn)的對比3) 本文的不足第三點(diǎn)，在一般作者看來不可取。事實(shí)上給出文章的不足恰恰是保護(hù)自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隱藏文章的漏洞，覺得別人看不出來，是非常不明智的。所謂不足，包括以下內(nèi)容:a) 研究的問題有點(diǎn)片面  討論時一定要說，  It should be noted that this study has examined only  We concentrate (focus) on

31、only.  We have to point out that we do not  Some limitations of this study are.b) 結(jié)論有些不足The results do not implyThe results can not be used to determine                   be taken as evidence ofUnfortunately, we can not

32、determine this from this data            Our results are lack of .但是，在指出這些不足之后，隨后一定要再一次加強(qiáng)本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段來解決這些不足，為別人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮筆。Notwithstanding its limitation, this study does suggestHowever, these problems could be solved if we considerDespite its prelimina

33、ry character, this study can clearly indicate用中文來說，這一部份是左右逢源。把審稿人想到的問題提前給一個交代，同時表明你已經(jīng)在思考這些問題，但是由于文章長度，試驗(yàn)進(jìn)度或者試驗(yàn)手段的制約，暫時不能回答這些問題。但是，這些通過你的一些建議，這些問題在將來的研究中游可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。P.S. 堅信觀點(diǎn)的真實(shí)性：prove, demonstrate不確定性： show，indicate，found表示推測:  imply，suggest62 關(guān)于結(jié)論中的時態(tài):(1) 回顧研究目的時，通常使用過去時。如：In this study, t

34、he effects of two different learning methods were investigated. (2) 如果所概述結(jié)果的有效性只是針對本次特定的研究，需用過去時；如果具有普遍的意義，則用現(xiàn)在時。如： In the first series of trials, the experimental values were all lower than the theoretical predictions. The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well. (3)

35、 闡述由結(jié)果得出的推論時，通常使用現(xiàn)在時。如：The data reported here suggest (These findings support the hypothesis, Our data provide evidence) that the reaction rate may be determined by the amount of oxygen available.Some points of style   (摘自一個老外的Writing a Paper, 第一點(diǎn)和最后一點(diǎn)是我們經(jīng)常用錯的)l       

36、Do not use nouns as adjectives    （不要把名詞當(dāng)作形容詞用）Not: ATP formation; reaction productBut: Formation of ATP; product of the reactionl        The word “this” must always be followed by a noun, so that its reference is explicit.          &#

37、160;              （This 后面必須跟一個名詞）Not: This is a fast reaction; This leads us to conclude.,But: This reaction is fast; This observation leads us to concludel        Describe experimental results in the past tense.  （試驗(yàn)結(jié)果用過去時）

38、Not: Addition of water gives product.But: Addition of water gave product.l        Use the active voice whenever possible.  （盡可能使用主動語態(tài)）Not: It was observed that the solution turned red.But: The solution turned red.OR  We observed that the solution turned red.l&

39、#160;       Complete all comparisons. （使用完整的比較形式  A is higher than B）Not: The yield was higher using bromine.But: The yield was higher using bromine than chlorine.近期整理了 一些論文的寫作句式，放在了80-84樓， 相信認(rèn)真看完的人多少會有些收獲！Beginning    In this paper, we focus on the need for&#

40、160;     This paper proceeds as follow.l     The structure of the paper is as follows.l     In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related conceptsl     To begin with we will provide a brief backg

41、round on the Introductionl     This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.l     Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.l  &#

42、160;  In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and nonfuzzy service rule is studied; la

43、stly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Reviewl     This review is followed by an introduction.  l     A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.l     In the next section a brief vie

44、w of the . is given.  l     In the next section, a short review of . is given with special regard to .l     Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.l     Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of ac

45、tion, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Bodyl     Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.l     Section 1 devoted to the basic a

46、spects of the FLC decisionmaking logic.l     Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxxl     Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.l     Section 2 explains how flexibi

47、lity which often . can be expressed in terms of fuzzy timewindowl     Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the .l     Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the .and also discusses how to evaluate syst

48、em performance.l     Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.l     Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.l     Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.l   &

49、#160; Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rulesl     The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.l     Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the prop

50、osed model.l     Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy setbased approach to cost variance investigation.l     Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.l     Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.l 

51、    Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.l     Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.l     Section 5 presents the primary results of

52、 the paper: a fuzzy set model .l     Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.l     Section 6 illustrate the model with an example.l     Various ways of fuzzification and the reasons for their choice are discusse

53、d very briefly in Section 2.l     In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole modelof human DM systeml     In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a . scheme must satisfy.l     In Section 2

54、of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is orderdense.l     In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurem

55、ent model and to construct membership functions.l     In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments.This Sectionl     In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are desc

56、ribed.l     We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Justificationl     We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and canl&

57、#160;    Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.l     The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a do

58、llar value on the estimate.l     This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement.l     A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bellshape

59、d function, etc.  Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.l     It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical

60、 in nature.  Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis.  l     Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain k

61、nowledge.  This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "ifthe" rule.Chapter 4. ExamplesExample/ Datal     The data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was

62、 measured between x and x using a xx technique.l     The data consists of over xx measurements.l     An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared with a xxl     Examples of complex processes to which this technique

63、 may be applied are xx, xx, etc.l     The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the computational procedure discussed.l     This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx, or a very small group of xx, wit

64、h no enough data to be studied statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods.l     There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those wishing this level

65、 of detail.l     Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper.Comparisonsl     As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view will be discussed.l     The method of using xx

66、 to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitablel     As discussed in the previous section/preciously,Relationl     We can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one mapping.l     The relationships appear v

67、ery complicatel     Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between the task variables and the human operator's characteristics.l     These methods are based on the relationship between . and .l     The fundamental conc

68、ept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can establish a relationship among terms such as high, medium, and low, and then modify these relationships.l     This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former.l     The former two bear a close relati

69、on to a fuzzy Cartesian product.Importancel     The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to rule based decision making.Consideration / Attentionl     Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure l     Such a formulation

70、does not change further considerations.l     Considerable attention has been paid tol     Attention should be paid to an important finding of this investigation.l     Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid .l    Primary consideration is given to . components, though others can be accommodatedl