ASM鑄造缺陷的國際分類7大類(學習版0228)

1、 Metallic projections 金屬多肉缺陷 Cavities 空洞類缺陷 Discontinuities 分離、斷開；不連續(xù)斷、裂缺陷 Defects 表面缺陷（瑕疵） Incomplete casting 鑄件不完整 Incorrect dimension 尺寸不符合 Inclusions or structural anomalies 夾雜或結構異常Table 1 International classification of common casting defects表1 一般鑄造缺陷的國際分類No. Description 描述Common name 一般名稱Sketc

2、h圖Metallic ProjectionsA100:Metallic projections in the form of fins or flash 飛邊尾翅、披縫形式的多肉A110:Metallic projections in the form of fins (or flash) without change in principal casting dimensions飛邊尾翅（披縫）形式的多肉，不改變鑄件基本尺寸A111Thin fins (or flash) at the parting line or at core prints在分型線或芯頭上的飛邊（飛翅）Joint fl

3、ash or fins飛邊（飛翅）A112Projections in the form of veins on the casting Surface鑄件表面的毛刺Veining or finning毛刺A113Network of projections on the surface of die castingsHeat-checked dieA 114(a) Thin projection parallel to a casting surface, in re-entrant angles平行于鑄件表面，在凹角處小塊多肉Fillet scab圓角夾砂A115Thin metallic

4、 projection located at a re-entrant angle and dividing the angle in two parts在凹角處小塊多肉將圓角分成兩部分Fillet vein圓角毛刺A120Metallic projections in the form of fins with changes in principal casting dimensions飛邊多肉改變了鑄件的基本尺寸A 123(a)Formation of fins in planes related to direction of mold assembly (precision cast

5、ing with waste pattern); principal casting dimensions change合型不精確在平面上形成飛翅，改變鑄件基本尺寸Cracked or broken mold鑄型裂紋或塌箱A200Massive projections 大塊多肉A210Swells脹箱A 212(a) Excess metal in the vicinity of the gate or beneath the sprue在內(nèi)澆口附近或直澆道下方有大塊金屬Erosion, cut, or wash沖砂A 213(a) Metal projections in the form

6、of elongated areas in the direction of mold assembly在合型延長方向上的多肉Crush掉砂A220：Projections with rough surfaces表面粗糙A 221(a)Projections with rough surfaces on the cope surface of the casting鑄件上箱面粗糙Mold drop or sticker鑄型掉砂A 222(a)Projections with rough surfaces on the drag surface of the casting (massive p

7、rojections)鑄件下箱面粗糙(成塊的)Raised core or mold element cutoff砂芯上浮，掉砂A 223(a)Projections with rough surfaces on the drag surface of the casting (in dispersed areas)鑄件下箱面粗糙(分散的)Raised sand型砂上浮A 224(a)Projections with rough surfaces on other parts of the casting鑄件的其它位置表面粗糙Mold drop鑄型掉砂A 225(a)Projections w

8、ith rough surfaces over extensive areas of the casting鑄件上大面積表面粗糙Corner scab直角夾砂A 226(a)Projections with rough surfaces in an area formed by a core由砂芯形成的表面處粗糙Broken or crushed Core斷芯CavitiesB 100:Cavities with generally rounded, smooth walls perceptible to the naked eye (blowholes, pinholes)裸眼看孔洞壁感覺是

9、圓的、光滑的B 110:Class B 100 cavities internal to the casting, not extending to the surface, discernible only by special methods, machining, or fracture of the castingB100類型孔洞是在鑄件壁內(nèi)，未延伸至鑄件表面，只能由特殊方法、設備或破碎鑄件才能辨別B111(a)Internal, rounded cavities, usually smooth-walled, of varied size, isolated or grouped i

10、rregularly in all areas of the casting在鑄件壁內(nèi)，圓的孔洞，通常洞壁光滑，有不同的大小，有單個的也有多個的，可以在鑄件的各個部位Blowholes, pinholes氣孔，針孔B112(a)As above, but limited to the vicinity of metallic pieces placed in the mold (chills, inserts, chaplets, etc.)和上面一樣，但只限于在金屬薄片放入鑄型的鄰近區(qū)域（過冷物、冷鐵嵌入物、芯撐等）Blowholes, adjacent to inserts, chills

11、, chaplets, etc.氣孔，鄰近過冷物、嵌入物、芯撐等B113(a)Like B 111, but accompanied by slag inclusions (G 122)象B111類型，但是伴有渣Slag blowholes渣氣孔B120Class B 100 cavities located at or near the casting surface, largely exposed or at least connected with the exteriorB 100 類型，位于或接近鑄件表面，大部分暴露或與外部相連。B 121(a) Exposed cavities

12、of various sizes, isolated or grouped, usually at or near the surface, with shiny walls裸露的各種大小的孔洞，單個的或是成片的，經(jīng)常在表面附近，洞壁有點反光Surface or subsurface blowholes表面或皮下氣孔B 122(a)Exposed cavities, in re-entrant angles of the casting, often extending deeply within裸露的孔洞，在鑄件的轉角處，經(jīng)常延伸到鑄件的內(nèi)部Corner blowholes, Draws拐角

13、處氣孔、吸氣B 123(a)Fine porosity (cavities) at the casting surface, appearing over more or less extended areas鑄件表面小的孔洞，或多或少的有延伸Surface pinholes表面針孔B 124(a)Small, narrow cavities in the form of cracks, appearing on the faces or along edges, generally only after machining小的、窄象裂紋一樣的孔洞，在表面或邊沿，通常加工后才發(fā)現(xiàn)Dispers

14、ed shrinkage分散的縮孔B 200:Cavities with generally rough walls, shrinkage通常洞壁粗糙的孔洞，縮孔B 210:Open cavity of Class B 200, sometimes penetrating deeply into the castingB200型的開放型孔洞，有時候穿透到鑄件的內(nèi)部B 211(a) Open, funnel-shaped cavity; wall usually covered with dendrites開放式漏斗狀孔洞，壁面常覆有樹枝晶Open or external shrinkage開放

15、式縮孔B 212(a) Open, sharp-edged cavity in fillets of thick castings or at gate locations開放式尖銳狀孔洞，在厚大鑄件的圓角處或澆口位置Corner or fillet shrinkage圓角處縮孔B 213(a)Open cavity extending from a core從砂芯延伸出來的開放式孔洞Core shrinkage砂芯縮孔B 220:Class B 200 cavity located completely internal to the casting B 200型孔洞，完全在鑄件內(nèi)部B 22

16、1(a) Internal, irregularly shaped cavity; wall often dendritic內(nèi)部不規(guī)則，孔壁呈樹枝晶狀Internal or blind shrinka內(nèi)部縮孔B 222(a) Internal cavity or porous area along central axis沿著中心軸線的內(nèi)部孔洞或多孔區(qū)域Centerline or axial shrinkage中心軸線縮孔B300：Porous structures caused by numerous small cavities由大量小孔洞引起的多孔結構B311：Cavities acco

17、rding to B 300, scarcely perceptible to the naked eyeB 311(a) Dispersed, spongy dendritic shrinkage within walls of casting; barely perceptible to the naked eye鑄件壁上有分散的、多孔的樹枝晶縮孔，裸眼很難發(fā)現(xiàn)Macro-or micro- shrinkage, shrinkageporosity, leakers宏觀或微觀性縮孔，滲漏DiscontinuitiesC100：Discontinuities, generally at in

18、tersections, caused by mechanical effects (rupture)斷裂，通常在橫斷面，由機加工影響產(chǎn)生的的斷裂C110：Normal cracking普通裂紋C 111(a) Normal fracture appearance, sometimes with adjacent indentation marks一般的外觀破裂，有時候鄰近區(qū)域伴有壓痕Breakage (cold)斷裂C120：Cracking with oxidationC 121(a) Fracture surface oxidized completely around edges邊緣處

19、斷裂面完全氧化Hot cracking熱裂C200：Discontinuities caused by internal tension and restraints to contraction (cracks and tears)由內(nèi)應力和內(nèi)部收縮造成的斷裂C210：Cold cracking or tearingC 211(a)Discontinuities with squared edges in areas susceptible to tensile stresses during cooling; surface not oxidized冷卻過程中受張應力拉應力影響形成的方形斷

20、裂，表面沒氧化Cold tearing冷裂C220：Hot cracking and tearingC 221(a)Irregularly shaped discontinuities in areas susceptible to tension; oxidized fracture surface showing dendritic pattern在有應力部位的無規(guī)則形狀的斷裂，氧化斷口表面呈樹枝狀Hot tearing熱裂C 222(a) Rupture after complete solidification, either during cooling or heat treatm

21、ent完全凝固后破裂或在冷卻或熱處理過程中破裂Quench cracking淬火裂紋C300：Discontinuities caused by lack of fusion (cold shuts); edges generally rounded, indicating poor contact between various metal streams during filling of the mold冷隔，邊緣通常呈圓形，表明在充型的過程中不同金屬液流之間熔合不好C310：Lack of complete fusion in the last portion of the casti

22、ng to fill在充型的過程中最后部分沒有完全熔合C 311(a) Complete or partial separation of casting wall, often in a vertical plane在一個垂直面上，鑄件的壁完全或部分的隔開Cold shut or cold lap冷隔C320：Lack of fusion between two parts of casting兩個鑄件之間缺少熔合C 321(a)Separation of the casting in a horizontal plane在鑄件的水平平面上有分隔Interrupted pour澆注斷流C33

23、0：Lack of fusion around chaplets, internal chills, and inserts芯撐、內(nèi)冷鐵、冷卻套周圍熔合不好C 331(a) Local discontinuity in vicinity of metallic insert在金屬嵌入物附近的局部間斷Chaplet or insert cold shut, unfused chaplet冷卻套、芯撐熔合不好C400：Discontinuities caused by metallurgical defects金相缺陷造成的間斷C410：Separation along grain boundar

24、ies沿晶界分離C 411(a) Separation along grain boundaries of primary crystallization一次結晶沿晶界分離Conchoidal or “rock candy” fracture貝殼或巖石狀斷口C 412(a) Network of cracks over entire cross section整個橫截面上的網(wǎng)狀裂紋Intergranular corrosion晶間腐蝕Defective Surface表面缺陷D0：Casting surface irregularities鑄件表面不規(guī)則D110：Fold markings o

25、n the skin of the casting鑄件表面褶皺D111Fold markings over rather large areas of the casting鑄件大面積褶皺Surface folds, gas runs表面褶皺D112Surface shows a network of jagged folds or wrinkles (ductile iron)表面呈網(wǎng)狀粗造褶皺（球鐵）Cope defect, elephant skin, laps蓋箱缺陷，折皺、皺紋D113Wavy fold markings without discontinuities; edges

26、of folds at same level, casting surface is smooth無間斷波浪褶皺，褶皺的邊緣在同一水平，鑄件表面光滑Seams or scars發(fā)紋或疤痕D114Casting surface markings showing direction of liquid metal flow (light alloys)鑄件表面有液態(tài)金屬流動痕跡（輕合金）Flow marks流痕D120：D121Depth of surface roughness is approximately that of the dimensions of the sand grains表

27、面粗糙的深度和砂粒的大小相似Rough casting Surface鑄件表面粗糙D122Depth of surface roughness is greater than that of the sand grain dimensions表面粗糙的深度比砂粒的大小大得多Severe roughness, high pressure molding defect嚴重粗糙高壓成型缺陷D130：Grooves on the casting surface鑄件表面溝漕D131Grooves of various lengths, often branched, with smooth bottom

28、s and edges不同長度的溝漕，經(jīng)常樹枝狀底部和邊緣光滑Buckle溝漕鑄型嚴重鼠尾D132Grooves up to 5.1 mm (0.2 in.) in depth, one edge forming a fold which more or less completely covers the groove可能達到5.1mm的深度，邊緣形成的褶皺或多或少的覆蓋了溝漕Rat tail鼠尾D133Irregularly distributed depressions of various dimensions extending over the casting surface, u

29、sually along the path of metal flow (cast steel)延伸到鑄件表面、各種尺寸的非規(guī)則分布凹陷（鑄鋼）Flow marks, crows feet流痕魚尾紋D134Casting surface entirely pitted or pock-marked鑄件表面整個的凹坑或麻子，麻點，痘痕Orange peel, metal mold reaction, alligator skin桔子皮、鱷魚皮D135Grooves and roughness in the vicinity of re-entrant angles on die castings

30、壓鑄件在拐角附近的溝槽和粗糙Soldering,焊 die erosion模具侵蝕D140：Depressions in the casting surface鑄件表面凹陷D141Casting surface depressions in the vicinity of a hot spot熱節(jié)處鑄件表面凹陷Sink marks, draw or suck-in縮陷D142Small, superficial表面 cavities in the form of droplets小滴、液滴 of shallow 淺spots, generally in color一顆小的表面的孔洞，通常是蒼綠

31、色的Slag inclusions夾渣、熔渣夾雜夾渣、熔渣夾雜D200：Serious surface defects嚴重的表面缺陷D210：Deep indentation of the casting surface鑄件表面較深的凹陷D211Deep indentation, often over large area of drag half of casting深的凹痕槽，經(jīng)常占了下型半個鑄件的大部分Push-up掉砂、砂眼, 掉砂、砂眼clamp-off擠箱、掉砂擠箱、掉砂D220：Adherence of sand, more or less vitrified粘砂、或多或少玻璃化

32、D221Sand layer strongly adhering to the casting surface砂層緊緊的粘在鑄件上Burn on砂皮、粘砂化學粘砂（燒結粘砂）D222Very adherent layer of partially fused sand部分砂熔融形成粘附很緊的一層Burn in金屬滲入型砂、鋼包砂熔融粘砂D223Conglomeration of strongly adhering sand and metal at the hottest points of the casting (re-entrant angles and cores)大塊的砂和鐵緊緊粘附

33、在鑄件最熱的地方Metal penetration滲入機械粘砂D224Fragment of mold material embedded in casting surface鑄型材料碎片掉入鑄件表面Dip coat spall, scab浸涂層剝落夾砂D230Plate-like metallic projections with rough surfaces, usually parallel to casting surface片狀多肉伴有粗糙表面，通常和鑄件表面相平行D 231(a)Plate-like metallic projections with rough surfaces

34、parallel to casting surface; removable by burr or chisel片狀多肉伴有粗糙表面，通常和鑄件表面相平行；可以用鑿子或銼子清除Scabs, expansion Scabs夾砂，膨脹夾砂D 232(a) As above, but impossible to eliminate except by machining or grinding和上面一樣，但是不可能清除掉，除非機加工或磨削Cope spall, boil scab, erosion scab嚴重起皮，嚴重夾砂，沖蝕結疤D 233(a)Flat, metallic projection

35、s on the casting where mold or core washes or dressings are used平的多肉位于鑄型或砂芯受沖刷或有涂料的地方Blacking scab,涂料結疤、涂料起皮 wash涂料 scab涂料結疤、涂料起皮D240Oxides adhering after heat treatment (annealing, tempering, malleablizing) by decarburization脫碳熱處理(退火、回火、可鍛化退火)后氧化物粘附D241Adherence of oxide after annealing退火后氧化物粘附Oxid

36、e scale氧化皮、鐵磷D242Adherence of ore after malleablizing (white heart malleable)可鍛鐵退火后礦物粘附可鍛化退火后礦物粘附（白心可鍛鑄鐵）Adherent packing Material包裝材料、填料粘附的包裹材料D243Scaling after anneal退火后生成氧化皮Scaling生成氧化皮、鐵磷生成氧化皮、鐵磷Incomplete Casting鑄件不完整E100：Missing portion of casting (no fracture)斷口；折斷；斷裂鑄件的一部分缺失（沒有斷裂）E110：Superf

37、icial variations from pattern shape從鑄型形狀的表面變化E111Casting is essentially complete except for more or less rounded edges and corners除了部分圓角和邊角外。鑄件基本完整Misrun澆不足E112Deformed edges邊；邊緣；棱 or contours 外型；輪廓；斷面due to poor mold repair or careless application of wash coatings由于鑄型修補不好或涂料應用不當，造成鑄件邊緣或輪廓變形Defectiv

38、e損壞的；故障的；有缺陷的 coating涂料 (tear-dropping) or poor mold repair或鑄型修補不好涂料缺陷（流淚）E120：Serious variations誤差；偏差 from pattern 模型shape鑄件相對鑄型嚴重偏差E121Casting incomplete due to premature solidification提前凝固導致鑄件不完全Misrun缺鑄、澆不滿、缺肉澆不滿、缺鑄E122Casting incomplete due to insufficient metal poured由于鐵水不足未澆滿導致鑄件不完全Poured sho

39、rt澆不足E123Casting incomplete due to loss of metal from mold after pouring澆注后由于鐵水流失導致鑄件不完全Runout漏箱、跑火漏箱；跑火E124Significan有效的t lack of material due to excessive shot-blasting噴砂清理；噴丸清理過拋導致材料嚴重缺失Excessive cleaning拋傷E125Casting partially melted or seriously deformed during annealing退火后鑄件部分熔化或嚴重變形Fusion熔融；熔

40、化；熔煉 or melting熔化；熔煉；熔煉的；熔融的 during heat treatment熱處理時金屬熔融E200：Missing portion of casting (with fracture)鑄件的一部分缺失（有斷裂）E210：Fractured casting鑄件斷裂E211Casting broken, large piece missing; fractured surface not oxidized鑄件破裂，大塊缺失；斷裂面沒有氧化Fractured casting鑄件斷裂E220：Piece broken from casting鑄件部分破裂E221Fractur

41、e dimensions correspond to those of gates, vents, etc相當于在澆口、氣孔針處折斷Broken casting (at gate, riser, or vent)損傷（在內(nèi)澆口、冒口、氣孔針）E230：Fractured casting with oxidized fracture破裂鑄件帶有氧化斷口E231Fracture appearance indicates exposure to oxidation while hot破裂面在高溫下暴露氧化Early shakeout抖箱、落砂提前開箱Incorrect Dimensions or S

42、hape形狀或尺寸不合F100：Incorrect dimensions; correct shape尺寸不對，形狀對尺寸不合格、形狀符合F110：All casting dimensions incorrect鑄件所有尺寸都符合F111All casting dimensions incorrect in the same proportions鑄件所有尺寸都以一個相同的比例不正確Improper shrinkage Allowance收縮公差（縮水）不合適F120Certain casting dimensions incorrect鑄件某些尺寸不正確F121Distance too gr

43、eat between extended projections長向尺寸太大Hindered contraction收縮受阻F122Certain dimensions inexact特定尺寸不精確Irregular contraction收縮不對稱不規(guī)則收縮F123Dimensions too great in the direction of rapping of pattern起模方向尺寸太大Excess rapping of Pattern鑄型過度松模起模過量F124Dimensions too great in direction perpendicular to parting l

44、ine垂直于分型線方向上尺寸過大Mold expansionduring baking烘烤時模樣膨脹F125Excessive metal thickness at irregular locations on casting exterior鑄件外面不規(guī)則位置金屬過厚Soft or insufficient ramming, mold-wall movement鑄型不緊實，型壁移動F126Thin casting walls over general area, especially on horizontal surfaces鑄件整體壁厚變薄，特別是水平面上Distorted castin

45、g鑄件變形F200：Casting shape incorrect overall or in certain locations鑄件形狀完全不對或在某一個位置上不對F210：Pattern incorrect模樣不對F211Casting does not conform to the drawing shape in some or many respects; same is true of pattern鑄件不符合圖紙形狀，模樣也是Pattern error模樣錯誤F212Casting shape is different from drawing in a particular a

46、rea; pattern is correct鑄件形狀在某個特別區(qū)域和圖紙不同，模樣是對的Pattern mounting Error模樣安裝、裝配錯誤F220：Shift or Mismatch錯箱或錯配F221Casting appears to have been subjected to a shearling action in the plane of the parting line鑄件分型線平面上受剪切力。Shift錯箱F222Variation in shape of an internal casting cavity along the parting line of t

47、he core鑄件內(nèi)孔形狀在砂芯分型線上變化Shifted core錯芯F223Irregular projections on vertical surfaces, generally on one side only in the vicinity of the parting line鑄件垂直面上不規(guī)則多肉，通常只在分型線鄰近一側Ramoff, 掉砂、錯位（缺陷）ramaway落砂，掉砂，錯位落砂，掉砂，錯位F230：Deformations from correct shape變形F231Deformation with respect to drawing proportional

48、for casting, mold, and pattern鑄件、鑄型、模樣與圖紙成比例變形Deformed pattern模樣變形F232Deformation with respect to drawing proportional for casting and mold; pattern conforms to drawing鑄件、模樣與圖紙成比例變形，鑄型與圖紙相符Deformed mold, mold creep蠕變, springback回彈鑄型變形F233Casting deformed with respect to drawing; pattern and mold con

49、form to drawing鑄件變形，鑄型、模樣與圖紙成比例變形Casting distortion鑄件變形F234Casting deformed with respect to drawing after storage, annealing, machining鑄件在存放、退火、機加工后變形與圖紙不符Warped翹曲，扭曲 casting鑄件彎曲Inclusions or Structural Anomalies夾雜或結構異常G100：Inclusions夾雜G110：Metallic inclusions金屬夾雜G 111(a) Metallic inclusions whose appearance, chemical analysis or structural examination show to be caused by an element foreign to the alloy金屬夾雜，外觀，化學分析或結構檢查檢驗顯示是由外來元素進入合金引起Metallic inclusions金屬夾雜G 112(a)Metallic inclusions of the same chemical composition as the base metal; generally spherical and often coated with oxide金屬夾