英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)串講

1、英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)串講<上>英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)串講內(nèi)容 （分三講）第一講：1.考試題形式分為：.選擇題(30分)：完全是考書中的例子，理論與例子的結(jié)合,也就是 Theory和 Example 的結(jié)合。.填空（10分）：考特例,不是考簡(jiǎn)單的ExamplesTheory而是考Exceptions .（10分） 考試內(nèi)容：.Types of meaning changes: 詞意變化的種類.Types of meaning : 詞義的種類，如：概念意義，聯(lián)想意義，情感意義等。.Languages branches :語(yǔ)系與語(yǔ)族, 語(yǔ)系如：印歐語(yǔ)系；語(yǔ)族如：一個(gè)大的語(yǔ)系下分為那幾個(gè)小的語(yǔ)族，如：日爾曼語(yǔ)族

2、，斯堪的納維亞語(yǔ)族等。. Feathers of idioms: 習(xí)語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn).(10分) 考試內(nèi)容：.Types of Bound Morphemes: 粘著詞素的種類.Types of Word Formations: 構(gòu)詞法的種類.Types of Meaning: 詞義的種類.Types of Meaning of Idioms:習(xí)語(yǔ)涵義的種類. 名詞解釋 (10分)：. 簡(jiǎn)答題 (12分)：.比較題：兩種理論/概念之間的區(qū)別就叫比較題，比如說(shuō)概念意義與聯(lián)想意義有何區(qū)別，粘著詞素與派生詞根有何區(qū)別，兩種事物與兩種理論之間的區(qū)別等。.名詞解釋擴(kuò)展題：難的名詞解釋派生的簡(jiǎn)答題， 如:Affe

3、cted Meaning 名詞解釋起來(lái)太長(zhǎng)了，放在簡(jiǎn)答題里，就成為： What is Affected Meaning, briefly exemplify it.Optional: 可考可不考的題，往往是給出名詞讓你舉例子.分析題(18分)：給出例子，讓你用理論加以分析。二. 串講內(nèi)容：Introduction 部分：Lexicology 這門課算哪一種學(xué)科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics. Lexicology和那些重要的學(xué)科建立了聯(lián)系:1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymolog

4、y 5) Lexicography研究lexicology 的兩大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)2) Synchronic approach : 共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)e.g. wife 縱觀歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的方法論，woman 詞義的變化算是詞義變化的哪一種模式？Woman 的詞義的變化算Narrowing or specialization 第一章部分：What is word ?詞具有哪些特點(diǎn)？詞的特點(diǎn)也就是對(duì)詞的名詞解釋。1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given

5、 sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. 以上詞的四個(gè)特點(diǎn)也就是詞的名詞解釋詞的分類（classification of a word） 詞根據(jù)發(fā)音可以分為哪兩種詞？或者說(shuō)詞根據(jù)拼寫可以分為哪兩類詞？1) simple words 2) complex words 單音節(jié)詞例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音節(jié)詞例子： e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail management 可以次劃分為manage 和 -m

6、ent misfortune 可以次劃分為mis- 和 fortune blackmail 次劃分為black 和 mail What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be repre

7、sented by different sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old

8、 English 3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two. What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does

9、not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart. 3) A third re

10、ason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.要記住以上四句話中的關(guān)鍵詞： 1) influenced by Romans 2) Pronunciation changed 3) early scribes4) borrowing 你能不能舉出外來(lái)語(yǔ)對(duì)英語(yǔ)發(fā)音,拼寫造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stim

11、ulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外來(lái)語(yǔ)對(duì)英語(yǔ)造成的最大的影響就是sound and form 不一致。What is vocabulary?Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect

12、, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. Classification of Words (本課的一個(gè)重點(diǎn), 年年考試都考)What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics?Three criteria : 1) By use of frequency2) By notion 3) By origin By use of frequency 可劃分為：1) The basic

13、word stock2) Nonbasic word vocabularyBy notion 可劃分為：1) Content word2) Functional word Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的別稱)Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. ( Functional words 的別稱)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word st

14、ock, i.e. stabilityAccording to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* (年年考試必考) the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polysemy 5) Collocability 要把握住All n

15、ational character的詞,就是和我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钕⑾⑾嚓P(guān)的，最普通的詞穩(wěn)定性是基本詞的一個(gè)很大特點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)你舉例說(shuō)明？e.g. man, woman , fire, water e.g. machine, video, telephone e.g. bow, chariot , knight Stability is relative, not absolute.根據(jù)詞的use frequency 劃分出的基本詞之外，還有一類詞叫作None basic vocabulary, 非基本詞有幾大特點(diǎn)？或者是幾大分類？1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 2)

16、 Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 4) Argot e.g. persuader 5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) beaver 是girl 的slang 表達(dá)方式，但是二者之間存在著Stylistic differenceWhich cons

17、titutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content words or functional words ?Answer : Content words What is native words? Answer : (1) By origin, English words can be classified into native words and borrowed words.(2) Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the G

18、erman tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know as Anglo-Saxon words.(3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language什么叫borrowed words? Answer: (1) wor

19、ds taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary(3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowe

20、d.什么叫Denizens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).Denizens的例子都要記：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L), shift f

21、rom skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F).什么叫Translation-loans ?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as long time no see from hao

22、jiumeijian (Ch)什么叫Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant joy and music , and its moder

23、n meaning was borrowed later from the Norse. 第二章：The development of the English vocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000(some put it 5,000)languages ,which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their

24、basic word stock and grammar . (重點(diǎn)：語(yǔ)系劃分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）What is the criteria to divide language families ?The answer : 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar(重點(diǎn))The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as(選擇題內(nèi)容：) Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Ru

25、ssian. Indo-European 兩大分支：1.Eastern set2.Western set Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian Western set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic.In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic.Celtic ：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, BretonThe five Romance language

26、s, namely ,Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian all belong to the Italic.The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English.W

27、ith Vikings invasion, many Scandinavian words came into the English language. It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German. 重點(diǎn)句:

28、 Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England 古英語(yǔ)最大的模糊性的概念來(lái)自于 (scripts ) 古英語(yǔ)正因?yàn)槌霈F(xiàn)印刷術(shù)才打破了 ( early scripts) Sound and form 真正達(dá)到統(tǒng)一是在什么時(shí)期？.Sound and form reached their concord in ( Modern English period ) 如果從詞匯變化的角度而言，Modern English 又可以細(xì)劃分為 early period , modern period. *現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)早期階段屬于

29、哪一種文化現(xiàn)象的發(fā)展時(shí)期 （重要的選擇或填空內(nèi)容）Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance Modern English period 有什么樣的外來(lái)語(yǔ)的進(jìn)入？The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern English period 現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)時(shí)期，英語(yǔ)詞匯大量豐富還有另外一個(gè)原因是 (colonization) The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises from (Colonization ) The En

30、glish language has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language ( 重要選擇或填空內(nèi)容)Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary Three main sources of new words : 1)The rapid development of modern science and technology 2)Social, economic and political changes;3)The influence of other cult

31、ures and language2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development 1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing 2)Semantic change （還包括外來(lái)詞的Semantic loans ）Elevation, degradation, extension, narrowing, transfer外來(lái)詞可以被稱作borrowed words , 因此又可以被稱作 .重點(diǎn)句：borrowed words are also known as loaned words .恢復(fù)古英語(yǔ)的用詞是美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的一大特色Revi

32、ving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially true of American English. 英語(yǔ)從synthetic language 發(fā)展到present analytical language 是在英語(yǔ)的哪一個(gè)階段完成的？答案：Modern English period 文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，恰逢英語(yǔ)發(fā)展的哪個(gè)階段?答案：Early Modern English period 在

33、英語(yǔ)發(fā)展過(guò)程 在哪個(gè)階段出現(xiàn)三語(yǔ)鼎立的現(xiàn)象？French, Latin, English in Middle English period easel, port, freight, 出現(xiàn)于英語(yǔ)發(fā)展的哪個(gè)階段，屬于哪一種外來(lái)詞的引入？答案：Middle English , Dutch 在英語(yǔ)發(fā)展的某一個(gè)階段，有一種語(yǔ)言進(jìn)入英語(yǔ)，它一共帶來(lái)了2500 個(gè)詞匯，這種語(yǔ)言是什么？答案：Dutch (前年考題)據(jù)現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)家的統(tǒng)計(jì)，英語(yǔ)中目前所占本族詞的數(shù)量有多少?答案：50,000 to 60,000他們的來(lái)源是(Anglo_Saxon tongue ) 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，大量外來(lái)詞進(jìn)入英語(yǔ)中，如

34、：Mao jackets , black belt , kongfu, 這些詞屬于英語(yǔ)詞匯發(fā)展的Present - day English Vocabulary 注意：第二章出大題的內(nèi)容無(wú)非就是請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)述印歐語(yǔ)系的發(fā)展與組成。Old English 和 Middle English 最大的striking distinction 存在于哪一個(gè)方面?答案：Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，哪兩種文化得到了復(fù)興，這對(duì)英語(yǔ)詞匯的豐富具有什么樣的影響?答案

35、：Greek , Roman culture 某些希臘詞被引入到了英語(yǔ)是在什么階段?答案：Modern English十六世紀(jì)，有一種新工業(yè)出現(xiàn)對(duì)詞匯的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重要的影響，這是哪一種industry?答案：Printing 這導(dǎo)致sound and form 出現(xiàn)concord , 出現(xiàn)standardization.第三章復(fù)習(xí):The smallest unit in the English language refers to (morphemes)The minimal free form in the English language refers to (word)In the pl

36、ural form changing, some of the words will take internal vowel change , this internal vowel change is called (allomorphs) Deer 復(fù)數(shù)沒(méi)有變,還是deer, sheep 復(fù)數(shù)沒(méi)有變,還是sheep, 因此,這種變化被稱作(zero derivation) 名詞解釋:Morphemes : The minimal meaningful units in a language are known as morphemes.In other words, the morphem

37、es is the smallest functioning unit in composition of words Allomorphs : The alternative morphs are known as allomorphs, e.g.the morpheme of plurality -s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats in bags, matchesIt can be realized by the change of an internal vowel as in fo

38、ot-feet, man-men, goose-geese or by zero morphs as in deer-deer, fish-fish簡(jiǎn)答題： what are the types of morphemes ? ( 答簡(jiǎn)答題時(shí),名詞解釋)答案：Free morphemes and bound morphemes Free morphemes : 1) Free morphemes are independent of other morphemes and are considered to be free. 2) These morphemes have complete me

39、anings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. 3) They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root words ,as each of them consists of a single free root .4) free morphemes are free roots.bound morphemes: 1) Morphemes which cannot occur

40、as separate words are bound.2) They are bound to other morphemes to form words. 3) Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix affix 分為兩類: inflectional and derivational affixes.Inflectional affixes : Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectio

41、nal, thus known as inflectional morphemes. Derivational affixes: 1)derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create now words. 2) Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. root : 1) a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed w

42、ithout total loss of identity.2) the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word3) a root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removedstem : 1) a stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in ir

43、on or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. 2) It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, underestimate.3) Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 問(wèn)題：Stem 和 root 有一個(gè)最大的區(qū)別在哪里? ( 連著兩年沒(méi)有考過(guò))答案： a stem ca

44、n be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 問(wèn)題：請(qǐng)加以區(qū)別下面兩個(gè)詞的特征: nation , dict 請(qǐng)加以理論的分析?Both nation and dict belong to roots, nation is free root, which can function alone in a sentence, Nation as a free root, has complete meaning, when both prefixes and suffixes attached to it ar

45、e removed, nation as a free root, still remains Dict is a bound root, which can not function alone grammatically , dict carries the fundamental meaning of words, dict has to combine with the other morphemes to create new words , for example , dictionary , contradiction .問(wèn)題：分析下面一句話: He is much more c

46、leverer than any other one in the village, too heads are better than one. 請(qǐng)從構(gòu)詞角度分析以上的例子, cleverer , better cleverer (-er : inflectional affixes ) better ( good , well 的特殊變化) It is allomorph of good and well.第四章: 問(wèn)題：在英語(yǔ)中,主要的構(gòu)詞法分為哪幾種?答案：有七種:1) Affixation 2) Compounding 3) conversion 4) shortening5) cl

47、ipping 6) acronymy 7) blending 有三種最常用: affixation , compounding and conversion 問(wèn)題：由專有名詞變?yōu)槠胀~是詞義變化的哪一種?答案：Extension問(wèn)題：由普通名詞變?yōu)閷Ｓ忻~是詞義變化的哪一種模式?答案：Narrowing 問(wèn)題：Affixation 又被稱為什么? 它分為哪兩類？答案：Affixation is also known as derivation Affixation falls into two subclasses : prefixation and suffixation要點(diǎn): 有哪些前綴

48、屬于什么樣的類別: a-, non, ir : negative prefixes de- , dis- ( 既屬于negative , 也屬于reversative prefixes )mal-, pseudo-, mis- : pejorative prefixes super , sur-, extra ： prefixes of degree or sizeanti-, contra-, counter-, pro- : prefixes of orientation and attitudetrans-, fore- tele- : locative prefixes fore-,

49、post- : prefixes of time and order bi-, uni-, semi- : number prefixes pan-, vice - : miscellaneous prefixes suffixation :1. Noun suffixes 1) Denominal nouns 2) Deverbal nouns 3) De-adjective nouns: ity, -ness,4) Noun and adjective suffixes 注意Compounding, acoronymy , blending , conversion , clipping

50、的名詞解釋.要點(diǎn): 復(fù)合詞分為哪三類: 1)solid 2) hyphenated 3) open 簡(jiǎn)答題: what are the characteristics of compounds ? What are the difference between compounds and free phrases ?答案：1) phonetic features 2) Semantic features 3) Grammatical features 最常見(jiàn)的三種詞性 : 1) Noun compound 2) Adjective compounds 3) verb compounds 問(wèn)題：

51、在名詞性復(fù)合詞中有哪幾種有多產(chǎn)性, 哪兩種不具有多產(chǎn)性?在形容性復(fù)合詞當(dāng)中, 哪三類有多產(chǎn)性?動(dòng)詞性復(fù)合詞是靠哪兩種方法復(fù)合在一起的? *名詞解釋:Conversion ( 重點(diǎn)，還沒(méi)考過(guò)) Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation ( 選擇或填空要點(diǎn))Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conv

52、ersion 問(wèn)題：形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞分為哪兩類？答案：由Adjective to verbs : (1) Transitive (2) Intransitive 簡(jiǎn)答題: 形容詞變動(dòng)詞的三種類別( 沒(méi)考過(guò))問(wèn)題：請(qǐng)你舉出由conjunction 變?yōu)閚oun 的一個(gè)例子?答案： Ifs and buts blending are also called blends or portmanteau words ( 選擇或填空要點(diǎn))問(wèn)題：blending 分為哪四類合成詞？1. head + tail 2. head + head 3. head + word 4. word + tail 問(wèn)題:

53、絕大多數(shù)blending 都是什么詞性?答案：nouns The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns;very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. 問(wèn)題：截短法clipping 分為哪四類？答案：There are four common types of clipping :1) Front clipping2) Back clipping 3) Front and back clipping 4) Phrase clipping 要注意clipping 的例子有一個(gè)特殊變化：fridge

54、( refrigerator 截短之后在i, g 中間加一個(gè)d ) , 還有拼寫發(fā)生變化，比如說(shuō)：coke ( coca cola) 問(wèn)題：什么是acronymy？Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical termsAcronymy 包含兩類:1) initialisms (不發(fā)音) e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (形成新的發(fā)音)e.g.