謂語動詞形式與非謂語動詞形式精講

1、動詞形式精講動詞的主要句法功能就是充當(dāng)謂語。那么，就其句法功能而言，動詞只能分成兩類：謂語動詞和非謂語動詞.1） 謂語動詞,是指能夠獨立地充當(dāng)句子謂語的動詞。這類動詞有兩種：實義動詞和連系動詞。實義動詞用來描述動作、行為；連系動詞用來表示判斷、狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、特征等等。例如：We clean the classroom every day.(實義動詞) 我們每天打掃教室.He is a good student.（連系動詞,表示判斷）他是位好學(xué)生。These apples look nice.（連系動詞,表示狀態(tài)、特征）這些蘋果看上去很好。We must keep healthy. （連系動詞,表

2、示狀態(tài)、）我們必須保持健康(的狀態(tài)).2）非謂語動詞，顧名思義是指不能獨立地在句中充當(dāng)謂語的動詞或動詞形式。這類動詞包括： 動詞不定式( to do )、-ing分詞(doing)、過去分詞(-ed)。例如：She came to see me yesterday. (動詞不定式) 她昨天來看我了。He often helps me ( to )clean the windows. (to 可以省略的動詞不定式)He stood there for two hours watching TV.( 現(xiàn)在分詞)他在那兒站了兩小時看電視。Reading in bed is bad for our e

3、yes. 躺在床上看書對我們眼睛有害. ( 下面是動詞read的非謂語動詞形式)他喜歡看英語書。 He likes reading English books.看英語書對我們學(xué)習(xí)有好處。Reading English books is good for our study.他想要去看一本英語書。 He wants to read an English book. (下面是動詞 read的各種謂語動詞時態(tài)形式)中 文 英 文 他經(jīng)?？从⒄Z書。 He often reads English books.他正在看一本英語書。 He is reading an English book now.他昨天

4、看了一本英語書。 He read (過去式)an English book yesterday.他下周將要看一本英語書。 He is going to read an English book next week.通過上面的比較，我們可以看出：1）謂語動詞在不同的時間發(fā)生時，有不同的變化形式。2） 時間的不同, 動詞的形式往往也不同。因此，語法所說動詞的時態(tài),"時" 是指謂語動作發(fā)生的時間；而"態(tài)"則指動詞的各種變化形式。合稱為“時態(tài)”。1, 一般現(xiàn)在時( V或V+ses)一般現(xiàn)在時主要用來描述經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)和其他情況。在這個&qu

5、ot;時間"內(nèi)的謂語動詞的變化形式是：實義動詞在第三人稱單數(shù)作主語時，詞尾要加-s或-es ，在其它各人稱作主語時則用動詞原形。系動詞在單數(shù)第一人稱作主語時，用am ；在第三人稱單數(shù)作主語時，用is ；在其它各人稱(主要是復(fù)數(shù))作主語時，用are 。另外，實義動詞have在第三人稱單數(shù)作主語時，要用has，其它各人稱作主語時，用原形。例如：I am a teacher .我是老師。 He is a teacher , too.他也是老師。We are all teachers .我們都是老師。You have a brother, and she has one, too. 你有個兄

6、弟，她也有一個。Every day I go to work on foot. 我每天步行上班。Every day he goes to work by bike .他每天騎自行車上班。She works in a big company .她在一家大公司工作。We work in the same company. 我們在同一家公司工作。Mary studies very hard (in our class).瑪麗(在我們班上)學(xué)習(xí)非常用功.一般現(xiàn)在時主要用于下面幾情況：1) 描述當(dāng)前時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。在這種情景中，句子常帶有表示頻率的時間狀語：always ,

7、everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的動作或狀態(tài)是習(xí)慣性的、經(jīng)常性的。例如：He does some cleaning at home every day 。他每天在家打掃衛(wèi)生。I ride a bike to work every day .我每天騎自行車上班。It seldom rains here .這兒很少下雨。2）僅為了描述狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、特征、能力等等。這里的目的是為了"描述現(xiàn)階段的動作或狀態(tài)"，其重點"不是強(qiáng)調(diào)

8、動作發(fā)生的時間、或進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)"。例如：He can speak five foreign languages .他能說五種外語。That is a beautiful city .那是座美麗的城市。Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 長江是世界上最長的河流之一。All my family love football .我全家人都喜歡足球。My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹總是樂于助人。3) 陳述客觀事實、客觀真理。顧名思義，客觀的情況是&quo

9、t;沒有時間概念"的；也"不會在意動作進(jìn)行的時間"。例如：The sun rises in the east .日出東方。The earth goes around the sun .地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比聲音的速度快。The lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美國位于太平洋西岸。 4) 一些表示位置移動的動詞和其它少量動詞，可用于一般現(xiàn)在時，表示按規(guī)定計劃安排要發(fā)生的動作。這樣的動詞常見的有：arrive ,be , begin , co

10、me , go , leave , open , start , stop等。例如：The train leaves at 10:05 a.m. 這列火車上午十點另五分開。The plane from Hainan arrives at 6 p.m. 從海南來的飛機(jī)下午六點到。When does our school begin? 我們學(xué)校什么時間開學(xué)？5) 根據(jù)英文語法規(guī)定，當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是一般將來時，那么時間或條件狀語從句的謂語動詞只能用一般現(xiàn)在時來表示將來要發(fā)生的動作。例如： I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回來時，我將告

11、訴他這個消息。If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go swimming. 總之, 凡是表示介紹性、說明性的句子用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如: This is my friend. That is a book. I get up at 6:00. I like music .He comes from England. She likes apples. The plane leaves at 9:00. 2, 一般過去時( V + ed )主要是用來描述在過去某個時候發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。它也可以用來表示在過去某段時間里經(jīng)常發(fā)生的習(xí)慣性動作。這一點在表達(dá)意義上與

12、一般現(xiàn)在時相同，只是所在的時間區(qū)域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般過去時的句子里常常有一個意義較具體的過去時間狀語。這也是它與現(xiàn)在完成時的最大區(qū)別之一。 一般過去時由謂語動詞的過去式表示，也就是說動詞詞末要加-ed（除不規(guī)則動詞外）。常和一般過去時連用的過去時間狀語有：last night (week , month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago

13、 ( one week ago , three years )She stayed at home last Saturday。 We cleaned the classroom yesterday afternoon。He had a fever last month。 We were in Grade Seven in 2003。 He went to see a dentist when he had a toothache last week。3, 一般將來時(will+ V )主要用來描述將要發(fā)生的動作或存在于未來的情況。它的表示方法主要有如下幾種：1） will + 動詞原形, 表

14、示動作在現(xiàn)在或目前還未發(fā)生，要在將來的某個時間內(nèi)發(fā)生；例如：I will not be free tomorrow .我明天沒空。He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵達(dá)這里。2) be( am / is / are ) + going +to do sth這種表示方法主要是說明A）"說話人的意圖、打算"；B）"某種可能性" 。例如：A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在倫敦度假。Who is going to speak first? 誰先發(fā)言？B

15、) It is going to rain soon .馬上要下雨了。Is he going to help that old man？ 他會幫助那位老年人嗎？If you go to New Zealand, you are going to like the place. 如果你去新西蘭，你會喜歡上那個地方的。4, 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(am / is / are + V ing )主要用來描述此刻正在發(fā)生的動作，或是"現(xiàn)階段"一直在進(jìn)行的動作。它適用于下面的情況：1）此刻正在發(fā)生的動作。例如：They are having a football match .他們正在賽足球。S

16、he is writing her term paper. 她正在寫學(xué)期論文。Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你聽電話。 2）"現(xiàn)階段"一直在進(jìn)行的動作。這種情況并不是說某個動作在說話的那會兒正在發(fā)生，而是說某個動作在當(dāng)前一段時間內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行著，或是重復(fù)地發(fā)生著。例如：He is working hard for his final test. 他正在為期末考試而奮斗。I am reading an interesting book these days。 這些天我一直在看一本有趣的書。3）表示說話人的情感，如：贊許、批

17、評；喜歡、厭惡等。這時的動作并不是正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行，而是表示經(jīng)常性，相當(dāng)于"一般現(xiàn)在時"所描述的情況。例如：He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示贊許）他總是為他人著想，而不為自己。She is often doing well at school. （表示滿意）她在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)挺不錯的。Are you feeling better today? （表示親切）你今天覺得好一些嗎？I am not feeling very well.（表示不滿）我感覺不是很好。4）表示在近期按計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作,用于這種情況

18、僅限于少量的動詞，如：go , come , leave ,arrive , 等。例如：I am coming！ 我馬上就來！He is leaving for vacation on weekends。他將在周末去度假。 We are having a holiday next Wednesday. 下周三我們放假。Are you staying here till next week? 你要在這兒呆到下星期嗎？5）有些動詞不能用進(jìn)行時，這是一類表示“感覺，感情，存在，從屬”等的動詞。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，（表示感覺的詞

19、）；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive（表示感情的動詞）；be，stay，（表示存在狀態(tài)的動詞）；have，（表示占有與從屬的動詞）；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember（表示思考理解的動詞）。但是如果它們詞義改變，便也可用進(jìn)行時態(tài)。例如： 1）Tom looks unhappy. Whats wrong with him? （look 在此為聯(lián)系動詞，意為“顯得，看上去”） 2）Tom is looking for his books. （look 在此為實義

20、動詞，意為“尋找”） 5 過去進(jìn)行時：表示在過去某個時間正在發(fā)生的動作。其結(jié)構(gòu)為：was/were + 動詞ing常和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如: at that time,at this time yesterday,at five oclock yesterday afternoon.等等.e.g： They were playing football at this time yesterday.也常用于while,when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,如:When he came home, his son was watching TV.While he was walking along th

21、e street, he found an old friend.6 現(xiàn)在完成時： 結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has+動詞的過去分詞 動詞的過去分詞的規(guī)則變化：a:一般動詞在詞尾加- ed b: 以e結(jié)尾的動詞加-d c: 以輔+y 結(jié)尾的動詞，去y,加-ied d：以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動詞（輔+元+輔），雙寫，再加ed.（1） 表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。 強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的進(jìn)展,完成情況,即:做沒做過或完沒完成。 標(biāo)志詞：already, before（單獨使用，不加時間）just (剛剛)，yet,(一般用在否定句或疑問句中)ever, never e.g: Have you fin

22、ished your work yet?(2)表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(或?qū)?的動作或狀態(tài)，可以和表示從過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)）的一段時間狀語連用，如：these day, all this year, recently, so far, up to now, for+一段時間，since+過去某一時間點，since+從句（從句必須用一般過去時）。e.g：I've studied English for two years.在含有一段時間的肯定句中和how long 開頭的句子中不能用短暫性動詞。常見的短暫性動詞及相對應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞：comebe here co

23、me to -be in/at go out -be out move/leave-be away, be out of begin/start-be on buy-haveborrow-keep join-be/become a member ofbe in die-be dead catch a cold-have a cold get to know-know become-be fall asleep-be asleep go to sleep-sleep open-be open end/finish-be over get up-be upe.g: The film has beg

24、un for half an hour.(×) The film has been on for half an hour.()(3) have been to 去過(目前回來了) have gone to 到去了(還未回來) Have been in .呆在某地例如: , I have been to Beijing many times. , A: Where is Betty? B: She has gone to the library. , We have been in Shanghai for two weeks.7, 在復(fù)合句中時態(tài)的前后呼應(yīng): 在賓語從句中,1, 主

25、句現(xiàn)在,從句不受限制; 2, 主句過去 ,從句過去.在狀語從句中,1, 主句現(xiàn)在,從句現(xiàn)在; 2, 主句過去 ,從句過去. 3, 主句將來,從句一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)與時間狀語現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時： 時間狀語：now，at this time，these days， 一般現(xiàn)在時:時間狀語：often，usually，always，sometimes，hardly ever, never, every week（year，month, day， morning），once a week，twice a week, three times a year, on Sundays，一般過去時:時間狀語：an hour a

26、go ，yesterday，the day before yesterday，last week（year，night，month），in 1989，just now，at the age of 5，one day，long long ago，once upon a time， 一般將來時: 時間狀語：tomorrow，next day（week，month，year），soon，in a few minutes， the day after tomorrow , by + 時間，next + 時間, in + 時間,非謂語動詞形式 一，不定式 to do 1 做賓語learn to doma

27、nage to dooffer to doprepare to dopromise to dowish to doexpect to dodemand to dowant to dowould like to dobegin to do start to do refuse to dohope to dodecide to dolike to dohate to doseem to do choose to doagree to do fail to do plan to do need to do try to do be afraid to do 2 做賓補(bǔ) ask sb to do st

28、h ask sb not to do sth tell sb to do sth tell sb not to do sth order sb to do sth order sb not to do sth want sb to do sth teach sb to do sth would like sb to do sth wish sb to do sth invite sb to do sth use sth to do sth encourage sb. to do sth allow sb. to do sth. make up ones mind to do sth cant

29、wait to do sth. 3省略to:help sb dohad better dowould rather do would could will you please dorather than dohave sb do let sb do why not do make sb do feel sb do hear sb do see sb do 二，ing 形式 1, 有些動詞需用v.ing 做賓語，不能用不定式。like doing enjoy doing finish doing practise doingmind doing imagine doing avoid doin

30、g feel like doing be busy doing sth =be busy with sth find sb doing keep sb doing 2， 介詞后面跟Ving 形式stop sb from doing spend +(時間,錢) doing be good at doing have fun doing do well in doing look forward to doing Thanks for doing How What about doing be afraid of doing 3, 有些動詞既可以用v.ing 也可以用不定式to do 做賓語，區(qū)別

31、不大。v.ing 通常表示一種經(jīng)常性的傾向，不定式則表示暫時的或具體的某次活動。begin to do-begin doing start to do-start doinglike to do- like doing hate to do- hate doingI like swimming, but I dont like to go today.prefer to do prefer doing 4, 有些動詞既可以接v.ing 也可以接不定式做賓語，意義不同。stop to do stop doingforget to do forget doingremember to do rem

32、ember doingtry to do 盡力設(shè)法做某事 try doing 試著做某事go on to do 繼續(xù)做某事（另一件） go on doing 繼續(xù)做某事（同一件）Lets go on to discuss another question. Lets go on discussing the question. 5,感官動詞跟to do 表示''經(jīng)常, 全過程'', 感官動詞跟Ving表示''正在進(jìn)行''see sb do sth see sb doing sth watch sb do sth watch sb

33、doing sth hear sb do sth hear sb doing sth feel sb do sth feel sb doing sth notice sb do sth notice sb doing sth 三，含非謂語動詞形式的句型(一), 不定式句型1, 不定式作主語1 It is+adj.+(for sb.) to do sth. 常用 easy,difficult, important, necessary等形容詞 Its easy for me to learn Chinese well. It is important for you to keep health

34、y.2 It is +adj +(of sb ) to do sth 常用 nice, kind, clever, foolish 等形容詞 It's very nice of you to do so. It's very kind of you to help us.3 I thinkfind it + adj + to do sth I found it safe to walk across the bridge. I think it easy to finish the work.2, I'm nicegladhappysorrysad to do sth

35、I'm niceglad to meet you. I 'm sorry to hear it. It is goodbetterbest for sb to do sth It's better to wear warm clothes in wimter. It is time for sb to do sth (省略形式: It is time for sth ) It is time to go to school.= It is time for school. It is time to have dinner.= It is time for dinner

36、. (4 ) It's my first time to do sth : It's my first time to visit the Great Wall.3, have sth to do = there is sth for sb to do We have two rooms to live in, but I cant decide which one to choose. = There are two rooms for us to live in. -Shopping with me? -Sorry, I have a lot of clothes to w

37、ash. (=There are a lot of clothes for me to wash)4, too.to do adj + enough to do The boy is too young to go to school.=The boy is not old enough to go to school. The weather is too cold to swim in the river.= The weather is not hot enough to swim. They are too busy to go to the cinema.= They are not

38、 free enough to go to the cinema.5, 疑問詞+to do I don't know what I should to do next.= I don't know what to do next. They want to know where they will go.= They want to know where to go. He asked me how to get to the hospital. I want to know when to start the work.6, 不定式to do 作目的狀語 They came

39、here to see their children. I get up early to catch the early bus. We go to school to learn knowledge. He flew to Beijing to meet his friend.(2) , Ving 的句型1, V 作主語,表語 Swimming is my favourite sport. My favourite sport is swimming. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. Getting up early is good for

40、 your health.2,表示伴隨狀況 They went home, singing and dancing.3, 定語從句的省略 The man sitting under the tree is Mr Green. The boys playing football there are my friends.4, Ving 與V ed 作形容詞的區(qū)別 人作主語用Ved, 物作主語用 Ving He is interested in history. The story is very interesting. Ving可以修飾名詞, Ved一般不修飾名詞 It's an ex

41、citing game. (三), Ved 的句型 1, The boy called Tony is from England. I know the town called Linshui.2, get + Ved get 相當(dāng)于be, get worried= is worried get excited = is excited3, have + sth Ved 讓某事被做 I had my car repaired yesterday.【同步達(dá)綱練習(xí)】 .用括號中所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1 .Bill lives in a place (call) Gum Tree .2 .Let

42、him (have) a good rest .3 .Li Ping made the baby (laugh) at last .4 .Miss Gao wants (take) these books to the classroom now .5 .She is ill .So she had better (stay) in bed for a few days .6 .Youd better (not ,look) out of the window in class .7 .It was very nice (play) with you .8 .They wake up thei

43、r parents , (call) :“Merry Christmas !”9 .A lot of good land has gone with them , (leave) only sand .10 .There was a fire (burn) in the fireplace .11 .The policeman told the boys (not ,play) football near the road .12 .Why not (go) to the park with us tomorrow ?13 .Were free now .How about (fly) kit

44、es ?14 .We often hear our English teacher (sing) English songs .15 .One day ,his father saw him (sit) on some eggs .16 .Mr Wu have watched us (play) basketball for half an hour .17 .This morning I kept on (think) about the Christmas party this evening .18 .A lot of English people are good at (boat)

45、.19 .Were very thirsty .Lets stop (drink) some water .20 .When the two boys saw the teacher ,they stopped (fight) at once .21 .Kate is a little ill .She doesnt feel like (eat) anything these days .22 .In the old days ,the workers were made (work) more than 16 hours a day .23 .Have you finished (do)

46、your homework yet ?24 .The heavy snow stopped many people from (go) to work .25 .Mary found a watch (lie) on the road on her way to school .26 .Do you like (fish) ?Yes .But I dont like (fish) now .27 .Thank you for (lend) it to me .28 .Jim and his parents enjoy (live) in China very much .29 .Do you

47、mind my (smoke) here ?Yes ,but I do .30 .Would you like (come) to my birthday party this evening ?Certainly .Ill be glad to .31 .Dont spend too much time (watch) TV .32 .The farmers are busy (get) ready for the next year .33 .Were going to do some (shop) this Sunday .34 .Shall we go (skate) tomorrow

48、 ?Thats a good idea .35 .In England ,the first name is the (give) name .36 .Do you know another way of (say) the word ?37 . (take) a walk after supper is good for our health .38 .He quickly got up and went on (run) .39 .Sorry ,I have a lot of work (do) today .40 .Its very kind of you (help) us .41 .

49、Its much better (give) than (receive) .42 .I dont know what (do) next .43 .Shell read a book tonight instead of (see) a film .44 .England is a (develop) country and India is a (develop) one .45 .That pot was used for (keep) tea hot after it was made .46 .I remember (tell) you the story before .47 .T

50、ake the second (turn) on the right .48 .The boy cant get (dress) himself .49 .Dont forget (lock) the door when you leave .50 .Shell try her best (catch) up with the class .【綜合能力訓(xùn)練】 .單項選擇( )1 .They kept the fire to keep them warm .A .burnB .to burnC .burntD .burning( )2 .Whos the boy under the tree ?

51、A .standB .to standC .standingD .stood( )3 .I dont like to sit here nothing .A .doingB .to doC .doD .does( )4 .The girl students enjoy English songs .A .singB .to singC .singingD .sung( )5 .Thank you for us so well .A .to teachB .teachesC .taughtD .teaching( )6 .I often do some on Sundays .A .washedB .to washC .washingD .washes( )7 .We find their classroom every day .A .cleanedB .cleansC .to cleanD .cleaning( )8 .The boy Jack in Class One is my brother .A .callB .to be calledC .ca