必修五課文原文與翻譯

1、 UNIT 1JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”John Snow was a famous doctor in Londonso expert，indeed，that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.This was the deadly disease of its day.Neither its cause no

2、r its cure was understood.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.He became interested in two theories that possibly explained ho

3、w cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon

4、the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hit London in 1854，he was ready to begin his enquiry.As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods，he began to gather information.In two particular streets，the

5、cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived.This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad

6、Street(especially numbers 16,37,38 and 40)He also noticed that some houses(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.He had not foreseen this，so he made further investigations.He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been g

7、iven free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.It seemed that the water was to blame.Next，John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.He immediately told the astonished people in Broad S

8、treet to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.In another part of London，he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outb

9、reak.A woman，who had moved away from Broad Street，liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carri

10、ed the virus.To prevent this from happening again，John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.約翰·斯諾戰(zhàn)勝“霍亂王”約翰·斯諾是倫敦一位著名的醫(yī)生他的確醫(yī)術(shù)精湛，以至于成了照料維多利亞

11、女王的私人醫(yī)生。但當(dāng)他一想到要幫助(那些)得了霍亂的普通百姓時(shí)，就感到很受鼓舞?；魜y在當(dāng)時(shí)是最致命的疾病。人們既不知道它的病因，也不懂如何治療。每次爆發(fā)霍亂時(shí)就有成千上萬驚恐的人病死。約翰·斯諾想面對這一挑戰(zhàn)，解決這一問題。他知道在找到病源之前，霍亂疫情是無法控制的。他對霍亂致人死地的兩種推測產(chǎn)生了興趣。第一種看法是霍亂病毒在空氣中繁殖，像一股危險(xiǎn)氣體在空中到處漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害人。第二種看法是人們是在吃飯時(shí)把這種病毒引入體的。病毒從胃部開始迅速殃與全身，患者就會很快地死去。約翰·斯諾推測第二種說法是正確的，但需要有證據(jù)。因此在1854年倫敦再次爆發(fā)霍亂時(shí)，他就著手準(zhǔn)

12、備對此調(diào)研。當(dāng)霍亂在貧民區(qū)迅速蔓延時(shí)，約翰·斯諾開始搜集信息。他發(fā)現(xiàn)特別在兩條街上霍亂流行得很嚴(yán)重，以至于10天就有500多人死亡。他決心查清原因。他首先在地圖上標(biāo)注出所有死者曾住過的確切地點(diǎn)。該圖提供了一條說明霍亂起因的很有價(jià)值的線索。許多死者都住在布洛德街上的水泵附近(尤其是這條街上的16、37、38和40號)。他還發(fā)現(xiàn)有些住戶(如布洛德街20號和21號與劍橋街8號和9號)卻無人死亡。他未預(yù)料到這種情況，于是他做了進(jìn)一步調(diào)查。他發(fā)現(xiàn)這些人是在劍橋街7號的酒館里打工。酒館為他們供應(yīng)免費(fèi)啤酒，因此他們沒喝布洛德街水泵里的水?？磥硭亲锟?zhǔn)?。接下來，約翰·斯諾調(diào)查了這兩條街

13、上的水源。他發(fā)現(xiàn)水來自于河里，這條河被倫敦排出的臟水污染了。約翰·斯諾立即告訴布洛德街上驚慌失措的人們拆掉水泵的把手，這樣水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就開始得到緩解。他證明了霍亂是通過細(xì)菌傳播而非氣團(tuán)傳播。在倫敦的另一地區(qū)，他從另外兩例與布洛德街疾病爆發(fā)有關(guān)的死亡病例中得到了有力的證據(jù)。一個(gè)婦女，從布洛德街搬走了，但她非常喜歡水泵的水，她讓人每天從水泵給她家送水。她和她的女兒在喝了這些水后，都死于霍亂。利用這個(gè)額外證據(jù)，約翰·斯諾就可以很有把握地宣布污染水?dāng)y帶病菌。為防止這種情況再度發(fā)生，約翰·斯諾建議，所有水源都要經(jīng)過檢測。供水公司也得到指示再也不能讓人們接觸污染

14、水了?！盎魜y王”終于被擊敗了。PUZILES IN GEOGRAPHYPeople may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries：England，Wales，Scotland and Northern Ireland.You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England.Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century.Now when

15、people refer to England you find Wales included as well.Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to “Great Britain”Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well.Finally the

16、 English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way.However，the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government.So only Northern Ireland joined with England，Wales and Scotland to be

17、come the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg，the currency and international relations)，but they still have very different institutions.For example，Northern Ireland，England and Scotlan

18、d have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!England is the largest of the four countries，and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones.The zone nearest France is called the South of England，the middle zone is cal

19、led the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North.You find most of the population settled in the south，but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England.Although，nationwide，these cities are not as large as those in China，they have world­famous footb

20、all teams and some of them even have two！It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors.For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans.There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greate

21、st historical treasure of all is London with its museums，art collections，theatres，parks，and buildings.It is the centre of national government and its administration.It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD，the oldest building begun by the Anglo­Saxons in the 1060s and

22、the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066.There have been four sets of invaders of England.The first invaders，the Romans，left their towns and roads.The second，the Anglo­Saxons，left their language and their government.The third，the Vikings，influenced the vocabulary and place&#

23、173;names of the North of England，and the fourth，the Normans，left castles and introduced new words for food.If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders.You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdomenjoyable and worth

24、while. 地理學(xué)的困惑對于用不同詞匯來描述英格蘭、威爾士、格蘭和北愛爾蘭這四個(gè)國家，人們感到很奇怪。如果你研究英國歷史，你就可以弄清楚這個(gè)問題。首先是英格蘭。威爾士在公元13世紀(jì)時(shí)與英格蘭是一體的?，F(xiàn)在當(dāng)人們說到英格蘭時(shí)，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)威爾士也包括在其中。接著英格蘭和威爾士在17世紀(jì)同格蘭合并，更名為“大不列顛”。格蘭的詹姆斯國王也成為英格蘭和威爾士的國王，幸運(yùn)的是這并未經(jīng)過戰(zhàn)爭。最后在20世紀(jì)初，英國政府打算把愛爾蘭也和平聯(lián)合起來組建聯(lián)合王國。但是愛爾蘭的南部很不情愿，分離出去并建立了自己的政府。因此，只有北愛爾蘭與英格蘭、威爾士和格蘭統(tǒng)一成為聯(lián)合王國，這在新國旗上展現(xiàn)給世人，叫做“英國國旗”

25、。值得贊揚(yáng)的是，這四個(gè)國家在某些領(lǐng)域確實(shí)能夠合作(比如， 在貨幣和國際關(guān)系上)，但是它們的制度很不一樣。例如，北愛爾蘭、英格蘭和格蘭有不同的教育與司法體系，還有不同的足球隊(duì)去參加像世界杯這樣的比賽！英格蘭是四個(gè)國家中最大的，為方便起見，它大體上分成三個(gè)區(qū)。最靠近法國的是英格蘭南部，中部地區(qū)被稱為英格蘭中部，最靠近格蘭的稱為英格蘭北部。你可以看到大多數(shù)人口定居在南部，但多數(shù)的大型工業(yè)城市在英格蘭的中部和北部地區(qū)。盡管英格蘭全國的許多城市不如中國的城市大，但它們都有著名的足球隊(duì)，有些甚至有兩支！可惜的是，這些建于19世紀(jì)的工業(yè)城市不吸引游客。為游覽古代建筑你就得去那些最初由羅馬人建造的更古老但是更

26、小的城鎮(zhèn)。在那兒你會了解更多的關(guān)于英國歷史和文化的東西。最偉大的歷史財(cái)富是倫敦，它擁有博物館、藝術(shù)珍藏、戲院、公園以與建筑。它是全國的政治中心。它還有羅馬人于公元1世紀(jì)建的最古老的港口，盎格魯撒克遜人于11世紀(jì)60年代始建起的最古老的建筑以與后來的諾曼統(tǒng)治者于1066年建造的最古老的城堡。曾經(jīng)有四批侵略者到過英國。第一批入侵者是羅馬人，他們留下了他們的城鎮(zhèn)和道路。接著是盎格魯撒克遜人，他們留下了他們的語言和政體。第三批是斯堪的納維亞人，他們對詞匯以與北部的地名造成了一定的影響。第四批是諾曼人，他們留下了城堡和表示食物名稱的詞語。如果你到英國的鄉(xiāng)村看看，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)所有這些入侵者留下的證據(jù)。如果你想

27、讓你的英國之旅很有價(jià)值，你必須留心觀察！FIRST IMPRESSIONSSpacemail：liqiang299AGreatAdventureSpaceStation 15/11/3008(Earthtime)Dear Mum and Dad，I still cannot believe that I am taking up this prize that I won last year.I have to remind myself constantly that I am really in AD 3008.Worried about the journey，I was unsettl

28、ed for the first few days.As a result，I suffered from “time lag”This is similar to the“jet lag”you get from flying，but it seems you keep getting flashbacks from your previous time period.So I was very nervous and uncertain at first.However，my friend and guide，Wang Ping，was very understanding and gav

29、e me some green tablets which helped a lot.Well­known for their expertise，his parents' company，called “Future Tours”，transported me safely into the future in a time capsule.I can still remember the moment when the space stewardess called us all to the capsule and we climbed in through a sma

30、ll opening.The seats were comfortable and after a calming drink，we felt sleepy and closed our eyes.The capsule began swinging gently sideways as we lay relaxed and dreaming.A few minutes later，the journey was completed and we had arrived.I was still on the earth but one thousand years in the future.

31、What would I find?At first my new surroundings were difficult ot tolerate.The air seemed thin，as though its combination of gases had little oxygen left.Hit by a lack of fresh air，my head ached.Just as I tried to make the necessary adjustment to this new situation，Wang Ping appeared.“Put on this mask

32、，”he advised.“It'll make you feel much better.”He handed it to me and immediately hurried me through to a small room nearby for a rest.I felt better in no time.Soon I was back on my feet again and following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer.These carriages float above the gro

33、und and by bending or pressing down in your seat，you can move swiftly.Wang Ping fastened my safety belt and showed me how to use it.Soon I could fly as fast as him.However，I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too many carriages flying by in all directi

34、ons.He was swept up into the centre of them.Just at that moment I had a “time lag” flashback and saw the area again as it had been in the year AD 2008.I realized that I had been transported into the future of what was still my hometown！Then I caught sight of Wang Ping again and flew after him.Arrivi

35、ng at a strange­looking house，he showed me into a large，bright clean room.It had a green wall，a brown floor and soft lighting.Suddenly the wall movedit was made of trees！I found later that their leaves provided the room with much­needed oxygen.Then Wang Ping flashed a switch on a computer

36、screen，and a table and some chairs rose from under the floor as if by magic.“Why not sit down and eat a little？”he said.“You may find this difficult as it is your first time travel trip.Just relax，since there is nothing planned on the timetable today.Tomorrow you'll be ready for some visits.”Hav

37、ing said this，he spread some food on the table，and produced a bed from the floor.After he left，I had a brief meal and a hot bath.Exhausted，I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.More news later from your loving son，Li Qiang第一印象太空：Liqiang299AGreatAdventureSpaceStation 15/11/3008(地球時(shí)間)親愛的爸爸媽媽：我仍然不能相信我是在

38、接受去年獲得的這個(gè)獎勵(lì)。我得不斷提醒自己，我真地已經(jīng)進(jìn)入到公元3008年了。我很擔(dān)心這次旅行，所以頭幾天心里總是不踏實(shí)。結(jié)果，我得了“時(shí)間滯后癥”。這就與你們乘坐飛機(jī)會產(chǎn)生時(shí)差反應(yīng)相似，所不同的是，在你們腦子里似乎會不斷閃現(xiàn)以前的時(shí)光。因此，我一開始就感到神經(jīng)緊和心神不定。但是，我的朋友兼導(dǎo)游王平很細(xì)心體貼，給了我?guī)琢＞G色藥片，倒是挺起作用的。他父母的公司叫做“未來之旅”，以其技術(shù)高超而聞名，用時(shí)間艙平安地把我送入了未來。我仍然記得女乘務(wù)員讓我們都進(jìn)入時(shí)間艙，我們都通過一個(gè)小入口爬進(jìn)去。座位是很舒適的，喝了點(diǎn)鎮(zhèn)靜劑以后，我們感到很困，就閉上了眼睛。時(shí)間艙在輕輕地左右搖晃，我們放松地躺在那里做夢

39、。幾分鐘以后，旅程結(jié)束，我們都到了。我仍然在地球上，但是進(jìn)入了未來的一千年。我會看到什么呢？開始新的環(huán)境很難忍受?？諝馑坪鹾芟”?，好像在混合的氣體中剩下的氧氣很少。由于缺乏新鮮空氣，我感到頭痛。正當(dāng)我努力調(diào)整自己適應(yīng)新環(huán)境時(shí)，王平出現(xiàn)了?！鞍堰@個(gè)面罩戴上，它會使你感覺好得多。”他建議說。他把面罩遞給我，然后把我快速帶到一個(gè)附近的小房間里休息。我立刻就感到舒服些了。一會兒我就又站起來，跟著他去領(lǐng)取了一臺由電腦驅(qū)動的汽墊車。這些汽墊車是在地面上漂浮著的，只要把座位打彎或壓下，你就可以迅速地移動。王平給我系好安全帶并且教我如何使用。很快，我就跟王平飛得一樣快了。但是，當(dāng)我們到達(dá)一個(gè)看上去像是大市場的

40、地方時(shí)，王平不見了，因?yàn)楹芏嗥麎|車在身邊朝各個(gè)方向飛奔。他被卷入到這群車隊(duì)中去了。就在這個(gè)時(shí)候我得了一次“時(shí)間滯后”的回閃，這樣我就再次看到了公元2008年的那個(gè)地區(qū)了。我這才懂得我被送到了未來，但卻仍然在自己的家鄉(xiāng)！然后我又見到了王平，于是又跟在他后面飛去。來到一個(gè)形狀奇怪的房子面前，他把我?guī)У揭粋€(gè)明亮而潔凈的大房間。那里有綠色的墻，棕色的地板，柔和的燈光。突然，墻壁移動了原來是樹形成的！后來我才發(fā)現(xiàn)，就是這些樹的葉子為這棟房屋提供了急需的氧氣。然后王平在電腦熒屏上閃了一下開關(guān)，于是一桌子和幾把椅子就像變魔術(shù)一樣從地板下面升了上來?！盀槭裁床蛔聛沓渣c(diǎn)東西呢？”他說道，“你第一次做這樣的時(shí)間

41、旅行，可能會感到有些困難。今天沒有任何出行計(jì)劃，你可以好好休息一下。明天你還要準(zhǔn)備參觀幾個(gè)地方?！闭f完這些，他把食物擺在桌子上，又從地板下拿出一床來。他離開后，我快速吃了些東西，洗了個(gè)熱水澡。我感到累極了，溜到床上很快就睡著了。以后再談吧！你們親愛的兒子，強(qiáng)MY FIRST WORK ASSIGNMENT “Unforgettable” says new journalistNever will Zhou Yang (ZY)forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper.His discussio

42、n with his new boss，Hu Xin (HX)，was to strongly influence his life as a journalist.HX：Welcome.We're delighted you're coming to work with us.Your first job here will be an assistant journalist.Do you have any questions?ZY：Can I go out on a story immediately?HX：(laughing) That's admirable，

43、but I'm afraid it would be unusual！Wait till you're more experienced.First we'll put you as an assistant to an experienced journalist.Later you can cover a story and submit the article yourself.ZY：Wonderful.What do I need to take with me？I already have a notebook and camera.HX：No need fo

44、r a camera.You'll have a professional photographer with you to take photographs.You'll find your colleagues very eager to assist you，so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if you're interested.ZY：Thank you.Not only am I interested in photography，but I took an amateur cour

45、se at university to update my skills.HX：Good.ZY：What do I need to remember when I go out to cover a story?HX：You need to be curious.Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.We say a good journalist must have a good“nose”for a story.That means you

46、 must be able to assess when people are not telling the whole truth and then try to discover it.They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story.ZY：What should I keep in mind.HX：Here comes my list of dos and don'ts：don't miss your deadline，don't be rude，don&#

47、39;t talk too much，but make sure you listen to the interviewee carefully.ZY：Why is listening so important?HX：Well，you have to listen for detailed facts.Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the person says.ZY：But how can I listen carefully while taking notes?HX：This is a

48、trick of the trade.If the interviewee agrees，you can use a recorder to get the facts straight.It's also useful if a person wants to challenge you.You have the evidence to support your story.ZY：I see！Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the s

49、tick?HX：Yes，but it was a long time ago.This is how the story goes.A footballer was accused of taking money for deliberately not scoring goals so as to let the other team win.We went to interview him.He denied taking money but we were sceptical.So we arranged an interview between the footballer and t

50、he man supposed to bribe him.When we saw them together we guessed from the footballer's body language that he was not telling the truth.So we wrote an article suggesting he was guilty.It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded damages if we were wrong.He tried to stop us publish

51、ing it but later we were proved right.ZY：Wow！That was a real “scoop”I'm looking forward to my first assignment now.Perhaps I'll get a scoop too!HX：Perhaps you will.You never know.我的第一項(xiàng)工作任務(wù)“難以忘懷”，新聞記者說周陽永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記他在一家很受歡迎的英語報(bào)社的第一項(xiàng)工作任務(wù)。他同新上司胡新的討論對他的記者生涯必將產(chǎn)生重大的影響。胡：歡迎你。非常高興你來和我們一起工作。你在這里首先是當(dāng)助理記者。有什

52、么問題嗎？周：我可以馬上外出采訪嗎？胡：(笑)值得表揚(yáng)，但是恐怕這樣就不太合乎常規(guī)了！等到你比較有經(jīng)驗(yàn)以后才行。首先我們要派你給有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的記者做助手。以后你就可以自己采訪新聞，提交新聞稿了。周：太棒了。我需要帶什么？我有一個(gè)筆記本和一個(gè)相機(jī)。胡：不需要相機(jī)。你將帶上一名專業(yè)攝影師去拍照。你將發(fā)現(xiàn)同事們會熱情地幫助你，因此如果你對攝影感興趣，以后你可以集中精力去研究它。周：你。對攝影我不僅僅是感興趣，在大學(xué)里我還參加過業(yè)余攝影班提高我的水平呢。胡：很好。周：我外出采訪時(shí)還需要記住些什么呢？胡：你需要保持好奇心。只有問很多問題，你才能得到你想得到的信息。我們說，一個(gè)好的記者必須有對新聞非常敏銳的“嗅

53、覺”。那就是說，在人們還沒有說出全部真相之前，記者就要能夠作出判斷，并力求發(fā)現(xiàn)真相。他們必須通過調(diào)查研究，來使自己了解被遺漏的那部分情況。周：我還要注意些什么呢？胡：下面是我的行為準(zhǔn)則：不要超過最后期限，不可對人粗魯，不可自己說得太多，務(wù)必認(rèn)真傾聽被采訪人的回答。周：為什么傾聽這么重要呢？胡：你得聽清楚事實(shí)的細(xì)節(jié)。同時(shí)，你還要根據(jù)被采訪人所說的話準(zhǔn)備提出下一個(gè)問題。周：但是怎樣才能在作記錄的同時(shí)聽清對方的話呢？胡：這就是我們職業(yè)的訣竅了。如果被采訪人允許，你可以使用小型錄音機(jī)來記錄下全部事實(shí)。如果有人提出質(zhì)疑，這也有用。你就有證據(jù)來支持你的報(bào)道。周：我明白了！你有沒有遇到過這種情況：別人控告你

54、的記者，說他的報(bào)道失實(shí)呢？胡：有，不過這是很久以前的事了。事情是這樣的：一位足球運(yùn)動員被指控受賄，故意不進(jìn)球，好讓別的隊(duì)贏球。我們?nèi)ゲ稍L了他。他否認(rèn)受賄，但我們很懷疑。因此我們?yōu)樽闱蜻\(yùn)動員和那個(gè)被認(rèn)為行賄的人安排了一場采訪。當(dāng)我們看見他們在一起時(shí)，從足球運(yùn)動員的身體語言猜出他沒有說出真相。所以我們寫了一篇文章暗示他曾受賄。這事有些為難，因?yàn)槿绻覀兂鲥e(cuò)，足球運(yùn)動員會要求賠償。他試圖阻止我們公布該消息，但后來我們被證明是對的。周：哇！那真是獨(dú)家新聞。我現(xiàn)在盼望得到第一個(gè)任務(wù)?；蛟S我也能找到獨(dú)家新聞！胡：你也許會。誰知道呢。FIRST AID FOR BURNSThe skin is an ess

55、ential part of your body and its largest organ.You have three layers of skin which act as a barrier against disease，poisons and the sun's harmful rays.The functions of your skin are also very complex：it keeps you warm or cool；it prevents your body from losing too much water；it is where you feel

56、cold，heat or pain and it gives you your sense of touch.So as you can imagine，if your skin gets burned it can be very serious.First aid is a very important first step in the treatment of burns.Causes of burnsYou can get burned by a variety of things：hot liquids，steam，fire，radiation (by being close to

57、 high heat or fire，etc)，the sun，electricity or chemicals.Types of burnsThere are three types of burns.Burns are called first，second or third degree burns，depending on which layers of the skin are burned.First degree burnsThese affect only the top layer of the skin.These burns are not serious and sho

58、uld feel better within a day or two.Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by touching a hot pan，stove or iron for a moment.Second degree burnsThese affect both the top and the second layer of the skin.These burns are serious and take a few weeks to heal.Examples include severe sunburn and b

59、urns caused by hot liquids.Third degree burnsThese affect all three layers of the skin and any tissue and organs under the skin.Examples include burns caused by electric shocks，burning clothes，or severe petrol fires.These burns cause very severe injuries and the victim must go to hospital at once.Characteristics of burnsFirst degree burns dry red and mildly swollenmildly painful turn white when pressedSecond degree burns rough，r