2014中考英語名詞冠詞代詞數(shù)詞知識點綜合復習(含配套練習及答案)

1、中考名詞冠詞代詞數(shù)詞復習教學目標：中考名詞冠詞代詞數(shù)詞綜合復習。教學內容：一、名詞I. 名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名.地名.人名，團體.機構名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質名詞II. 名詞的數(shù)：1. 規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式：名詞的復數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-f

2、e結尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,

3、 Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th結尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth

4、-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)： 規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2單復數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有復數(shù)形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復數(shù)people, police, ca

5、ttle, staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復數(shù)（成員）audience, class, family, couple, group, government, population, team, public, enemy, party6復數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)7表示“某國人”加-sAmericans, Austra

6、lians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches表示性別,將兩部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)women singers, men teachers

7、III. 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加s構成，二是由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1. s所有格的構成：單數(shù)名詞在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,復數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不規(guī)則復數(shù)名詞后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s結尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, th

8、e Smiths house表示各自的所有關系時,各名詞末尾均須加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有關系時在最后一詞末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店鋪，所有格后名詞省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示時間todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earths atmosphere, t

9、he trees branches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群體the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及價值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6與人類活動有特殊關系的名詞the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定詞組a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不

10、知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed【名詞易錯考題分析】 1. _ fathers made them have piano lessons. A. Peter and AnnsB. Peters and Anns C. Peters and AnnD. Peter and Ann【解析】此題

11、容易誤選A或C。錯誤的原因是由于受思維定勢的影響。平時考生們做多了“This is Lucy and Lilys bedroom. ”這樣的題，那么一看到這樣的題就想到只是在后面一個單詞后面用所有格。其實，到底用一個所有格，還是用兩個所有格，取決于它們所修飾的名詞：如果所修飾的名詞是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，就只在后面一個名詞后面用所有格；如果所修飾的名詞是復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，就兩個名詞都用所有格。答案為B。2. There are a lot _ people today than yesterday. A. ofB. /C. mostD. more【解析】此題容易誤選A。有不少考生因受“ a lot of

12、+名詞”這一思維定勢的影響，一看到a lot，就選擇了A。其實，該句中的a lot是用來修飾形容詞的比較級more的，than引導的是比較狀語從句。答案為D。3. “Excuse me, are you _? ” “No, we are _. ”A. American, EnglishmanB. American, Germans C. American, GermenD. Englishman, Americans【解析】先從詞性來看，American 和 German 既可以用作名詞也可以用作形容詞，用作名詞時，其復數(shù)形式分別為Americans 和 Germans；選項中的English

13、man只能用作名詞，其復數(shù)形式是Englishmen。先看第一空：如果單從Excuse me, are you _?來看，要是填Englishman，就應該在其前加不定冠詞，即說成Excuse me, are you an Englishman? 但是，根據(jù)答語中的 we are可知，問句中的you 其實是指“你”，而是指“你們”，所以如果用Englishman，就應換成 Englishmen 才對。由此可排除選項D。再看第二空：由于German的復數(shù)是Germans，不是Germen，由此可確定C錯誤；再根據(jù)we are可知，其后若用名詞Englishman，必須要用復數(shù)Englishmen

14、，而不能是單數(shù)，所以排除A。所以此題答案為B。4. Come on, kids. Help yourselves to some_ if you likeA. fish and chickenB. fishes and chicken C. fish and chickens D. fishes and chickens答案A。解析fish(魚肉)和chicken(雞肉)都是不可數(shù)名詞。5. She is not young because she has .A. a little white hair B. a few white hairs C. little white hair D.

15、few white hairs答案B。解析有一些詞如hair(頭發(fā))，fruit(水果)，通常是用它們的單數(shù)形式來表示總稱; 但表示“幾根頭發(fā)” “若干種水果”時，則要用復數(shù)形式，如：a few white hairs幾根白發(fā)several foreign fruits幾種外國水果6. Would you like to have a look at some pants? They may fit you wellWell, I'd like to try those blue_.Apairs Bone Cpant Dpair答案A。解析pants要用a pair of來修飾，由th

16、ose blue確定其后接pairs的復數(shù)形式，故選A。7. How's Joy's skirt? Her skirt is more beautiful than        . A. her sister's and Kate        B. her sister and Kate  C. her sister and Kate's    

17、60;   D. her sister's and Kate's答案 D。 解析當某物為幾個人所共有時，只在最后一個名詞后用所有格形式；如表示兩者或兩者以上分別所有，應在每個名詞后用所有格形式。8. Come and see me in With pleasureThats what I'm expectingAtwo or three days'Btwo or three day's timeCtwo or three days' time答案：C解析：in后接一段時間，此處表示“兩三天的時間”，要用名詞所有格形式，因two

18、 or three days是復數(shù)，直接加“”，故選C。 二、冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I. 不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或事，相當于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相當于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相當于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質的人或事A Mr. Smith

19、came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的

20、用法：1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于樂器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前He is th

21、e taller of the two children.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的復數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀的某個年代in the 1990s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠詞的用法：1專

22、有名詞，物質名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made President of America.5學科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前He likes playi

23、ng football/chess.6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land7以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的復數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful animals.【冠詞易錯考題分析】1. A spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _ second. A. /B. theC. aD. an【解析】此題容易誤選B。這是由于思維定勢引起的，很多同學認為這里的second是序數(shù)詞，前面應該用定冠

24、詞the修飾。其實，second是“秒”的意思。正確答案為C。2. _ India and China are of _ same continent. A. /; theB. The ; theC. /; /D. /; a【解析】此題容易誤選D。這是由于受漢語思維的影響造成的，因為譯成漢語時這句話的意思是“印度和中國在同一個大洲”，漢語里說“同一個”，在英語中要說“the same”，這就是此題的陷阱所在。正確答案為A。3. As _ writer, he was _ complete failure. A. a, a      &

25、#160;       B. a, the          C. 不填，不填            D. a, 不填【解析】選A，其中的 failure 在此指“失敗的人”，為可數(shù)名詞。4. The education of _ young is always _ hot and serious topic.A. 不

26、填, 不填         B. the, a          C. 不填, the           D. the, 不填【解析】選B。the young 意為“年輕人”，定冠詞用于某些形容詞前表示一類人或事物；第二空填不定冠詞修飾名詞 topic。5. In the market, vegetable

27、s are sold by _ kilogram, I mean, by _ weight. A. the; 不填        B.不填; 不填        C. the; the             D.不填；the【解析】選A。介詞by表示“以計”時，若后接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，其前要用定冠詞，如：by the w

28、eek 按周，按星期 / by the ton 按噸 / by the yard 按碼 / by the meter 按米；若后接抽象名詞，則通常不用冠詞，如：by volume 按體積 / by weight 按重量。6. Did you happen to see _ black and _ white cat? Sorry, I didnt. Are they missing?    A. a; 不填           B. the; 不填

29、0;          C. the; the              D. a; the【解析】選C。Are they missing? 中的代詞they 是一個很重要的信息詞，它表明是兩只貓而不是一只貓，所以C。the black and the white cat 可視為 the black cat and the white cat 之省略。若選A，則表示“

30、一只黑白相間的貓”。三代詞：I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these

31、, those, such, some5疑問代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代詞用法注意點：1. one, some與any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復

32、數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復，或者表示建議，請求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時，some表示某個，any表示任何一個。I have read

33、 this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級連用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each強調個別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個或兩個以上，而every強調整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個或三個以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a

34、dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復數(shù)皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is)

35、 afraid of difficulties.4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指兩者中的另外一個，復數(shù)為the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) a

36、nother指“又一個，另一個”無所指，復數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和either all表示不可數(shù)名詞時，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none

37、. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.【代詞易錯考題分析】 1. I hear someone _at the door. Please go and see who _ is. A. knock, heB. knocking, heC. knock, itD.

38、knocking, it【解析】此題容易誤選A或B。這是由于漢語思維的影響引起的。大家都知道hear sb. do sth. 意為“聽見某人做某事”，hear sb. doing sth. 意為“聽見某人正在做某事”，這樣一來很多人就會選擇A或B，因為后面“去看看他是誰”從漢語的角度來看是沒有錯的。其實，在英語中常常用it來指代身份(姓名、職業(yè)等)不詳?shù)娜?。有人敲門時我們常常用英語問“Who is it?”正確答案為D。2. Lucy and I are classmates. We _ in Class One. A. all areB. are allC. both areD. are both【解析】此題容易誤選A或C。這里受到漢語思維的影響引起的，譯成漢語正好是“我們都在一班”。表示兩者都要用both，both一般放在be動詞、情態(tài)動詞或助動詞之后，行為動詞之前。正確答案為D。3. There is _ egg at home. Will you please get _ for me, please?A. no, someB. not, someC. not any, anyD. not an, any【解