漢譯英之謂語的選擇

1、漢譯英之謂語的選擇一、漢英主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的差別l漢語的分析型漢語的分析型(analytic)語言語言VS.英語的綜合型英語的綜合型(synthetic)語言語言 l漢語的復(fù)雜謂語成分漢語的復(fù)雜謂語成分VS.英語的單一謂語成分英語的單一謂語成分l漢語謂語的多主動(dòng)式漢語謂語的多主動(dòng)式VS.英語謂語的多被動(dòng)式英語謂語的多被動(dòng)式1. 分析型語言VS綜合型語言l漢語分析型語言漢語分析型語言l無詞尾屈折變化無詞尾屈折變化 (inflection)l詞沒有陽性和陰性的變化，沒有表陽性和陰性的詞綴詞沒有陽性和陰性的變化，沒有表陽性和陰性的詞綴l英語綜合型語言有豐富的屈折變化形式：英語綜合型語言有豐富的屈折變化形式：

2、l英語謂語形態(tài)穩(wěn)定，受語法規(guī)范約束，需與主語保持一致關(guān)系英語謂語形態(tài)穩(wěn)定，受語法規(guī)范約束，需與主語保持一致關(guān)系 ltabletableslrunranrun lthe boyslShe sings beautifully.l漢語語法呈隱含性漢語語法呈隱含性(covertness)，英語語法呈外顯性，英語語法呈外顯性(overtness)lIsolating/analytic languagelA language in which word forms do not change, and in which grammatical functions are shown by WORD ORD

3、ER and the use of FUNCTION WORDS.lInflecting languagelA language in which the form of a word changes to show a change in meaning or grammatical function. Often there is no clear distinction between the basic part of the word and the part which shows a grammatical function such as number or tense.lAg

4、glutinating languagelA language in which various AFFIXES may be added to the stem of a word to add to its meaning or to show its grammatical function.2. 謂語成分的復(fù)雜性VS單一性l英語謂語比較單一，只能由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語充當(dāng)，系動(dòng)詞可看成一種特殊為謂語。 l英語同一主語下的并列謂語一般不超過三個(gè)，多數(shù)句子只有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，其他動(dòng)作概念以非謂語動(dòng)詞、介詞短語、名詞短語或從句的形式出現(xiàn)。 l原文若是形容詞、名詞、數(shù)量詞或介詞短語作謂語，譯文中常常采

5、用系表結(jié)構(gòu)。l她的未婚夫都她的未婚夫都60了了。l快餐食品快餐食品并不健康并不健康！l三星的手機(jī)三星的手機(jī)外觀很漂亮外觀很漂亮。lHer fianc is already 60 years old.lFast food is not wholesome, after all.lSamsung Brand cell phones look beautiful.l我想我想吃麥當(dāng)勞吃麥當(dāng)勞。l歷史歷史是人民創(chuàng)造的是人民創(chuàng)造的。l他就會(huì)他就會(huì)持槍劫車、殺人越貨持槍劫車、殺人越貨。lHe wants to eat at the Macdonalds.lHistory is made by the peo

6、ple.lHe is good for nothing but hijacking vehicles and looting the goods by killing the drivers with his gun.3. 謂語的多主動(dòng)式VS多被動(dòng)式l無形式標(biāo)志的被動(dòng)句，形式主動(dòng)，意義被動(dòng)l原文若為有原文若為有/無形式標(biāo)志的被動(dòng)式，譯文宜用被動(dòng)式作謂無形式標(biāo)志的被動(dòng)式，譯文宜用被動(dòng)式作謂語；語；l若不知原文謂語動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者是誰，或者原文的主語為若不知原文謂語動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者是誰，或者原文的主語為 “人們?nèi)藗儭薄ⅰ按蠹掖蠹摇钡?，或者句中含有等，或者句中含?“據(jù)傳據(jù)傳”、“據(jù)據(jù)悉悉”等字眼，譯文的謂

7、語常用以等字眼，譯文的謂語常用以 “it” 為形式主語的被動(dòng)為形式主語的被動(dòng)句式；句式；l問題解決了。lThe problem has been solved. l大家都覺得這樣做不妥。lIt is generally considered not advisable to act that way. l必須采取措施來控制水污染。lMeasures have to be taken to control the water pollution. l眾所周知，中國人在四千年前就發(fā)明了指南針。lIt is well known that the compass was invented in Ch

8、ina four thousand years ago. l書到后應(yīng)立即付款。lYou are supposed to pay right after the books are deliveredl請您為大家表演一個(gè)節(jié)目。lYou are requested to give us a performance.l流言蜚語使他們之間的友誼變成了怨仇。lTheir friendship was turned into enmity through idle gossip. 確定謂語的原則l1. 主謂一致+時(shí)態(tài)+語氣l2. 謂語必須與主語在邏輯上搭配得當(dāng)l3. 謂語必須與賓語在邏輯上搭配得當(dāng)l4.

9、根據(jù)謂語和狀語搭配確定謂語l5. 根據(jù)英語表達(dá)習(xí)慣l6. 謂語的確定應(yīng)該基于表意的需要 l7. 謂語的確定應(yīng)該基于構(gòu)句（語法）的需要1. 主謂一致+時(shí)態(tài)+語氣謂語應(yīng)該在人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)上與主語一致謂語應(yīng)該在人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)上與主語一致l他做實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)心不在焉，幾乎引起化學(xué)藥物爆炸。lHis absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical.l在西方，吃飯用的是刀和叉 。 lIn the west, fork and knife is used for having dinn

10、er.l（三中全會(huì)的政策）誰想變也變不了。lNo one could change this even if he wanted to. l當(dāng)前，我國的職業(yè)教育和成人教育正在加快發(fā)展。lVocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.l她的獨(dú)生子讓車給軋了。lHer only son was run over by a car.2. 謂語必須與主語在邏輯上搭配得當(dāng)如果原文的主謂語不符合英語主謂搭配邏輯，則需要改變主語或謂語。如果原文的主謂語不符合英語主謂搭配邏輯，

11、則需要改變主語或謂語。l這件事告訴我們，他為人不誠實(shí)。lThis incident showed that he was dishonest. l農(nóng)村改革中的好多東西，都是基層創(chuàng)造出來的。lMany of the good ideas in rural reform came from people at the grassroots. lMany of good ideas in rural reform are created by people at the grassroots.l世紀(jì)之交，中國外交空前活躍。lChinas diplomacy is most active at the

12、 turn of the century. (*)lThe turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.l分析：前種譯法不符合英文主謂搭配。后種譯法以“時(shí)間”為主語，以“find”為謂語，是比較典型的 “無靈主語句”。l你的教學(xué)科研取得了長足的進(jìn)步，但不應(yīng)因此而自滿。lYou have made great progress in teaching and research but you should guard against complacency l本書精選中國南方26個(gè)少數(shù)民族的131則膾炙人

13、口的故事。lThe book consists of 131 superb stories popular among 26 minority nationalities in the south of China.3. 謂語必須與賓語在邏輯上搭配得當(dāng)動(dòng)賓搭配是一種常見的搭配形式，漢譯英時(shí)，如果原文的動(dòng)動(dòng)賓搭配是一種常見的搭配形式，漢譯英時(shí)，如果原文的動(dòng)賓搭配不符合英語邏輯，而原文的賓語又不宜變動(dòng)，我們賓搭配不符合英語邏輯，而原文的賓語又不宜變動(dòng)，我們就需要重新選擇謂語。就需要重新選擇謂語。l秦朝第一位皇帝秦始皇于公元前221年統(tǒng)一六國lunify the other six states？l

14、Qin Shihuang, the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, conquered the other six states in 221 BC.l熱騰騰的晚餐已擺好在桌上。lHot meals were served on the dinner table.l如譯成： hot meals were put on the dinner table 就顯得過于呆板。而serve和meals聯(lián)用最符合英語的動(dòng)賓搭配習(xí)慣。l取得成就取得成就 l把中國建設(shè)成為把中國建設(shè)成為l犯個(gè)人主義的錯(cuò)誤犯個(gè)人主義的錯(cuò)誤 l我們有過這樣的經(jīng)驗(yàn)我們有過這樣的經(jīng)驗(yàn)l熱烈祝賀奧運(yùn)會(huì)

15、熱烈祝賀奧運(yùn)會(huì)l爭取運(yùn)動(dòng)成績與精神文明雙豐收爭取運(yùn)動(dòng)成績與精神文明雙豐收 lmake achievementslturn or transform China into. . lmake mistakes of succumbing to individualism lIt was our experience that. . . lHail / Greet the Olympic GameslFor better (athletic) records and sportsmanship l（日本派大批的留學(xué)生到中國來學(xué)習(xí)中國文化。）自然，他們也學(xué)會(huì)了中國的飲茶。lAccordingly, t

16、hey became accustomed to the Chinese tea-drinking. l到麥當(dāng)勞去吃什么? 有人總結(jié)說：吃時(shí)髦，吃清潔，吃快捷，吃氛圍，吃氣派，吃檔次，吃高雅。鬧了半天，還沒有涉及“吃飽肚子”。lFor what do we go to the McDonalds? Summarized are the following answers: for its popularity, for its remarkable cleanness, for its instant services, for its exotic atmosphere, for showi

17、ng off, for its super quality, for its elegant consumption. With so many “fors”, yet we have not come to “for our stomach”. (曾利沙譯)4. 根據(jù)謂語和狀語搭配確定謂語有時(shí)英漢謂狀搭配習(xí)慣的不同，也可能影響謂語的選擇l我們要在幾個(gè)五年計(jì)劃的時(shí)間內(nèi)認(rèn)真取得處理這個(gè)問題的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。lwe shall seriously gain experience in？lWe shall make serious efforts to gain experience in handling

18、this problem within the space of several five-year plans.5. 根據(jù)英語表達(dá)習(xí)慣l靈活翻譯謂語靈活翻譯謂語l冬天如果你怕冷的話，可能到昆明。lfear, be afraid of？lIf you dislike the cold in winter, you can visit Kunming in south China.l花壇北面有一株臘梅花，南端是一叢南天竹。lA winter plum stood on the northern end of the terrace, and a nandina erected on the so

19、uthern end. l譯文運(yùn)用“化靜為動(dòng)”的手法，將原文中“有”、“是”等靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞翻譯成stand和 erect等動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞，使譯文更加生動(dòng)活潑。6. 謂語的確定應(yīng)該基于表意的需要l1) 中央政府不干預(yù)香港特別行政區(qū)的事務(wù)。la. The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.lb. The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.l2) 中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)將融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的大潮。la. T

20、he economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy.lb. The economy of China will converge with that of the world economy.l3) 這事到了現(xiàn)在，還是時(shí)時(shí)記起。la. Even now, this remains fresh in my memory.lb. Even now, I still often think about it.l4) 世紀(jì)之交，中國外交空前活躍。la. The turn of the century finds China

21、 most active on the diplomatic arena.lb. At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.l5) 在同新聞界談話的時(shí)候，上海人使用越來越多的最高級形容詞。la. When they talk to press, the Shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of the superlative degree.lb. You can hear Shanghai people using more

22、 and more adjectives of the superlative degree when they talk to the press.l6) 我又閑了一個(gè)多月了啦！ la. Ive been idle for another month now.lb. Another month now and Ive had no work.l7) （頤和園）1900年遭八國聯(lián)軍破壞。la. The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.lb. The palace suffe

23、red ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.l8) 她們逐漸地鎮(zhèn)定下來，有了自信。la. They gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence.lb. Gradually, they calmed down and regained self-confidence.l9) 封建社會(huì)代替奴隸社會(huì)，資本主義代替封建主義，社會(huì)主義經(jīng)歷一個(gè)過程發(fā)展后必然代替資本主義。lFeudal society replaced slavery society,

24、capitalism supplanted feudalism, and, after a long time, socialism will necessarily supersede capitalism.l10) （一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，中國人民在前進(jìn)道路上經(jīng)歷了三次歷史性的巨大變化）第一次是辛亥革命，第二次是中華人民共和國的成立，第三次是改革開放lThe first change was represented by the Revolution of 1911The second change was marked by the founding of the Peoples Republi

25、c of ChinaThe third change was featured by the reform, opening-up policy7. 謂語的確定應(yīng)該基于構(gòu)句（語法）的需要l1) 農(nóng)業(yè)搞好了，農(nóng)民能自給，五億人口就穩(wěn)定了。la. If agriculture is in good shape and the peasants self-supporting, then the 500 million people will feel secure.lb. If agriculture is in good shape and the peasants are self-suppo

26、rting, then the 500 million people will feel secure.l2) 關(guān)于如何改進(jìn)市民的居住條件問題市政府給予了充分重視。la. Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.lb. The municipal government has paid full attention to the housing conditions of the u

27、rban inhabitants.l膾炙人口的傳統(tǒng)京劇白蛇傳講的是源自明朝的故事。lThe White Snake, one of the most popular traditional Peking operas, is based on a story handed down from the Ming Dynasty.l意大利著名旅游家馬可波羅曾這樣敘述他印象中的杭州：“這是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人覺得自己是在天堂?！眑The famous Italian traveler Marco Polo was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou

28、 that he described it as “the most fascinating city in the world, where one feels as if he was in paradise.” l英雄造時(shí)勢，時(shí)勢造英雄。lHeroes create the times, the times produce their heroes.l一踏進(jìn)門檻，屋子里的混亂景象使我吃了一驚。lCrossing the threshold, I was taken aback by the mess in the house.l四川被稱為“天府之國”。lSichuan is noted

29、as the “Land of Abundance”.三、連動(dòng)式謂語的翻譯l漢語連動(dòng)式謂語就是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上謂語動(dòng)詞共用一個(gè)主語的結(jié)漢語連動(dòng)式謂語就是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上謂語動(dòng)詞共用一個(gè)主語的結(jié)構(gòu)，其特點(diǎn)是許多動(dòng)詞連用，組成幾個(gè)句段或小句。構(gòu)，其特點(diǎn)是許多動(dòng)詞連用，組成幾個(gè)句段或小句。l現(xiàn)代翻譯家林同濟(jì)先生曾提出漢語的現(xiàn)代翻譯家林同濟(jì)先生曾提出漢語的“動(dòng)詞優(yōu)勢說動(dòng)詞優(yōu)勢說”，他認(rèn)為：，他認(rèn)為：l“偏重動(dòng)詞著眼，運(yùn)用大量的動(dòng)詞集結(jié)，根據(jù)時(shí)間順序，一一予以偏重動(dòng)詞著眼，運(yùn)用大量的動(dòng)詞集結(jié)，根據(jù)時(shí)間順序，一一予以安排，甚至盡量省略關(guān)系詞以達(dá)到動(dòng)詞集中、動(dòng)詞突出的效果安排，甚至盡量省略關(guān)系詞以達(dá)到動(dòng)詞集中、

30、動(dòng)詞突出的效果這就是漢語造句手法的基本傾向。這就是漢語造句手法的基本傾向。”l 連動(dòng)式謂語是一種復(fù)雜謂語，它的復(fù)雜性體現(xiàn)在這些動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系連動(dòng)式謂語是一種復(fù)雜謂語，它的復(fù)雜性體現(xiàn)在這些動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系之中，既有并列關(guān)系，也有隱含的其他關(guān)系（包括條件、方式、之中，既有并列關(guān)系，也有隱含的其他關(guān)系（包括條件、方式、承接、因果、假設(shè)、目的等）。承接、因果、假設(shè)、目的等）。l翻譯時(shí)，要分析幾個(gè)連動(dòng)謂語之間的關(guān)系，分清主次關(guān)系和并列翻譯時(shí)，要分析幾個(gè)連動(dòng)謂語之間的關(guān)系，分清主次關(guān)系和并列關(guān)系，將主要?jiǎng)釉~譯成謂語，次要?jiǎng)釉~視不同情況，譯成各種從關(guān)系，將主要?jiǎng)釉~譯成謂語，次要?jiǎng)釉~視不同情況，譯成各種從屬結(jié)構(gòu)。屬結(jié)構(gòu)

31、。l另外，漢語連動(dòng)謂語通常按動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序排列，但譯成英另外，漢語連動(dòng)謂語通常按動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序排列，但譯成英語時(shí)，則可依照英語習(xí)慣進(jìn)行調(diào)整。語時(shí)，則可依照英語習(xí)慣進(jìn)行調(diào)整。 l他咳著從祖父的房間里慢慢走出來。他咳著從祖父的房間里慢慢走出來。（家）l原文中的“咳著”顯然是表示狀態(tài)的次要?jiǎng)釉~，因而在譯文中轉(zhuǎn)換成分詞短語，這種譯文句子就主次分明，層次感很好。lCoughing, he strolled out of the room of Grandpa.l l妻在屋里拍著閏兒，迷迷糊糊哼著眠歌。妻在屋里拍著閏兒，迷迷糊糊哼著眠歌。（荷塘月色）l顯然，“拍著閏兒”是主要?jiǎng)釉~，而”哼著眠歌”是

32、次要成分，故可譯成伴隨狀態(tài)的分詞短語。lIn the room, my wife was patting the son, Run-er, sleepily humming a cradle song.l l王夫人提了暖壺下席來。王夫人提了暖壺下席來。（紅樓夢）lLady Wang rose from her seat, with the wine pot in her hand. l可見，漢語中的非主要謂語動(dòng)詞也可譯成介詞短語。l l雙方見面寒暄幾句，甚至海闊天空地聊一番就各自走開雙方見面寒暄幾句，甚至海闊天空地聊一番就各自走開l四個(gè)動(dòng)詞連用。 “雙方見面”是表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的從屬成分，在譯文中

33、譯成時(shí)間狀語，“寒暄幾句” 和“聊一番”則是并列關(guān)系，可譯成兩個(gè)并列謂語。lWhen two strangers are introduced to each other, they will greet each other briefly, or even chat casually for quite a few minutes, and then excuse themselves. l愚公批駁了智叟的錯(cuò)誤思想，毫不動(dòng)搖每天挖山不止。愚公批駁了智叟的錯(cuò)誤思想，毫不動(dòng)搖每天挖山不止。（愚公移山）l 原文中的兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞之間是時(shí)間先后關(guān)系，譯文可通過完成現(xiàn)在分詞短語來表示這種關(guān)系。lHavin

34、g criticized the wrong views of the Wise Old Man, they kept digging every day with unshakable determination. l l 我悄悄地披上了大衫，帶上門出去了。我悄悄地披上了大衫，帶上門出去了。l分析：三個(gè)并列謂語，也是時(shí)間先后關(guān)系。在翻譯時(shí)可將“出去”作為主要?jiǎng)釉~，其他兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞可處理成分詞短語。lShrugging on an overcoat, I made my way out, closing the door behind me.l-分析：很好地體現(xiàn)了英語多從屬結(jié)構(gòu)、少用并列謂語的特點(diǎn)

35、。l l 海洋覆蓋了地球表面的海洋覆蓋了地球表面的71%，是全球生命支持系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)基本組成部分。，是全球生命支持系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)基本組成部分。lThe ocean, which covers 71 percent of the earths surface, is a basic component of the global bio-support system.l分析：可見，我們也可把漢語句子中的非主要謂語譯成從句的形式。l后來，青蛇精在深山中修煉，習(xí)武多年，終于砸爛了那座塔，救出白蛇精。后來，青蛇精在深山中修煉，習(xí)武多年，終于砸爛了那座塔，救出白蛇精。（白蛇傳）lFor many year a

36、fterwards, the Blue Snake Spirit hid in deep mountains and trained herself in martial arts and various supernatural powers. Eventually, she rescued the White Snake Spirit by smashing the tower.l原文如果譯成一個(gè)句子，譯文就顯得冗長和拖沓，不夠精練，根據(jù)原文的意群，將原文在中間斷開，譯成兩個(gè)句子。結(jié)語l就譯文本身而言，提高漢英翻譯質(zhì)量的一個(gè)關(guān)就譯文本身而言，提高漢英翻譯質(zhì)量的一個(gè)關(guān)問題是避免所謂問題是避免

37、所謂“中文式英文中文式英文” (“Chinglish”) 。翻譯的最大課題之一就是擺。翻譯的最大課題之一就是擺脫原文字面的束縛。脫原文字面的束縛。l漢英翻譯中，選擇謂語要考慮漢英翻譯中，選擇謂語要考慮搭配搭配、習(xí)慣表達(dá)習(xí)慣表達(dá)方式方式、邏輯語法關(guān)系邏輯語法關(guān)系等多種因素。能找到意義等多種因素。能找到意義相符、功能相似的詞或短語固然最好，若不能相符、功能相似的詞或短語固然最好，若不能則需要變通。詞語間的恰當(dāng)搭配是寫作的基本則需要變通。詞語間的恰當(dāng)搭配是寫作的基本要求之一，也是翻譯時(shí)要考慮的因素之一。弄要求之一，也是翻譯時(shí)要考慮的因素之一。弄不好就會(huì)造成誤解，甚至貽笑大方。不好就會(huì)造成誤解，甚至貽

38、笑大方。l我的手機(jī)電不足了。l他對這件事情漠不關(guān)心。l不同國家的社會(huì)習(xí)俗往往大相徑庭。l這個(gè)月的銷售額遠(yuǎn)沒有達(dá)到我們的預(yù)期數(shù)目。l第二次世界大戰(zhàn)是1945年8月15日結(jié)束的。l在新的職位上你會(huì)不斷受到來自各方的批評。l星期天早晨他的身體狀況仍未好轉(zhuǎn)。l這種打字機(jī)輕便高效、經(jīng)久耐用又經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠，適合高中學(xué)生使用。l我禁不住流下了熱淚。幸虧月光下的夜色，沒讓人看到我的脆弱。l近年來，中、泰兩國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速，為兩國的經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易合作提供了良好的基礎(chǔ)。l我的手機(jī)電不足了。lMy mobile phone is low-powered（ battery is low ）.lMy mobile phone

39、 is running low on battery.l他對這件事情漠不關(guān)心。lHe is indifferent to the matter.lHis attitude towards the matter is one of difference.l不同國家的社會(huì)習(xí)俗往往大相徑庭。lConventions in different country is often very different.lSocial customs are usually different from country to country.l這個(gè)月的銷售額遠(yuǎn)沒有達(dá)到我們的預(yù)期數(shù)目。lThe sales volum

40、e this month is far from our expected targets.lThe sales volume this month has failed our expected targets by a large margin.l第二次世界大戰(zhàn)是1945年8月15日結(jié)束的。lThe Second World War ended on august 15th, 1945.lWorld War II came to an end on August 15th, 1945.l在新的職位上你會(huì)不斷受到來自各方的批評。lAt your new post you will conti

41、nuously (constantly) receive criticism from all sides.l星期天早晨他的身體狀況仍未好轉(zhuǎn)。lSunday morning found him still unwell.l這種打字機(jī)輕便高效、經(jīng)久耐用又經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠，適合高中學(xué)生使用。lThis type of typewriter is portable and durable, economical and practical for high school students.l我禁不住流下了熱淚。幸虧月光下的夜色，沒讓人看到我的脆弱。lI felt tears streaming from my