講義課件講稿skull

1、 Section 4 The skull Cerebral cranium (8)inferior nasal conchae, vomer, mandible, hyoid.Chapter 3 Myology Section 1 The general description A. Three variations of muscular tissue 1. According to the gross structure 1) skeletal muscle 2) smooth muscle 3) cardiac muscle 2. According to the microscopic

2、 structure 1) striped(striated) muscle (skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle) 2) unstriated muscle (smooth muscle) 3. According to the function 1) voluntary muscle (skeletal muscle) 2) involuntary muscle (smooth and cardiac muscles) B. The morphology of skeletal muscles 1. 4 kinds of skeletal muscles

3、long, short, broad, orbicular muscles. 2. The direction of muscular fibers bipennate muscles unipennate muscles multipennate muscles 3. The tendinous number digastric m., biceps m., triceps m., quadriceps m. bipennate muscles unipennate muscles multipennate muscles digastric m., biceps m., triceps m

4、., quadriceps m.C.The gross structures of a skeletal muscle: 1. Belly and tendon : aponeurosis, tendinous intersection intermediate tendon digastric m. triceps m. biceps m. quadriceps m.D.The origin, insertion of skeletal muscle: 1.The fixation of muscles: most muscles are attached to bones, cartila

5、ges, ligaments, fasciae or combination of them, some are attached to organs, skin or mucous membrane. 2. Origin and insertion: a) in general, when a muscle contracts or shortens, fixed attachment is origin, the moveable one is insertion, so in limbs, the distal parts of muscles usually are insertion

6、. b) sometimes the flexion and movement parts of the muscle may be exchanged each other.E . The action of the muscles: 1. Prime movers or agonists: contract actively 2. Antagonists: oppose the action of a prime mover 3. Synergist: cooperate in performing an action 4. Fixators F. The nomenclature of

7、muscles: The names of muscles indicated shape, location, actions or their combination of muscles.G.The accessory structures of the muscles 1.The fascia: a) superficial fascia (fat, the trunks of subcutaneous vessels and nerves, the superficial lymph notes, the mammary gland and cutaneous muscles.) b

8、) deep fascia (proper fascia) -form some sheaths for each or group of muscles and for vessels and nervous. -intermuscular septa separating the groups of muscles -retinaculum for its underlying tendons.G. The accessory structures of the muscles gland and certain cutaneous muscles.2.The synovial tendo

9、n sheath (or tendinous sheath): 2 layers a) fibrous layer (or fibrous sheath of tendon) b) synovial layer (or synovial sheath of tendon) - parietal layer and visceral layer (synovial fluid) - mesotendon (mesotendineum) carries blood vessels to the tendon. 3. The synovial bursa 4. The sesamoid bones Section 2