牛津上海版九年級初三培優(yōu)講義 名詞專題+名詞所有格

1、.教育學科老師輔導教案 學員編號： 年 級： 初三 課 時 數(shù)：3學員姓名： 輔導科目：英語 學科老師：汪術芹課程主題：名詞專題授課時間：學習目的掌握中考中名詞的考點教學內容內容回顧上次作業(yè)的習題講評以及筆記的抽查。知識精講知識點一名詞的分類及用法【知識梳理】名詞的分類及用法名詞專有名詞Beijing北京China中國Jack杰克普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個體名詞ball球book書pen鋼筆集體名詞police警察public公眾family家庭不可數(shù)名詞物質名稱milk牛奶snow雪water水抽象名詞beauty美peace和平science科學1、表示特定的人名、地名、團體、機構、星期等的名詞叫

2、專有名詞。a.專有名詞一般為不可數(shù)名詞，前面一般不加冠詞，且第一個字母必須大寫。如，Sam山姆 Mr. Wang王先生 President Bush 布什總統(tǒng)London倫敦 Reuters路透社 Sunday星期天b.含有普通名詞的專有名詞、姓氏復數(shù)和表示江河、湖泊、山脈、海洋、群島等的專有名詞前要加定冠詞the。the Great Wall長城 the Smiths史密斯一家 the Yangtze River 長江the West Lake西湖 the Himalayas喜馬拉雅山 the Pacific Ocean太平洋2、表示單個人或事物的名詞叫個體名詞。There is a pot

3、ato in the basket.籃子里有一個土豆。A stampis used for sending a letter.郵票是用來寄信的。個體名詞前可以加冠詞a/an表示一類3、表示某一類人或事物總稱的名詞叫集體名詞。a. family家庭，team隊，class班級等集體名詞在句中做主語時，假如看做一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；強調集體中的成員時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。His family has moved to Shanghai.他家搬到上海去了。His family arewatching TV now.如今他的家人正在看電視。b. police 警察，常加定冠詞the，做主語時，

4、謂語動詞只用復數(shù)形式。The police are searching the village for the murderer.警察正在村子里搜尋那個殺人犯。c.很多情況下，集體名詞作主語，謂語動詞可以用單數(shù)形式或復數(shù)形式。The public has/have the right to know the fact.公眾有權知道真相。4、表示無法分為個體的物質或本質名詞叫物質名詞。Would you like some bread？你想吃點面包嗎？Its important for us to save water. 節(jié)約用水對我們來說很重要。5、表示品質、動作、狀態(tài)、情感等抽象概念的名詞叫

5、抽象名詞。Although he is very old，he is in good health.雖然他年紀很大，但是他身體很安康。They were astonished at the beauty of the girl.他們驚訝于那個女孩的美麗?！纠}精講】I. 從A.B.C.D四個選項中選出一個最正確答案。1. Henry is American, and now he is studying in Beijing University. A. / B. theC. aD. an2. We went to West Lake during National Day last year

6、. A. the; theB. the; /C. /; /D. /; the3. My family watching TV at seven yesterday evening. A. wasB. isC. are D. were4. The police caught some of the robbers since the robbery happened. A. haveB. hasC. hadD. are5. We should have in ourselves and we will make it if we have a try. A. successB. confiden

7、ceC. progressD. knowledge6. He gave us on how to improve our oral English. A. some advicesB. some adviceC. an adviceD. a advice7. The football team listening to the popular music now. A. are B. isC. wasD. were8. A: There a lot of meat on the plate. Would you like some? B: Just a little, please. A. i

8、sB. areC. amD. be9. There is only a little in the fridge. Thats not enough for dinner. A. a eggB. eggsC. a chickenD. chicken答案：A B D A B B A A D【課堂練習】1. I need_ cloth, for I'm hoping to make _clothes. A. a lot of; many    B. much; much  C. many; many   D. many; a lot 2._

9、work has been done to improve the peoples living standard. A . Many B.A great many             C. A large number of D. A great deal of3. We have only a sofa, a table and a bed in our new apartment. We need to buy _ more furniture. A. any

10、60;      B. many            C. little             D. some4. I hear_ boys in your school like playing football in their spare time, though others prefer basketball. A

11、. quite a lot   B. quite a few          C. quite a bit        D. quite a little5. We always keep _ spare paper, in case we ran out. A. too much         B. a number of

12、0;          C. plenty of         D. a good many6.Many people agree that _of English is a must in international trade today. A. a knowledge B. knowledges C. knowledge D. the knowledge 答案：A D D B C A知識點二不可數(shù)名詞和可數(shù)名詞【知識梳

13、理】不可數(shù)名詞和可數(shù)名詞1、不可加不定冠詞或詳細數(shù)詞計數(shù)的名詞叫不可數(shù)名詞。water 水 practice練習 meat肉 information信息 paper紙張 news 新聞2、不可數(shù)名詞前可以加little，a little，a bit of，some ，much，a lot of ，plenty of等表示數(shù)量。Theres a little water in the glass.玻璃杯里有一點水。There isnt much rain in spring in our city.我們這個城市春季雨水不多。3、不可數(shù)名詞沒有復數(shù)形式，不可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。The

14、re is a glass of milk on the table.桌子上有一杯牛奶。There are two glasses of milk on the table.桌子上有兩杯牛奶。注：不可數(shù)名詞前假設有復數(shù)的量詞，謂語動詞那么用復數(shù)形式。4、表示單個人或事物的名詞是單數(shù)名詞。單數(shù)名詞在句中出現(xiàn)時，其前常加冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞、指示代詞等限定詞。There are lots of people in the park on the weekend.周末，公園里有很多人。His father often helps him with his English.他父親經(jīng)常幫助他學英語。T

15、his book is mine and that one is yours.這本書是我的，那本是你的。There isa “u and an “h in the word “huge.在單詞huge里有一個“u和一個“h。注：以元音指音素開頭的名詞前用an，以輔音指音素開頭的名詞前用a。5、數(shù)詞和單位名詞一起作定語時，單位名詞只能用單數(shù)形式。The eight-year-old boy won the race.那個八歲的男孩贏了比賽。We usually have a one-hour meeting every Saturday.我們通常每周六開一小時會。6、作定語的名詞一般是單數(shù)名詞。

16、He often works in his vegetable garden in the afternoon.下午他經(jīng)常在菜園里干活。Did you watch the weather report on TV？你看電視上的天氣預報了嗎?7、表示兩個或兩個以上的概念時，用名詞的復數(shù)形式。Thomas Edison never gave up. During his lifetime, he had 1093 inventions.托馬斯·愛迪生從不放棄，他一生有1093項創(chuàng)造。8、可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)前可加a few，some，many，a number of，lots of等修飾。I o

17、nly have a few pennies with me.我身上只有幾便士。How many students are there in your class.你們班有多少學生？9本身只有復數(shù)的名詞，可以用復數(shù)作定語。savings bank 儲蓄銀行 sports meeting運動會 clothes shop 服裝店不可數(shù)名詞與可數(shù)名詞的轉換1. 有些物質名詞表示不同種類時可以有復數(shù)形式。如，fishes, fruits, 2. 有些抽象名詞表示詳細的事物時，是可數(shù)名詞。如, shame/ pity憾事, interest樂事, pleasure樂事, surprise意 外事, di

18、sappointment令人絕望的人或事, success 成功的人或事, difficulty 難事, help 幫手等。3. 表示“一場/段/件/種時，要用a或an，此時多有形容詞或of短語修飾。 如，a fine rain一陣細雨,a heavy snow一場大雪, a long time很長一段時間。4. 表示“一杯/罐/瓶的tea, coffee, drink, beer等，可以用an或數(shù)詞修飾，也有復數(shù)形式。如two teas and a coffee兩杯茶和一杯咖啡；5. 有的名詞可數(shù)與否由意思而定。如：  paper glass time exercise exper

19、ience room 不可數(shù): 紙; 玻璃; 時間; 鍛煉, 經(jīng)歷; 空間余地 可數(shù): 試卷; 玻璃杯; 次、倍; 習題、體操; 經(jīng)歷 ;房間6. 有些不可數(shù)名詞，無論在什么情況下也沒有復數(shù)形式的，即使受形容詞修飾也不能加不定冠詞的。如advice, fun, homework, information, news, progress, equipment, furniture, baggage/luggage, jewellery, clothing等。名詞的修飾語只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的有each, either, neither, another, these, those, both, 1.

20、a few, several, many, a great /good many, a large number of, scores of, dozens of等。2. 只能修飾不可數(shù)的有a little, much, a bit of, a great deal of, a large amount of等。3. 既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有some, any, half, most, all, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, quantities of等。【例題精講】Weve missed the last

21、bus. Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi. A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection 答案B可以將“ have no choice but to do 視為一個構造，如今考察這類搭配的題有很多，如： I am sure David will be able to find the library he has a pretty good _ of direction.A idea Bfeeling Cexperience Dsense 答案DA rough estimate, Nigeria i

22、s_ Great Britain. A. three times the size as B. the size three times of C. three times as the size ofD. three times the size of 答案D注意名詞用來表示比較的特殊用法。它的構造為“倍數(shù)+the +名詞+ of + 對象。常用在該構造中的名詞為：the size of; the weight of; the length of .【課堂練習】1. Heres my card. Lets keep in _. A. touch B. relation C. connecti

23、on D. friendship 2. You can take as many as you like because they are free of _. A. fare B. charge C. money D. pay 3. The manager has got a good business _ so the company is doing well. Aidea Bsense Cthought DThinking4. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the childrens _. A reach B hand C hold

24、 D place答案 答案：1.A 2.B 3.B 4 A 知識點三名詞復數(shù)的變化規(guī)那么【知識梳理】名詞復數(shù)的變化規(guī)那么名詞復數(shù)的規(guī)那么變化一般詞尾直接加-scup-cups杯子 pen-pens鋼筆以s, x, ch, sh結尾的詞加-esbus-buses公車 box-boxes箱子match-matches火柴 brush-brushes刷子以輔音字母+y結尾的名詞，變y為i再加-esfamily-families家庭 city-cities城市l(wèi)ibrary-libraries圖書館 factory-factories工廠 以f，fe結尾的名詞，變f，fe為v，再加-esshelf-s

25、helves架子 thief-thieves小偷leaf-leaves葉子 wolf-wolves狼 以o結尾的名詞，詞尾加-es或-spotato-potatoes土豆 hero-heroes英雄photo-photos照片 radio-radios收音機注意：有時，以f或fe結尾的名詞變復數(shù)時，只需要在詞尾直接加-s即可，如： roof-roofs房頂 chief-chiefs領袖 個別以f或fe結尾的名詞會有兩種復數(shù)形式，如：handkerchief-handkerchiefs/handkerchieves2、名詞復數(shù)的不規(guī)那么變化。內部元音變化man-men男人 woman-women

26、婦女 tooth-teeth牙齒 詞尾變化child-children孩子 ox-oxen公牛單復數(shù)同形sheep-sheep綿羊 deer-deer鹿 fish-fish魚 Swiss瑞士表示某國人詞尾加-sRussians 俄國人 Germans德國人 單復數(shù)同形Japanese日本人 Chinese中國人內部元音變化Englishman-Englishmen英國人 FrenchmanFrenchmen 法 國 人 不同國家的人的單復數(shù) 名稱 總稱謂語用復數(shù)一個人 兩個人中國人the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swiss a Swiss two

27、 Swiss澳大利亞人the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄國人the Russians a Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希臘人the Greek a Greek two Greeks法國人the French a Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese美國人the Americans an American two Americans印度人the Indians a

28、n Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德國人the Germans a German two Germans英國人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedish a Swedetwo Swedes 3、名詞復數(shù)的特殊形式a.前面加冠詞the表示全體的集體名詞無復數(shù)形式，但表達復數(shù)概念。the police 警察 the English 英國人 the French 法國人 the Swiss 瑞士人b.表達男女職業(yè)時，職業(yè)名詞用復數(shù)時，作定語的man/

29、woman也要變復數(shù)。a man teacher-men teachers 男老師 a woman nurse-women-nurses女護士c.合成名詞變復數(shù)時，把主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)；沒有主體名詞的在詞尾變化。comrade-in-arms- comrades-in-arms同志 grown-up-grown-ups成年人d.有些作為不可數(shù)的物質名詞、抽象名詞或集體名詞變復數(shù)時，意義不同。fruit水果-fruits各種水果 paper紙-papers文件 people人-peoples民族e.只用作復數(shù)的名詞。glasses眼鏡 scissors剪刀 trousers褲子 shoes鞋【例題

30、精講】_ will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas. A. The EvensB. The Evens C. The EvensesD. The Evenses 答案 C專有名詞的復數(shù)與定冠詞連用，常用來表示“一家人或一家之中的兩個或幾個重要的人。如：- Who did you spend last weekend with?- _. A PalmersB The Palmers C The PalmersD The Palmers答案 CMr Smith has two _, both of whom are

31、teachers in a school. Abrothers-in-lawBbrother-in-lawsCbrothers-in-lawsDbrothers-in law 答案 A以連字符號連接的合成名詞一般將中心名詞變成復數(shù)，如：managers-in-chief; fathers-in-law。假如沒有中心名詞就在該合成詞的最后加 s。如：grown-ups。知識點四名詞的所有格【知識梳理】1、表示有生命物的單數(shù)名詞和不以s結尾的復數(shù)名詞的所有格在詞尾加-sMikes computer 邁克的電腦 my sisters husband我姐姐的丈夫Childrens Day兒童節(jié) wom

32、ens clothes女裝2、以s結尾的復數(shù)名詞，在詞尾加-即可。students books 學生們的書 visitors center游客中心 his parents hope3、兩個人共有的，在最后詞尾加-s，兩個人各自有的，在每個名詞詞尾加-s。Nick and Sams room尼克和山姆的房間兩個人共用一個房間Nicks and Sams rooms尼克的房價和山姆的房間兩人各有一個房間4、表示時間、間隔 、國家、城市、天體、重量、江河等無生命的物質名詞，也可在詞尾加-s，以s結尾的復數(shù)名詞，在詞尾加-即可。tomorrows weather 明天的天氣 ten minutes w

33、alk步行非常鐘的路程Beijings streets北京的街道 the earths depth地球深處5、表示無生命物的名詞常用“of+名詞的構造構成所有格。Jinan is the capital of Shandong province.濟南是山東的省會。Theres a map of China and a map of the world in our classroom.我們教室有一張中國地圖和一張世界地圖。6、of所有格和-s所有格一起構成的所有格加雙重所有格。a friend of Toms湯姆的一個朋友a student of my mothers我媽媽的一名學生a pho

34、to of his uncles他叔叔的一張照片他叔叔照片中的一張注意：雙重所有格中帶有-s所有格的名詞必須是一個明確限定的指人的名詞，同時前面的名詞必須不確指。a cousin of my fathers我父親的一個堂兄知識補充：a photo of my sister與a photo of my sistersa photo of my sister我姐姐的一張照片照片上的人是我姐姐a photo of my sisters我姐姐照片中的一張照片是屬于我姐姐的，但照片上的人不一定是我姐姐7、表示店鋪或者某人的家時，可省略所修飾的名詞，只保存所有格。at my aunts home在我姑姑家

35、 at the doctors clinic在醫(yī)生的診所里at the barbersshop在理發(fā)店 at the Greenshome在格林家 8、名詞所有格修飾的名詞在上文提到過，或兩個名詞所有格修飾的詞一樣，第二個名詞可以省略。A：Whose pencil is this？這是誰的鉛筆？B：Its Tomspencil.是湯姆的Its not Lindas fault, but Marys fault.這不是琳達的過錯，而是馬麗的過錯。【例題精講】名詞做定語1.The village is far away from here indeed. Its _walk.   A.

36、a four hour      B. a four hours    C. a four-hours     D. a four hours 2.He dropped the _and broke it. A. cup of coffee         B. coffee's cup        

37、; C. cup for coffee   D. coffee cup3. The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it. A. bicycles shop   B. bicycle shop  C. bicycles shop  D. bicycless shop4. It took us quite a long time to get here. It was _ journey. A. three-hour B. a three hour C. a thre

38、e-hour D. three hours 答案 D D B C1.一般用單數(shù)形式。如a stone bridge石橋, a meeting room會議室, morning exercise早操, London Airport倫敦機場, a story book故事書，a shoe shop鞋店。2. man, woman要與所修飾的名詞的數(shù)一致。如a woman teacher一位女老師, two women teachers兩位女老師。3. sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等只用復數(shù)形式。如 a sports meet 運動會, a

39、 goods train貨車, customs house海關, a sales manager營業(yè)主任。4.數(shù)詞+名詞作定語,假設有連字符，名詞用單數(shù)；假設無連字符，名詞用所有格。 1. You can get much _about the World Expo on the Internet. A) map B picture C ticket D information【解析】選D?？崭袂癿uch后+不可數(shù)n. 選項中只能選D。2. The old man used to raise many _ to make a living on the farm. A duck B horse

40、 C bird D sheep【解析】選D。many后+可數(shù)n. 但是ABD選項雖然為可數(shù)n. 但是需要后面加s。3. I didnt sleep well last night because there was too much _ on the road. A bicycle B accident C traffic D car【解析】選C。much后+不可數(shù)n. 選項ABD都是可數(shù)n.4. Would you please give us some on writing English letters? A tip B suggestion C advice D idea【解析】選C。

41、some后+可數(shù)/不可數(shù)n. 但是ABD都需要在后面+s才能放在some后面，故只能選C。5. Mike hurt one of hisin an accident yesterday. Shall we go and see him after school'? A arm B feet C hand D leg【解析】選B。one of后+名詞復數(shù)，只有B選項符合。【課堂練習】I. 從A.B.C.D四個選項中選出一個最正確答案。1. So Ive got one holiday. A. weeksB. weeksC. weeksD. week2. The PLA man saved

42、 three lives in the accident. A. childrensB. childrenC. childD. childs3. Can you imagine what life will be like in time? A. 20 yearsB. 20 yearsC. 20-yearsD. 20-years4. room is big and bright. They like it very much. A. Tom and Sam B. Toms and Sam C. Tom and SamsD. Toms and Sams5. fathers are both sc

43、ientists. A. Jims and BobB. Jims and BobsC. Jim and BobsD. Jim and Bob6. is covered with heavy snow.A.The surface of earthB. The earths surfaceC. The earths surfaceD. The surface7. is too much for a little boy to carry.A. The weight of a bikeB. A bikes weightC. The weights of a bikeD. Bikes weight8.

44、 He said he was going to help with English. A. a friend of Marys; herC. a friend of Marys; hersB. a friend of Mary; herD. a friend of Mary; hers9. I went to my yesterday and had a wonderful time there. A. auntB. auntsC. auntsD. aunts10. The shop sells clothing. A. children and womensC. childrens and

45、 womensB. childs and womansD. childrens and womenII. 用括號里詞的適當形式或根據(jù)漢語完成句子1. Im not myself today. I think I must go to the doctor.2. Lily and Linda seats are on the left.3. With the 戰(zhàn)士 help, the boy could go to school again. His parents thanked him very much.4. This is a photo of my 姐姐. She was ten th

46、en. 答案：I. BAACB BAABCII. 1.doctors 2.Lily and Lindas 3.soldiers 4.sister總結回顧課后作業(yè)II. Choose the best answer. 選擇最恰當?shù)拇鸢?共20分 黃浦一模2019 26. We always say “please whenever we ask someone to do things. Which of the following is correct for underlined word in the sentence?A. /plæz/ B. /plez/ C. /pli:z/

47、 D. /plz/ 27. The concert will begin _ seven in the evening. Please be there on time.A. of B. in C. on D. at28. It takes me an hour on average to get from home _ my workplace every day.A. with B. at C. by D. to29. For the difficulties ahead, Mr. Black talked to _ patiently one by one.A. they B. them

48、 C. their D. themselves30. Lily tried on some new shoes, but she took _ in the end. They were too expensive.A. all B. none C. both D. either31. I was so busy with my school work that I had _ time to play with my friends in those days.A. little B. a little C. few D. a few32. Lots of _ may cause the y

49、oung students to have strong feelings against school.A. exercise B. lesson C. exam D. homework33. It is a rule that visitors _ touch the paintings at the exhibition.A. neednt B. mustnt C. may not D. wouldnt34. With more practice, I found reading was not as _ as I used to think.A. so difficult B. dif

50、ficult C. more difficult D. too difficult35. Nowadays Chinese _ in quite a few countries such as Singapore, South Korea, Japan, etc.A. speak B. speaks C. speaking D. is spoken36. Jack worked very hard at every subject, _ he gained a scholarship 獎學金 last term.A. so B. and C. or D. But37. If you want

51、to be on time for an important meeting in a crowded city like Shanghai, youd better _ home early.A. to leave B. leave C. leaving D. left38. Mr. White will take charge of _ invitation cards for the celebration party next month.A. prepare B. prepared C. preparing D. to prepare39. We _ several meetings to discuss the plan of volunteers in the community since last week.A. are having B. have had C. had D. have40. I promise if Jane has any difficulties doing the new job, I _ the first one to help her.A. am B. was C. would be D. will be41. The roast beef cooked by mum seems so _ that my mou