英語(yǔ) 寫作 改編

1、精銳教育學(xué)科教師輔導(dǎo)教案學(xué)員編號(hào)：所屬年級(jí)：小六課 時(shí) 數(shù)：3學(xué)員姓名：輔導(dǎo)科目：英語(yǔ)學(xué)科教師：郭歡課程主題：寫作授課時(shí)間：2018-01-01 17:30-19:30學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)1.掌握常見(jiàn)的作文寫作體裁和寫作套路。2.認(rèn)識(shí)并避免常見(jiàn)的寫作錯(cuò)誤。3.掌握中考作文寫作要求和技巧。教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.回顧上次課內(nèi)容一.（總）知識(shí)梳理【知識(shí)梳理】1.中考寫作常見(jiàn)考查方式：作文專題一、語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題1.主謂齊全 作為一個(gè)句子，在一般情況下都應(yīng)具備主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，但同學(xué)們寫的句子經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)主謂殘缺不全的現(xiàn)象。V是有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞。常帶賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的詞有形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、名詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞。常見(jiàn)的可接賓

2、語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞很多，哪些動(dòng)詞可接哪幾種形式作賓補(bǔ)，須根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的慣用法而定，不能統(tǒng)而概論?！纠}精講】1、found him out 缺少 主語(yǔ) ,改為 I(He She.) found him out. 2、I saw him in 缺少 賓語(yǔ) ,改為 I saw him at home.(in the school.) 【鞏固練習(xí)】1、She in the school. 缺少 ,改為 2、Mr. Li from Beijing. 缺少 ,改為 Keys：謂語(yǔ)，She is in the school.謂語(yǔ)，Mr. Li comes/is from Beijing. 2.關(guān)系一致

3、這里包括主謂關(guān)系的一致、代詞指代關(guān)系的一致、句子前后時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系的一致等等。例如：【例題精講】（錯(cuò)誤）In my eyes, we should do our best to achieve your goals.（正確）In my eyes, we should do our best to achieve our goals.我認(rèn)為，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)，我們應(yīng)該盡最大的努力。批注：人稱的前后一致是作文中的重點(diǎn)，應(yīng)避免因粗心所導(dǎo)致的錯(cuò)誤，例如前面以I為敘述者，而后面又說(shuō)we should。避免這類錯(cuò)誤最好的方法就是寫完作文以后一定要檢查！【鞏固練習(xí)】1、I usually swim

4、ming there. 圈出句中錯(cuò)誤，改為 2、There is many balloons. 圈出句中錯(cuò)誤，改為 3、There are going to have a concert.圈出句中錯(cuò)誤，改為 4、Alice gives me his books. 圈出句中錯(cuò)誤，改為 Keys： 1、I usually swim there. 2、 There are many balloons. 3、There are going to be a concert. 4、Alice gives me her books.3.詞序恰當(dāng) 英語(yǔ)詞的詞序有些是有規(guī)

5、則可循的，有些要根據(jù)作者強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)調(diào)整位置。4.前后連貫 這是指一個(gè)句子里的詞語(yǔ)要銜接得當(dāng)，關(guān)系清楚，合乎邏輯。5.簡(jiǎn)練 不要堆砌修飾性詞語(yǔ)。在沒(méi)有把握的情況下，不要用從句，應(yīng)該多用簡(jiǎn)單句。6.用詞準(zhǔn)確 用詞恰當(dāng)，形容詞副詞，連詞，介詞等，位置和選詞要注意，盡量用有把握的詞?！纠}精講】1、Several hours after, he was surprised. 圈出句中錯(cuò)誤，改為Several hours later, he was surprised.【鞏固練習(xí)】1、He st

6、udies very hardly. 圈出句中錯(cuò)誤，改為_(kāi)2、When I was a small child. 圈出句中錯(cuò)誤，改為_(kāi)3、This film is very good-looking. 圈出句中錯(cuò)誤，改為_(kāi)Keys：1、He studies very hard. 2、When I was a little child. 3、This film is very i

7、nteresting.二、重點(diǎn)句子1.主旨句主題句一般位于段首，也可置于段尾或段中，考生最好放在段首，這樣較易掌握和構(gòu)思。位于段首：在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主題句。開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山地提出問(wèn)題，后面的擴(kuò)展句圍繞主題加以說(shuō)明、支持、補(bǔ)充和解釋;位于段尾：主題句位于段尾便于總結(jié)全段的內(nèi)容，給讀者以深刻的印象，是寫作中的一種演繹方法;位于段中：位于段中的主題句起承上啟下的作用，這類主題句多起轉(zhuǎn)折作用，一般由“but,however, yet, anyhow, nevertheless”等詞連接，用于引起下文;無(wú)主題句：有的段落中無(wú)主題句，段落的主題思想通過(guò)文章內(nèi)容來(lái)提示，這種方法能促使讀者對(duì)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)

8、行思考和分析，但】考生一般不宜在考試中采用這種方法。批注：主題句要概括一定內(nèi)容，不要空泛，否則擴(kuò)展句將難以說(shuō)明和支持它; 盡量使用簡(jiǎn)單句或簡(jiǎn)潔明了 的句子; 主題句應(yīng)該做到句子完整和表達(dá)的主題思想完整; 關(guān)鍵詞是直接表達(dá)主題的詞匯， 它決定段落的內(nèi)容和展開(kāi)的方法，引導(dǎo)整個(gè)段落的發(fā)展【例題精講】題目：請(qǐng)以 ” The importance of eyes” “眼睛的重要性”為題，寫一篇不少于60單詞的作文。主題句：Our eyes is very important. Without eyes the life will get dark. So we must protect our eyes

9、.【鞏固練習(xí)】題目：請(qǐng)以 ” My dream” “我的夢(mèng)想”為題，寫一篇不少于60單詞的作文。主題句：_Keys: I like playing the piano and I good at it. So I want to become a piano player.(符合條件即可)2.擴(kuò)展句圍繞主題句展開(kāi)，支持、說(shuō)明和闡述主題句的句子便是擴(kuò)展句。擴(kuò)展句緊扣主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞而展開(kāi)，句子與句子之間邏輯清楚，上下轉(zhuǎn)承結(jié)合得當(dāng)，簡(jiǎn)明扼要，重點(diǎn)突出。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，每個(gè)自然段除了主題句與結(jié)尾句之外，還包含了3-6 個(gè)擴(kuò)展句。所以，寫好了擴(kuò)展句便基本上完成一個(gè)自然段落。做題時(shí)，一旦定下了主題和關(guān)鍵詞，便

10、按照自己的思路來(lái)組織段落中的句子，句子之間要具有連貫性，就必須由一系列的邏輯關(guān)系構(gòu)成，例如：并列關(guān)系，因果關(guān)系，遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，解釋關(guān)系，概括關(guān)系，順序關(guān)系，讓步關(guān)系，對(duì)照、比較關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系等等，這些邏輯關(guān)系可由一系列的過(guò)渡詞來(lái)體現(xiàn)。3.結(jié)尾句結(jié)尾句是對(duì)主旨句的呼應(yīng)，它通常導(dǎo)出擴(kuò)展句所陳述的結(jié)果。文章結(jié)尾的形式也是多種多樣的，常見(jiàn)的有以下幾種： 1）首尾呼應(yīng)，畫龍點(diǎn)睛在文章的結(jié)尾，把含義較深的話放在末尾，以點(diǎn)明主題，深化主題，起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的效果。如“I Cannot Forget Her” （我忘不了她）的結(jié)尾：After he

11、r death， I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away， but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having 

12、;given her life for the benefit of the people.2）重復(fù)主題句結(jié)尾回到文章開(kāi)頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”（我愛(ài)家鄉(xiāng)）的結(jié)尾：I love my home town, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for t

13、he good of our motherland.3）自然結(jié)尾隨著文章的結(jié)束，文章自然而然地結(jié)尾。如“Fishing”的結(jié)尾：I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours， but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing， we lay down on the river ba

14、nk， bathing in the sun. We returned home very late. 4）含蓄性的結(jié)尾  用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接點(diǎn)明作者的看法，而是讓讀者自己去領(lǐng)會(huì)和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”（收割的日子）的結(jié)尾：  Evening came before we realized it. We put down our

15、60;sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with  sweat， but on every face there was a smile. 5）用反問(wèn)結(jié)尾  雖然形式是問(wèn)句，但意義卻是肯定的，并具有特別的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，引起讀者深思。如“Should We Learn to Do

16、 Housework？”（我們要不要學(xué)做家務(wù)？） 的結(jié)尾。 Everyone should learn to do housework. Don't you agree， boys and girls？6）指明方向，激勵(lì)讀者結(jié)尾表示對(duì)將來(lái)的展望，或期待讀者投入行動(dòng)。如“Let's Go in for Sports”（讓我們參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng)）的結(jié)尾：As we have said above, sports

17、 can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work better. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let's go in for sports.批注：文章的結(jié)尾沒(méi)有一定的模式，可以根據(jù)表達(dá)主題的需要靈活創(chuàng)造。一般的習(xí)慣是，一些記敘文和描寫文經(jīng)常采用自然結(jié)尾的方法；但說(shuō)理性和邏輯性較強(qiáng)的說(shuō)明文和議論文則往往都有結(jié)束語(yǔ)，以便使文章首尾呼應(yīng)，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。2.中考學(xué)生作文水平分

18、析根據(jù)歷年中考閱卷老師總結(jié)，總體上來(lái)說(shuō)，中考學(xué)生作文分為五類： （1）優(yōu)秀學(xué)生作文：結(jié)構(gòu)清晰、開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)與結(jié)尾語(yǔ)短小精悍、能使用精彩句或詞語(yǔ),這是平時(shí)訓(xùn)練有素之結(jié)果，即為A類作文。 （2）中等偏上學(xué)生作文：結(jié)構(gòu)蠻清晰，但是句子中出現(xiàn)少許語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，即為B類作文。 （3）中等學(xué)生作文：結(jié)構(gòu)上稍有欠缺，句中有少許語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，即為C類作文。 （4）中等偏下學(xué)生作文：從結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)說(shuō)，閱卷者能看到學(xué)生所要表述的內(nèi)容，但是語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤鋪天蓋地，此類作文為D類作文。 （5）學(xué)困生作文：這些學(xué)生對(duì)于作文來(lái)說(shuō)，一是看不懂，則無(wú)從下手，所以只能抄個(gè)題目，然后或是空著，或是寫個(gè)拼音等等敷衍了事；二是有一部分學(xué)生純粹是抄閱讀理解中

19、的句子，結(jié)果可想而知，只能以0分收?qǐng)觥４祟?到4分作文為E類作文。3.寫作體裁及寫作套路記敘文記敘文是以敘述為主要表達(dá)方法，按照一定的時(shí)間或者空間順序記錄生活中的經(jīng)歷和事物的發(fā)展過(guò)程。記敘文通常有兩大類：側(cè)重于寫人的稱為人物記敘文；側(cè)重于敘事的稱為敘事記敘文。 記敘文要求抓住主題，然后使用相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)加以說(shuō)明。記敘文一般有六大要素：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、原因和結(jié)果。寫人時(shí)要交代清楚人物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和事件；敘事時(shí)要講清楚事情的前因后果和發(fā)展過(guò)程。 記敘文常用來(lái)敘述往事，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常使用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。 記敘文中還可以適當(dāng)?shù)剡M(jìn)行描寫，使得人物、場(chǎng)景生動(dòng)活潑，增加文章的感染力。（1）寫人 寫人要寫出個(gè)性，

20、所謂的個(gè)性是指人的脾氣性格、興趣愛(ài)好和思想品質(zhì)等方面的特點(diǎn)。 脾氣性格涉及：熱心的( warm-hearted)、大方的(generous)、耐心的(patient)、熱情的(enthusiastic)、淘氣的(naughty)、沒(méi)耐心的(impatient)等； 興趣愛(ài)好涉及：足球迷(a football fan)、影迷(a movie fan)、喜歡吃意大利食品(a fan of Italian food)、喜歡跳舞(like dancing)、喜歡打籃球(like playing basketball)等； 思想品質(zhì)涉及：善良的( kind)、誠(chéng)實(shí)的(honest)、忘我的(selfle

21、ss)、不誠(chéng)實(shí)的(dishonest)、狡猾的(cunning)、自私的(selfish)等。 人物的個(gè)性不能一兩句話泛泛而談，必須通過(guò)具體的事情反映出來(lái)，這樣內(nèi)容就會(huì)充實(shí)，才令人信服。常用的方法是通過(guò)一件事情反映一個(gè)人的特點(diǎn)；也可以列舉幾個(gè)事例反映一個(gè)人的一個(gè)或者幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)。 通過(guò)一件事反映一個(gè)人的特點(diǎn)，以作文題“Our Monitor”為例： (1) Our monitor's name is Linda. (2) She is very kind and helpful. (3)1 0nce caught a bad cold and got a high fever. (4) T

22、he doctor told me to stay in bed for several days before I fully recovered. (5)I missed the lessons on Chinese, math and English, and l was having a lot of trouble. (6) When l was worried about my studies, Linda came to see me and brought her lesson notes to me. (7) She helped me to deal with the mi

23、ssed lessons.(8) With her help,I managed to catch up. (9) Linda is really a good monitor! 該短文通過(guò)作者由于生病缺課，得到班長(zhǎng)幫助一事，反映了班長(zhǎng)樂(lè)于助人的良好品質(zhì)。短文由三個(gè)部分組成。第一部分(PI)介紹人物，確定主題；第二部分(P)具體描寫人物，交代事件的過(guò)程；第三部分(P)重復(fù)第一部分的主題思想，起到強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。 寫作套路1： PI S(1)介紹人物 S(2)確定主題，表明作者對(duì)人物的看法 P S(3)事件的背景 S(4)細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明1 S(5)細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明2 S(6)人物的行為 S(7)細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明1 S(8)

24、細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明2 P S(9)重復(fù)作者對(duì)人物的看法 列舉幾個(gè)事例反映一個(gè)人的特點(diǎn)，以作文題“My Mother”為例： (1) My mother is a teacher at a secondary school. (2) She is a kind woman and busy with her work. (3) As a teacher, she loves her students. (4) If they have any difficulty with their studies, she will help them patiently. (5) She is never tire

25、d of answering their questions. (6) As a mother, she takes good care of me. (7) Every morning she is always the first to get up and prepares breakfast for me. (8) When I am in trouble, she tries to cheer me up and says it's not the end of the world. (9) My mother seems to be busy all the year ro

26、und. (10) She goes to work in the morning and comes home late in the afternoon. (11) Then she does all the housework and puts everything in order. (12) She is praised and respected by everyone. 文章由三部分組成。第一、二句為第一部分，介紹人物并且確定主題思想。第二部分列舉了三個(gè)事例說(shuō)明媽媽的特點(diǎn)(She is a kind woman and busy with her work.)：作為教師熱愛(ài)學(xué)生，

27、作為母親關(guān)心我，以及一年到頭忙忙碌碌。最后部分是作者對(duì)媽媽的評(píng)價(jià)，與主題思想首尾相顧。這種方法也可用來(lái)描寫一個(gè)人身上的多種特點(diǎn)，每個(gè)事例針對(duì)一個(gè)特點(diǎn)加以說(shuō)明，給讀者留下一個(gè)比較鮮明、有血有肉的形象。 寫作套路2： PI S(1)介紹人物 S(2)確定主題，表明作者對(duì)人物的看法 P S(3)事例I S(4)細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明1 S(5)細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明2 S(6)事例 S(7)細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明l S(8)細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明2 S(9)事例 S(10)細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明1 S(11)細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明2 P S(12)作者的評(píng)價(jià) 在寫人的時(shí)候可以采用以上兩種套路。它們的最大特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密、安排合理、層次清楚，內(nèi)容豐富、語(yǔ)句連貫、容易操作。（2）寫物 寫

28、物的作文一般按照空間順序展開(kāi)。按照空間順序就是按照物體、景觀和場(chǎng)所的空間關(guān)系展開(kāi)。寫作時(shí)首先選擇一個(gè)著眼點(diǎn)，然后從下到上或從上到下，從內(nèi)到外或從外到內(nèi)，從東到西或從南到北，從近到遠(yuǎn)或從遠(yuǎn)到近拓展。在文章中還需要使用表示方位的詞語(yǔ)，使文章的脈絡(luò)有條不紊。 使用空間順序法寫物，以作文題“Our Classroom Building”為例：， (1) Our classroom building is in the north of our school. (2) It has four floors, with five classrooms on each floor. (3) On the f

29、irst floor, there is a gym. (4) In the gym, we do physical exercises and play sports together. (5) On the second floor, we have science labs. (6) We study physics and chemistry in the labs. (7) The language lab is on the third floor. (8) We have English lessons there and have opportunities for Engli

30、sh films and television programs. (9) On the top floor, there is a library and a reading room. (10) The library opens only in the afternoons. (11) We can borrow books from it.(12) The reading room is open to us from Monday to Friday. (13) We like to get together there and discuss about everything, f

31、rom important plans, movie stars, the latest news to comments on our teachers. (14) In short, the classroom building is a total activity and fun zone of our school. 文章第一句表明教學(xué)樓所在的位置。第二句確定描寫內(nèi)容，即教學(xué)樓內(nèi)部的情況。從第三句開(kāi)始介紹各個(gè)樓層的情況，每個(gè)層面都有細(xì)節(jié)描述。 寫作套路3： PI S(1)介紹景物方位 S(2)確定描寫范圍 P S(3)位置l S(4)細(xì)節(jié) S(5)位置2 S(6)細(xì)節(jié) S(7)位置3

32、 S(8)細(xì)節(jié) S(9)位置4 S(10)細(xì)節(jié)1 S(11)細(xì)節(jié)2 S(12)細(xì)節(jié)3 S(13)細(xì)節(jié)4 P S(14)作者的評(píng)價(jià)（3）敘事 這類作文要求考生敘述生活中有意義的或者印象深刻的一件事情。寫作應(yīng)以空間順序或者時(shí)間順序?yàn)榛揪€索展開(kāi)。這些表示空間或者時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)都是理順文章條理的信號(hào)詞，要特別注意。 使用空間順序法敘事，以作文題“A Visit to Nanpu Bridge”為例； (1) Last week we visited Nanpu Bridge over the Huangpu River. (2) It's a great destination for visi

33、tors because of all the attractions. (3) In the blue sky above the bridge,I saw little white clouds and flying birds. (4) They enjoyed freedom high up in the sky. (5) On the bridge,I saw a lot of cars and trucks. (6) The traffic was moving steadily and without difficulty. (7) The highlight of the tr

34、ip came when we walked across the bridge and looked down at the Huangpu River. (8) From there we got a wonderful view of Shanghai along the river. (9) The river ran through the city and was sparkling in the sun. (10) Many ships were passing under the bridge. (11) This visit was really impressive! 這篇

35、文章按照從上到下的空間順序進(jìn)行敘述。方位詞語(yǔ)“above the bridge, on the bridge, across the bridge, under the bridge”的運(yùn)用，使得文章的條理十分清晰。文章從第7句開(kāi)始敘述游覽最精彩的部分，所以相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)就更加充實(shí)。 寫作套路4： PI S(1)介紹人物、時(shí)間和地點(diǎn) S(2)確走主題，表明作者對(duì)事件的態(tài)度 P S(3)位置I S(4)細(xì)節(jié) S(5)位置 S(6)細(xì)節(jié) S(7)位置 S(8)細(xì)節(jié)1 S(9)細(xì)節(jié)2 S(10)細(xì)節(jié)3 P S(ll)作者的評(píng)價(jià) 使用時(shí)間順序法敘事，以作文題“What a Day!”為例： (1) Yest

36、erday we had a math exam and I had the worst sort of luck. (2)I had prepared my lessons well the night before and didn't go to bed until 12 o'clock. (3)I didn't forget to set the alarm clock and hoped it would call me at half past six m the morning. (4) But when l woke up the next mornin

37、g, it was already seven. (5)I immediately put on my clothes and rushed to the bus stop. (6)Luckily,it didn't take me long to get on the bus. (7)Shortly after l got on the bus,I found I got on the wrong one. (8) So I got off and took a taxi to the school. (9) It never rains but it pours. (10) Whe

38、n I hurried into the classroom, to my surprise,I found I had left my schoolbag on the taxi. (11) What a day! 文章按照時(shí)間順序展開(kāi)。第一句交代了事件背景和文章主題(I had the worst sort of luck.)。敘述從考試前一天晚上開(kāi)始，一直到作者沖進(jìn)教室后發(fā)現(xiàn)忘了拿書包時(shí)結(jié)束，生動(dòng)描寫了作者運(yùn)氣壞透了的一天。時(shí)間詞語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用，使得文章的時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)非常清晰，敘述非常流暢。 寫作套路5： PI S(1)介紹背景和主題 P S(2)時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)I S(3)細(xì)節(jié) S(4)時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn) S(5

39、)細(xì)節(jié)1 S(6)細(xì)節(jié)2 S(7)時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn) S(8)細(xì)節(jié)1 S(9)細(xì)節(jié)2 S(10)時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn) P S(ll)作者的評(píng)價(jià)4.中考作文常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤分析5.作文常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤標(biāo)題書寫錯(cuò)誤文章標(biāo)題（title）應(yīng)寫在紙的第一行的中間，和正文之間應(yīng)隔一至四行。文章標(biāo)題的第一個(gè)單詞的第一個(gè)字母必須大寫。標(biāo)題中每一個(gè)實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母也要大寫。錯(cuò)誤標(biāo)題：a good Friend of mine正確標(biāo)題：A Good Friend of Mine文章標(biāo)題一般由名詞、名詞詞組、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或句子來(lái)充當(dāng)。當(dāng)陳述句作為文章標(biāo)題，末尾不用句號(hào)。但如果是問(wèn)句，末尾應(yīng)用問(wèn)號(hào)；如果標(biāo)題是感嘆句或祈使句，句尾用感嘆號(hào)

40、。錯(cuò)誤標(biāo)題：Make Our Country Green正確標(biāo)題：Make Our Country Green！6.作文常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤審題失誤有些考生在審題時(shí)不夠仔細(xì)，往往還沒(méi)有看清題意就急于下筆，偏離了主題。例如，某省中考作文要求考生寫一項(xiàng)自己最喜歡的課外活動(dòng)。有些考生卻將作文的主題定位為“我最喜歡的活動(dòng)”，偏離了“自己最喜歡的課外活動(dòng)”的主題。根據(jù)中考作文的評(píng)分原則，若作文不切題，則不管語(yǔ)言如何規(guī)范、用詞如何準(zhǔn)確，都會(huì)被判為零分。請(qǐng)看下面的失誤文章：Im a middle school student. I learn many subjects at school. At school, my

41、 classmates and I often take part in different school activities. Im interested in computer science and I often take part in the computer activities in my school. At school, many of my school friends enjoys ball games, racing, music, dancing, art and so on. I learn to get useful things from the Inte

42、rnet. I think it is important to learn to use computers because they are used everywhere in our modern life. There is no doubt that computers will be more and more useful.這篇文章通篇沒(méi)有涉及課外活動(dòng)這個(gè)主題，犯了審題不清的錯(cuò)誤。需要指出的是，有些學(xué)生雖然審題成功了，但又犯了扣題不緊的錯(cuò)誤。文章中的一些句子與主題思想無(wú)關(guān)，違反了單一性的原則。中考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)題的篇幅非常有限，因此，考生在寫作時(shí)務(wù)必要精心組織教材，緊扣主題。下面

43、這篇文章就有扣題不緊的問(wèn)題。7.作文常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤用詞不當(dāng)書面表達(dá)題除了要注意結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、條理清楚和句子流暢之外，還有按照語(yǔ)法規(guī)則遣詞造句。這是寫作最基本的要求，否則就無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確地傳情達(dá)意。請(qǐng)看以下文章：要求：李華平時(shí)總是忙于功課，很少做家務(wù)。母親節(jié)這一天，她想幫媽媽做飯，卻不小心切了手指，本想讓媽媽在節(jié)日期間好好休息，卻未能如愿。以“On Mothers Day”為題寫一篇詞數(shù)為80詞左右的短文。要求條理清晰、意思連貫、語(yǔ)句通順、標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確。原文：Im usually busy with my studies and do few housework when I come back from scho

44、ol. It was Mothers Day yesterday. I wanted Mum to have a good rest and I did all instead her. I got up early yesterday morning and bought a lot of vegetables, fish and meat in the market. I washed them and then began to cook. I was sure I could do as well like Mum. Bad luck! I cut one of my fingers

45、and cried out. Mum and Dad rushed into and Mum asked Dad to take me to the hospital. When we came back, dinner ready. I felt sorry and said, ”Mum had a busy Mothers Day again!”點(diǎn)評(píng)：1.第一句中的“housework”是不可數(shù)名詞，應(yīng)用little來(lái)修飾。2.第三句中的“instead”是副詞，后不能接賓語(yǔ)，這兒應(yīng)該用instead of。3.第六句中的“l(fā)ike”雖然可用作介詞，意為“像”，但這兒是asas結(jié)構(gòu)，因此此

46、處應(yīng)改為as well as。4.第九句中的“into”是介詞，其后要接賓語(yǔ)。但是該句中并無(wú)賓語(yǔ)，所以改為副詞in。5.第十句中的“ready”是形容詞，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，所以要使用動(dòng)詞be，組成一個(gè)句子。修改后的文章：Im usually busy with my studies and do little housework when I come back from school. It was Mothers Day yesterday. I wanted Mum to have a good rest and I did all instead of her. I got up ear

47、ly in the morning and bought a lot of vegetables, fish and meat in the market. I washed them and then began to cook. I was sure I could do as well as Mum. Bad luck! I cut one of my fingers and cried out. Mum and Dad rushed into and Mum asked Dad to take me to the hospital. When we came back, dinner

48、was ready. I felt sorry and said, ”Mum has a busy Mothers Day again!”下面的文章也存在同樣的問(wèn)題。要求：請(qǐng)你寫一篇介紹上海東方明珠電視塔（Shanghai Oriental Pearl TV Tower）的文章，詞數(shù)70詞左右。原文：Shanghai Oriental Pearl TV Tower stands on the east side of the Huangpu River. It is visited by thousands of people everyday. Shanghai Oriental Pearl

49、 TV Tower is 468 meters. Its the tallest TV tower in Asia. We can see the whole city easily from the top of the tower. The building began in 1991 and was completed in 1994. And soon it was opened to public. Now everyday a lot of people visit it. It has become the centre of culture, entertainment and

50、 tourism in Shanghai.點(diǎn)評(píng)：1.第二句“It is visited by thousands of people everyday.”與第八句“Now everyday a lot of people visit it.”同義重復(fù)，沒(méi)有必要。另外，everyday是形容詞，表示“每天發(fā)生或使用的”，例如：everyday English。用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)該分開(kāi)，寫成every day。2.第三句“Shanghai Oriental Pearl TV Tower is 468 meters.”當(dāng)中少了high，應(yīng)該補(bǔ)上。意思是：“上海東方明珠電視塔的標(biāo)高是468米?！?.第五句

51、中的“easily”用詞不確切?？梢愿某蒫learly，意思是“清晰地”，或者用其他表達(dá)方式。4.第七句中的“public”一詞前應(yīng)加上定冠詞。be open to the public意思是“向公眾開(kāi)放”。修改后的文章：Shanghai Oriental Pearl TV Tower stands on the east side of the Huangpu River. This TV Tower is 468 meters high, and its the tallest one in Asia. Within seconds, a lift can take us to the t

52、op. From there we can see the whole city of Shanghai. On a clear day, we can even see the Yangtze River. The building began in 1991 and was completed in 1994. And soon it was open to public. Now, a lot of people visit it every day. It has become one of the tourist attractions in Shanghai.8.作文常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤中式英

53、語(yǔ)不同的民族具有不同的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)習(xí)慣。中國(guó)學(xué)生在用英語(yǔ)寫作時(shí)經(jīng)常會(huì)受到漢語(yǔ)思維的影響，寫出所謂的中式英語(yǔ)。要想克服這種困難，考生必須盡可能多地掌握一些英語(yǔ)復(fù)用式詞語(yǔ)，了解這些詞語(yǔ)的含義和搭配以及基本句式。同時(shí)，模仿英語(yǔ)文章的不同體裁，刻苦練習(xí)。只要方法對(duì)頭，堅(jiān)持不懈，一定會(huì)有成效。請(qǐng)看下面學(xué)生的習(xí)作：My home raises a lovely small cat. My family are always happy because of her. Because our cat food ran out, so I went to the store to buy some for her

54、 yesterday night. Unluckily, there was big rain on my way home. When I got home, I was wet. Although I was wet, but I was very happy. No matter how to say, the cat would not be hungry.點(diǎn)評(píng)：以上習(xí)作的意思我們能大致看懂，但是文中多個(gè)詞語(yǔ)明顯受到漢語(yǔ)思維的影響，不符合英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。1.在第一句中，“home”的漢語(yǔ)意思雖然也是“家”，但它在指“家”時(shí)一般只指地點(diǎn)而不指人。根據(jù)英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，該句應(yīng)改為：My fa

55、mily has a lovely small cat. 或者We keep a lovely small cat at home.2.第三句明顯受到漢語(yǔ)“因?yàn)樗浴钡挠绊?，結(jié)構(gòu)出錯(cuò)，because和so不能一起連用?！白蛱焱砩稀币幢磉_(dá)為yesterday evening，要么表達(dá)為last night。但是根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，使用前者比較合適。3.第四句中，根據(jù)英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，“一場(chǎng)大雨”應(yīng)該用“a heavy rain”，而不是“big rain”。4.第五句中的wet和第六句中的意思重復(fù)，可以刪減，改成“I saw the cat waiting for me at the door.”更符合邏

56、輯關(guān)系。5.第六句由于受漢語(yǔ)“雖然但是”結(jié)構(gòu)的影響而出錯(cuò)。在英語(yǔ)中，although和but在一個(gè)句子中不能連用。6.最后一句中，要表達(dá)“不管怎么說(shuō)”，可以用anyway或anyhow。文中的表達(dá)顯然屬于中式英語(yǔ)。修改后的文章：We keep a lovely small cat at home. My family are always happy because of her. Yesterday evening, our cat food ran out, so I went to the store to buy some for her. Unluckily, there was a

57、 heavy rain on my way home and I got caught in the rain. When I got home, I saw the cat waiting for me at the door. Although I was wet through, I was very happy. Anyway, our pet cat would not be hungry.9.作文常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、大小寫等用法不規(guī)范標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是書面語(yǔ)中表示停頓、節(jié)奏和語(yǔ)調(diào)的符號(hào)。標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)有助于明確或強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的意思，因此要學(xué)會(huì)如何正確使用。請(qǐng)改正下面習(xí)作中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)及大小寫等錯(cuò)誤。要求：根據(jù)下列內(nèi)容提示，寫一篇80詞左右的日記。1）今天（10月6日，星期天，晴）我們騎車去紅梅公園；2）沿湖散步；3）放風(fēng)箏比賽，我得了第一；4）中午在大樹下用餐；5）30:3劃船；5:00回家。原文：Sunday Oct.6,2014 SunnyToday I went to Hongmei Park with my classmates, we went th