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1、介詞和連詞考點歸納知識點1 .介詞的分類與語法功能2 .介詞搭配3 .核心介詞用法歸納與辨析4 .幾個常用的并列連詞5 .幾個常用的從屬連詞教學(xué)目標(biāo)熟練掌握介詞和連詞的基本用法并能對其靈活運用。教學(xué)重點介詞和連詞的考點教學(xué)難點介詞和連詞的語法功能及其運用29 / 35教學(xué)過程一、 課堂導(dǎo)入教師課前給學(xué)生幾組詞語,讓學(xué)生對所給詞語進行連詞成句,以此來導(dǎo)入今天學(xué)習(xí)的介詞和連詞的考點。以此形式來激活學(xué)生的思維,使他們盡快進入學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài),很自然的在聽取學(xué)生討論結(jié)果中我們進入了本課內(nèi)容。如此學(xué)生畫龍教師點睛, 共同協(xié)作, 便順利達到了教學(xué)目的。二、復(fù)習(xí)預(yù)習(xí)教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)上節(jié)課所學(xué)知識點,(以提問、回顧的
2、形式進行),針對上節(jié)課的作業(yè)進行講評、訂正、答疑。結(jié) 合上節(jié)課老師布置的預(yù)習(xí)內(nèi)容,明確課前預(yù)習(xí)的任務(wù)和目標(biāo),在預(yù)習(xí)的過程中:一是摘抄新舊短語和表達法。舊的短 語和表達法一段時間不用,很快就會生疏,每一次復(fù)現(xiàn)都是一次有效的復(fù)習(xí);二是摘抄典型句型,這樣可以不斷豐富 我們的語言材料和語言知識;三要注意把預(yù)習(xí)過程中遇到的難點記錄下來,以便聽課的時候有針對性;四是預(yù)習(xí)筆記 可以同課堂筆記合一,使課堂筆記成為預(yù)習(xí)筆記的補充和延伸。三、知識講解知識點1:介詞的分類與語法功能1.【考查點】:介詞是虛詞,不能單獨作句子成分,必須與名詞、代詞(或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句等) 構(gòu)成介詞短語,在句中充當(dāng)一個成
3、分。介詞分為:簡單介詞,如 at、in、for 等;合成介詞,如 within、inside、onto、througout 等;短語介tsj, 如 according to 、 out of 、 because of 、 by means of 、 in spite of 、 instead of 等。雙重介tsj, 如 from behind / above / under 、 until after 等。分詞介tsj,如 considering 、 including 、 judging(from / by) 等。常見的介詞賓語:名詞、代詞、動名詞、從句、不定式等。如: It is goi
4、ng to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast. He quarrelled with her yesterday. He succeeded in passing the final exam. I m still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time. The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well.2【考查點】:介詞短語在句中可作表語、定語、狀語和賓補等。如: This ma
5、chine is in good condition.( 表語 ) Where is the key to my bike?( 定語 ) Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(狀語 ) She always thinks herself above others. (賓補)知識點2:介詞搭配1.【考查點】“動詞+介詞”搭配:注意特定搭配與同一介詞與多個動詞搭配意義不同的情況。 rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“奪去、除去”意義的動詞與of連用)supply us with f
6、ood / fill the glass with wine(“供給”意義的動詞與with連用) make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat("制作、制造”意義與 of、from > into連用)s +部位,可換用)介詞+ the +部位與動詞的關(guān)系(=動詞+ sb.strike him on the head(“擊,拍,碰,摸”意義與on連用)catch him by the arm(“抓,拉,拿,扯”意義與by連用)hit the boy in the face(“
7、肚,胸,眼,臉”等人體前部與in連用) prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止,禁止”意義與 from連用) persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.(“說服,建議”意義與 into連用) buy sb. for sth.(leaveget、win、gain、lose等“得失”意義與for連用) tell sth.to sb.(showteach、sing、write、read等"告知"意義與to連用)pass、hand等"授予"意義與to連用)give sth. t
8、o sb. ( give、allow、promise、注意:可換成 buy sb.sth.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。say to sb.(suggest 、explain 、apologize 、murmur、whisper 與 "對 象" 連用 必須用 to) 不可說 suggestsb.sth.。同一動詞與不同介詞搭配意義不同Ofor(尋找)to sth.of(聽說)on(拜訪)產(chǎn)look to (眺望)agree with sb.hearcall for(KU )dat(看)on sth.from(k收到信)in(請)同一介詞與不同動詞搭配,意義各異。reply to the let
9、ter 回信, sing(dance)to the music 和唱(跳), amount to 達到,加起來有,devote to把貢獻給, drink to為干杯,object to反對,look forward to 渴望,come to 蘇醒,belong to屬于,search for 搜,ask for 尋找,use for 用作,leave for 前往,take for誤以為, call of 倡導(dǎo), wait for 等待, care for 喜歡, make up for 彌補損失,turn to 求助(救)于,help oneselfto 隨意,agree to 同意,c
10、ompare to 把比作, send for 派人去請 (拿) ,sail for 駛向,航向, setout for 動身去,go in for 愛好。2.【考查點】 常見“形容詞+介詞”搭配。of 擔(dān)心about / at sth.r,afraidangryfor 替而擔(dān)心with sb.I 渴望from與不同fdifferent擔(dān)心to不關(guān)心L with sb. strict 因疲倦in sth.要求嚴(yán)格J 二with sb.受歡迎有益 popular in some place流行在 so友好for因而流行for sth.amxioustiredabout sth. / sbof討厭
11、from/ withatgood forof sb. to dowith + 名詞或 what從句 pleasedat + 抽象名詞(聽/看到而高興)to sb. 為人所知 be familiar with熟悉from缺席fknown for 因而出名absentas 作為出名 be familiar to為熟知(悉) in離開此地去了rich in 富有, disappointed at sth. 失望,sorry for 替后悔,worthy of值得白g, glad about sth.for sb.為某人某事高興,far from 離遠(yuǎn),grateful for sth. to sb.
12、為某事感激某人,free from 沒有(免除), proud of(take pride in) 自豪,satisfied with (by) 滿意, sure of / about 確信,fond of 喜歡, fit for 適合, busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙著干某事,full of 充滿, ready for 準(zhǔn)備, similar to 相 似,wrong with 不對;有毛病3.【考查點】“名詞+介詞”要注意習(xí)慣搭配和意義區(qū)分。 the absence of water 缺水 rthe hope of success成功的希望< 、 hav
13、e a chance of (for) entering college上大學(xué)的機會take pride in them為他們感到驕傲the key to the question 問題的答案 ,a medicine for cough治咳嗽的藥the ticket for tomorrow 明天的票In Beijing去了 北京his abesencefrom Beijing '不在北京知識點3:核心介詞用法%納與辨析1【考查點】表示時間的介詞in的用法如下。表示在某一較長時間內(nèi),如世紀(jì)、年、月、季、周等一般用介詞in ,如:in the 1990s, in the year, in
14、 January,in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。還可以用時段名詞組成固定短語或詞組。如:in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, intime, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意:at night / at noon, in the r day( 在白天),in the night(大夜間)。in five days ( weeks, months, years ) 中 i
15、n 意思是 “在以后“。in 和 during 表段時間內(nèi)兩詞可互用。如: in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war但略有區(qū)別:當(dāng)接表示“活動”的抽象名詞時多用during ,接"活動”的動名詞及短語時用in。如:during the discussionrduring her stay in HubeiJduring the course ofin discussing the problemin playing basketball in digging the tunnel 'on。2 .【考查
16、點】 在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morningJon Christmas Day( 但 at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on Children ' s Dayon March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(區(qū)另1J: in the late / early morning of Oct.1)on a rainy night, on warm winter days3 . 【
17、考查點】表示某一時刻或某一點時間用at, 如小時、分鐘等。at breakfast(supper, lunch),at sixat noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)at the age of 15, at the time of war,但 in time of danger/ trouble注意:有些時間名詞前不接介詞。如:next day 、 last Sunday 、 that morning 、 these yearsone、 each、 any、 every 、 some、 all 修飾時 , 一般不用介詞,
18、如 some dayone day 、 yesterday / afternoon,the night before4 .【考查點】till 、until 、to的用法。till(until)與持續(xù)動詞連用一般用于肯定句中,與短暫動詞連用一般用在否定句中。如:He waited for me till twe Ive o ' clock.He didn ' t get up till (until) 10 a.m.(不可用to).但注意:在句首出現(xiàn)或強調(diào)句型中一般不用till 而用until 。如:Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back t
19、o school.to表"終結(jié)"時常用和from 連用,但要注意不與from 連用時的意義。如:from July to September, from sixto(till)eight (從到為止),但 from morning till night(從早到晚),不能用 to。from to 常構(gòu)成習(xí)慣搭配,不可換用其他介詞。(A)表持久連續(xù)、傳遞、轉(zhuǎn)移的含義。 from time to time( 不時,有時),from day to day (天天),from hand to hand(不斷傳下去 ),from place to place(處處,至U處), from
20、 side to side(左右搖擺 ),from door to door(家家戶戶),from house to house(挨家挨戶),from shop to shop(一個商店接一個商店)。(B)表起始終止的全過程或程度加深、狀態(tài)變化。from beginning to end(從頭到尾,自始至終)(from thebeginning to the end of ) ;from hand to mouth( 僅能糊 口 ) , from bad to worse(越來越糟 ),from head tofoot(從頭到腳),from top to bottom(整個地,徹底地), fr
21、om top to toe(全身),from start to finish (自始至終,從頭到尾)。(C) from one + 名詞+ to another 表示"依次"。如 from one car to another(順著車廂依次地)。(D)名詞+ by +同一單數(shù)名詞,表示“一個一個地",要與 from to 短語區(qū)別開:one by one 一個一個地;little by little(bit)一點一點地; step by step 一步一步地,逐漸地(但 by and by 不久以后);sentence by sentence逐句地;day by
22、day天天地;side by side(with )(和)并肩, 起; shoulder toshoulder肩并肩地,齊心協(xié)力;hand in hand手拉手,緊緊地;face to face面對面。5 .【考查點】in、after、laterin + 一段時間:表示說話時為起點一段時間之后,與一般將來時連用;但表示“在之內(nèi)”時,用于各種時O一段時間+ later(later 是副詞廣 表示某一具體時間或某一方面具體時間算起的一段時間后。after + 一段時間表示:“在之后”,用于一般過去時;但時間為點時間時,只能用after,即after + 點時間,用于各種時態(tài)。The doctor
23、will be with us in six minutes. He received her letter after four weeks. 另外,in + 一段時間 + ' s + time 與 within +一段時間的用法如下:in a week ' s time = in a weekThey will arrive in three days ' time.( 與斗哥來時連用) My brother ' s birthday is in two weeks ' time.(作表語)I' ll finish the book with
24、in two weeks.(within = in less than用于各種時態(tài),不超出,在之內(nèi) )6 . 【考查點】地點介詞at 、 on、 in 、 to 、 across 、 through 、 over 、 under 、 below。at在較小的場所,in在較大的場所,on在的平面上。如 at thedoor 、 at the airport 、 at the station 、 at 55 Park Street 、 in China 、 in the north 、 in Asia 、 on the desk 、 on the wall 等。on、at、in還可以表示兩地相對位
25、置。若 A地屬于B地,用in;A地位于B地的外面且有邊緣銜接用 on;無邊緣的銜接有 to 。如:Japan lies to the east of China.(范圍之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范圍之外)Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗鄰 )The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距離)地點介詞的引申、比喻意義:in the sun 在陽光下,in the dark(ness)在黑暗中,in the dark不知道,i
26、nfreezing weather 在嚴(yán)寒天氣中,in the mud 在泥中,in the earth 在地下 ,in the desert 在沙漠中,in a heavyrain 在大雨中,in the snow / wind 在雪 / 風(fēng)中 ,in public 當(dāng)眾, in trouble 在困境中,get into trouble 陷入困境, out of trouble 擺脫困難,beyond hope 絕望。 across 在物體表面“穿過”; through 則表示在三維空間內(nèi)部“穿過”。如:They walked across the playground.I walked
27、through the forest. over / under / above / belowover、above 譯作“在之上”;under、below譯作"在的下面”,其區(qū)別在于over、under 表示一種直接的、垂直的上下關(guān)系;而above、below則表示一般的“高于”或“低于”,不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如:A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.地平線)The sun sinks below the horizon(The window is well abov
28、e the tree.表示地點介詞的靜態(tài)性和動態(tài)性He walked to the station(靜態(tài),表不方向和目的地)動態(tài),只表不方向)(兩者通用)e walked towards the stationHe is kind to (towards)us.He is at the station靜態(tài),表本地點)They arrived at the station動態(tài),表示地點)He swam away from the ship.(動態(tài)“離開”)e stood away from the shop.(靜態(tài)“遠(yuǎn)離”)He fell onto the floor.(動態(tài)“到地面”)靜態(tài)“平
29、面”)e city is on the Changjiang River.(Go off the road.偏離了道路(動態(tài)"離去")ome along the river.沿著河過來(線)across the fields跨過田野, over the desert跨越沙漠a(chǎn)cross the river橫跨這條?, over the hill 翻過這座山b.be in the house( 靜態(tài),在這里)stay out of the car( 靜態(tài),在外)go into the house(動態(tài),進入)fly out of the country(動態(tài),離開)7 . 【
30、考查點】:表示方式、手段、工具的介詞1 by the year/hour/day 按年 / 小時/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按 by+the+ 單位名稱) 但 tothe pound 按磅算,to the ton 按噸計。表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail 郵寄, by telephone(radio), 但 on the phone/on the radio/on TV( 電訊器材) , by electricity 用電, by machinery 用電器,by hard work,learn sth.by heart,th
31、rough the satellite,through practice,throughhis own efforts,through experience,through the telescop交通工具類by bus/train/car/taxi(road)fby bike/bicycle,o n horse back/on foott y plane/jet/spaceship,by airy ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water方法,with the help (permission)of舁外:by means of用方法,by way of 經(jīng)由,取道
32、于,用sb./with sb. ' s help (permis -sion)。表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具機器)One smells with his nose.(with+人體器官,但 by hand “手工,用手”)He stood up with pride.(with+ 情緒、情感、態(tài)度的名詞 )注意:使用語言、 材料、文字等用in 。如 in English(ink,pencil) 。另夕卜如:in high (good,low)spirits,in anger,injoy,in comfort,in sor
33、row,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,ina hurry,in(with)words,live/feedon food,kneel on one'knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)8 .【考查點】:表示“除之外”的幾組常用介
34、紹比較。besides除以外,(還有)。作副詞時意思是“而且,更何況”。Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖夕卜,我們都去了 電影院。It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.except除去,除之外(不再有)。We all went except John.我們都去了,約翰沒有。在否定句中,兩詞可以換用,如:He has no other hats except / besides this one.except for除了(對句子主題進行細(xì)節(jié)校正或附加說明)后接名詞、代
35、詞或 what從句,此時與 except that+句子意思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that除了一點以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses. but 與 exceptbut和except在表示“除了以外”時可以通用,但應(yīng)注意以下三點:前面有不定人詞、疑問代詞在意義上對稱時,多用 but。All but one are here. Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短語為排除對象時,
36、多用 but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有 do,后省 to )but與一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)連用。have no choice but to do sth. 只得做某事,can not but do sth. 不得不,can not help but do sth. 不得不,but for 如不是9 .【考查點】:between與among.between通常指兩者之間。也可以用于三者以上的兩者之間。如:Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia
37、and Italy.They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同, 合作 )She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接連不斷地,一個接一個地忙這忙那)A horse can be seen between trees now.among表示三者以上之間。如:The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.He was happy to be amon
38、g friends again.We must agree among ourselves.( 一起,共同) 我們必須達成共識。London is among the largest cities.( = one of與最高級連用)10. 【考查點】:表原因的介詞for 、 because of 、 due to 。He didn t come to the meeting because of his illness.The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.He was praised for his bravery and cou
39、rage.The accident is due to your careless driving.11. 【考查點】:不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的for 、 of。這里所說的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式指的是for 或 of 加上人或事,作動詞不定式邏輯主語的結(jié)構(gòu)。 It is clever of you to answer it like that. It is quite hard for me to explain why.注意:兩句中的of 和 for 的使用,表語形容詞能夠說明不定式邏輯主語的性質(zhì)、特征與面貌時用of, 如果說明不定式行為本身的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等則用for 。# / 3512. 【考查點】:
40、兼作連詞和副詞的介詞。 after 、 since 、 till / still 、 before 這些詞既是介詞,又是連詞。The children went home at once after school.They went to bed after they had finished the job. in 、 on、 along 、 down、 up、 after 、 before 、 along 、 beyond 等介詞可兼作副詞。He ran down the hill. (介詞)Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me
41、?(副詞 )有的介詞可以兼作連詞和副詞。All the students got to school before me.(before為介詞 )We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(連詞 )Haven t I seen you before?(before 為副詞 )13. 【考查點】:介詞的省略。表示時間的介詞on、 at 、 in 的省略。在next 、 last 、 yesterday 、 tomorrow 、 each、 one、 any、 every 、 all 等詞之前,可以省略,也可以不省略。如(at ) la
42、st weekend 、(on) that day 等。介詞 for 表示時間的省略要求。(A) 以 all 開頭的名詞短語,for 要省略。如:I stayed with her all he morning.(B) 表示一段時間的短語之前,for 可以省略,也可以不省略。如: I have been waiting hereI (for) more than three hours.(C) 否定句中,表示時間的短語前的for 不能省略。如:I haven t seen you for thirty years.(D) 時間狀語在主句之前,for 不能省略。如:For the whole m
43、orning,the old man kept reading.某些動詞短語之后的介詞可以省略。Nothing can prevent me(from)doing the job. She spent nearly two hours(in)translating it.14. 【考查點】:某些名詞與介詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配。要求接to 的名詞有:key、 answer、 visit 、 entrance 、 apology 、 introduction 、 road 等。要求接in 的名詞有:interest 、 satisfaction 、 expert 等。 He is expert in t
44、eaching small children.知識點 4: 幾個常用的并列連詞no r1. both and, either or, neither bothand "雙方都”,連接句子的兩個主語時,其后謂語動詞通常用使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。eitheror與neithernor注意采取就近原則"。2. not only but also, as well as注意:兩者強調(diào)對象不同,not only but also 強一調(diào)的是but also 之后部分,而 as well as則強調(diào)其前面的部分。not only but also 采取"就近原則",而 as
45、well as只是一個插入語,采取"就遠(yuǎn)原則"。如:Mr.Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit.not only but also結(jié)構(gòu)中的not only 可用于句首,連接兩個分句時,第一個從句主謂要倒裝。Not only is he clever ,but also he is hard working.知識點5:幾個常用的從屬連詞1. when、while、as者B表示"當(dāng)時候",when引導(dǎo)的從句的動作與主句的動詞可同時發(fā)生,也可先后發(fā)生;a
46、s、while引導(dǎo)的從句則強調(diào)主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生。如:When I go to the station, the train had already left.He sang merrily as he was working.2. till 、until 均表示“到時候止”,肯定句中的謂語必須是延續(xù)性動作。如:I worked till late at night.若主句謂語是終止性動詞,則主句要用否定形式,意為動作“到才”開始發(fā)生。如:She didn ' t get up until h er mother came in.注意:till 和until通常情況下可以互換,只
47、是在句首時 until比till 更常用。35 / 35although 較正式,though 最常用。如:3. though、although均引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,意為“雖然Thouth (Although)he was tired,he kept on working.注意: though 、 although 引導(dǎo)的從句不能與but 、 however 連用,但可以與yet 、 still 連用。 though 還可以與別的詞結(jié)合使用,如even though 、 as though, 而 although 則不能這樣搭配。4. no sooner than 、 hardly when、 as soon as 三者者B表示 “就",“剛剛就" 的意思。(A)as soon as 置于主句
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