《新編英語語法教程》

1、.1Lecture 4Noun and Noun PhraseNoun and Noun Phrase p.p. 39-52.2Introduction The noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as its head. It is the noun head that determines the way the noun phrase is organized. 名詞詞組的結(jié)構(gòu)名詞詞組的結(jié)構(gòu) （限定詞）+（前置修飾語）+ 名詞 +（后置修飾語） a most lovely little boy in red at play a most lovely

2、little boy living next door a most lovely little boy whose mother is a doctorI. Classification of nouns and function of noun phrases 1. Classification on nouns (p. 39).3類 別定 義例 詞 按按 構(gòu)構(gòu) 詞詞 法法 簡單名詞 包含一個自由詞素的名詞 man, chair, land, ship 復(fù)合名詞 由兩個或兩個以上自由詞 armchair, farmland, 素合成的名詞 seaside, roommate 派生名詞 由動

3、詞、形容詞、簡單 arrangement, expectation, 名詞+詞綴構(gòu)成的名詞 ability, greatness 按按 詞詞 匯匯 意意 義義 普 通 名 詞 個體名詞 集體名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 抽象名詞表示同一類人或物，以及抽象概念的名詞 boy, house, tiger family, team, cattle, police air, snow, bread, rice glory, honesty, education 專有名詞表示人、國家、地方、機構(gòu)、組織等的專有名稱Ander, China, The Peoples Congress, the New York Time

4、s, the Democratic Party按語按語法特法特征征可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)式復(fù)數(shù)式可以計數(shù)的個體名詞和集體名詞，稱為可數(shù)名詞 a car, a family two cars, many families 不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、和專有名詞通常是不可計數(shù)的名詞 sand, water, coffee, failure, knowledge.4 個體名詞 可數(shù)名詞 普通名詞 集體名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞 抽象名詞 專有名詞.52. Function of noun phrases (p. 40) （1）主語 Children at play seldom remember what

5、time it is. (2) 主語補足語 That was an attractive little black chair. My grandfather died a martyr to his revolutionary ideal. （3）賓語 They gave him a first-rate education. （4）賓語補足語 They elected him chairman of the board. (5)(5) 同位語 Mr Brown, director of the coal mine, should be responsible for the acciden

6、t. （6）介詞賓語/介詞補足成分 Within the house nothing stirs. In the garden I can hear the singing of birds. I can hear the rustle of their wings. （7）狀語或引導(dǎo)時間狀語分句 He returned last night. A photo is taken each time ( = whenever ) this button is pushed. .6Do Ex. 4 A: 1, 2, 3 Key to Ex. 4 A1. description 2. arrange

7、ment 3. attendance 4. peculiarity 5. expectation 6. argument7. dependence 8. originality 9. exaggeration 10. measurement 11. purity 12. persistence 13. extension 14. statement 15. generosity 16. entrance 17. loneliness 18. forgetfulness 19. happiness 20. seriousness.7II. Number forms of nouns 1. Reg

8、ular and irregular plural a) Regular plural (p.p. 42-44) b) Irregular plural (p.p. 44-45) 2. Number forms of the collective, material, abstract and proper noun a) Number forms of the collective （1）不能計數(shù)的集體名詞：若要計數(shù)，須使用在語義上與之對應(yīng)的 個體名詞。例如： p. 46 集體名詞 個體名詞 poetry poem machinery machine clothing garment, co

9、at, etc . . . . （2）可以計數(shù)的集體名詞：有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式和單復(fù)數(shù)意義；將其視為 一個整體時，用作單數(shù)；強調(diào)構(gòu)成集體的成員時，用作復(fù)數(shù)。 例如： p. 46 中頁.8 b) Number forms of the material 例如： （p. 46中頁） 不可計數(shù) 可以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn) sand 沙 sands 大面積的沙灘 water 水 waters 大面積的水域 food 食物 foods 多種食品 coffee 咖啡 two coffees 兩杯咖啡 rubber 橡膠 rubbers 膠鞋 stone 石頭 stones 多塊石頭 egg 蛋漬 eggs 多個雞蛋 la

10、mb 羔羊肉 lambs 多只羔羊 onion 洋蔥味 onions 多個洋蔥頭 c) Number forms of the abstract.9 單單 數(shù)數(shù) 式式 復(fù)復(fù) 數(shù)數(shù) 式式 大多數(shù)抽象名大多數(shù)抽象名詞是不可數(shù)的詞是不可數(shù)的 honestyknowledge無 少數(shù)是可數(shù)的少數(shù)是可數(shù)的 victory conferencedifficultyopinion victoriesconferencesdifficultiesopinions 還有一些的單還有一些的單復(fù)數(shù)式含義不復(fù)數(shù)式含義不同同 sympathy 同情（心），憐憫 p. 46 S3, 2, 1experience 經(jīng)驗re

11、lation u 關(guān)系 c 親戚 youth u 青春，青年（時期） c 少年，小伙子 worry u 擔(dān)心，憂愁，煩惱 c 令人擔(dān)心、發(fā)愁的事sympathies 同情（心），憐憫；慰問 p. 46 S1, 2; p.47 S1experiences 經(jīng)歷 relations 親戚youths 男青年，小伙子 worries.10 單單 數(shù)數(shù) 式式 復(fù)復(fù) 數(shù)數(shù) 式式 還有一些的單還有一些的單復(fù)數(shù)式含義不復(fù)數(shù)式含義不同同distraction u 心緒煩亂， 心不在焉 c 使人心緒煩亂的事, 令人分心的事business u 商業(yè)，交易， 生意，業(yè)務(wù) c 商店，商行，公 司，商業(yè)機構(gòu)kindn

12、ess u 仁慈，善意，好意 c 善行 I study in the library as there are too many distractions at home. They dont know how to run a business. It would be doing him a kind- ness to tell him the truth.有些抽象名詞有些抽象名詞本身無復(fù)數(shù)式，本身無復(fù)數(shù)式，若要計數(shù)，就若要計數(shù)，就得使用語義上得使用語義上與之對應(yīng)的個與之對應(yīng)的個體名詞體名詞 (見p. 47 正中下方)laughter u 笑，笑聲 He joined in the lau

13、ghter. He looked shocked, then burst into laughter. laugh c 笑，笑聲“What a mess!” she said, with a laugh. This scene gets one of the biggest laughs in the movie.11 d) Number forms of the proper noun (p. 47 para. 1) A. 專有名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，除非詞本身帶有復(fù)數(shù)詞綴。例如： the United States, the Philippines, the Netherlands B. 專

14、有名詞以復(fù)數(shù)式出現(xiàn)時，普通名詞化，表示某姓的一家人, 如 S1, p. 48 Have you invited the Browns? 或表示同姓或同名的若干人，如 S2 p. 48 There are two Miss Smiths/Misses Smith in the class. Do Ex. 4 B: 3, 5, 6, 2, 15, 20, 9, 11-10 p. 48Key to Ex. 4 B:1. strange sounds 2. foods are 3. chief, tribes, their, salmon (s)4. The runners-up were given

15、 pound notes / The runners-up were each given a pound note. 5. bodies, their heroes 6. mice, tooth-marks 7. Crises, occur, families 8. / 9. / 10. these businesses 11. / 12. fruits are 13. / 14. these articles are well written 15. / 16. several personal kindnesses 17. / 18. sufferings 19. professors

16、20. children are playing, sands .12 Do Ex. 4C: 1-13, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 17，18，10, 19 （p.4849）Key to Ex. 4 C:1. experience 2. waters 3. for advice 4. an important piece of information 5. for it is fun6. were not numerous 7. Poultry 8. directors are 9. militia 10. geniuses 11. merchandise has 12. sympath

17、ies 13. experiences 14. were times, rivalry 15. clippings, were 16. lookers-on 17. foliage is 18. photos 19. 12-pages 20. Luggage is.13 III. Partitives p. 49 “單位名詞單位名詞”表示事物個體性的詞語，與單位詞搭配表示“一群”、“一幫”等意思，它們與不可數(shù)名詞組合起來，便可以“計數(shù)”了。 “單位名詞單位名詞” 可分為： 1) General partitives p. 49 2) Partitives related to the shap

18、e of things p. 49 3) Partitives related to volume p. 50 4) Partitives related to the state of action p. 50 5) Partitives denoting pairs, groups, flocks, etc p. 50 .14 Do Ex. 4 D: 1, 3, 8, 9, 11, 16, 20, 24, 25 Key to Ex. 4 D:1. blade 2. piece 3. choir 4. flash 5. lump 6. gang 7. grain 8. head 9. sta

19、ff 10. collection 11. fleet 12. cluster 13. bundle 14. bunch 15. team 16. piece 17. ear 18. bar 19. herd 20. pack 21. flock 22. crowd / swarm 23. troupe 24. bench 25. grove 26. collection 27. suite 28. squadron 29. band 30. library Do Ex. 4 E: 1 -5, 6, 10, 11-16, 15, 7 Key to Ex. 4 E:1-5: B C A D C

20、6-10: C B D A B 11-15: A D B B C 16-20: B D C A B.15Lecture 5Genitive NounGenitive Noun p.p. 5359.16Introduction Case denotes the changes in the form of a noun or a pronoun showing its relationship with other words in a sentence. The genitive case/ possessive case shows the possessive relationship b

21、etween the noun and its sequential noun.17I. Formation, meanings and uses of genitive 1. Formation of genitive nouns p. 53 1）“名詞 + s ” 格 Rules of formation are as follows: a) b) c) d) e) f) 2）“of + 名詞” 格.18 2. Meanings of genitive nouns p. 54 a) b) c) d) e) f) 3. Uses of genitive nouns p. 54 1）“名詞 +

22、 s ” 格: 用于有生命的名詞和表示國家、城市、 星球、海洋、江河、季節(jié)等地理名稱，以及表示時間、 距離、量度、數(shù)量等名詞，置于被限定或被修飾的名 詞前，作其定語。（參見a) ） 2）“of + 名詞” 格：用于無生命的名詞之后，作該名詞的 后置定語。 （參見 b) ， p. 55）.19 注注 當(dāng)有生命的名詞帶有較長的后置定語時，也需用 “of + 名詞” 格。 例如：p. 55 WP4: the opinion of the chairman appointed a month ago WP 3: the suggestions of those present at the meeti

23、ng 若名詞詞組由“定冠詞 + 形容詞”構(gòu)成，或 of- 詞組表示“同位 關(guān)系”，也須用“of + 名詞” 格。例如： p. 55 WP 2: the income of the rich the struggle of the exploited WP 1: the city of Rome the town of Bremen .20 Do Ex. 5A: 1, 2; 3, 4, 14; 7, 16Key to Ex. 5A:1. my father has a car 2. the bull has horns3. the prisoner escaped 4. her parents

24、consented5. somebody released the prisoner6. somebody assassinated the President7. a letter from the general / the general sent a letter8. the crowd felt sympathy 9. a college for women10. a summer day, a day in the summer11. the earth has a (rough) surface12. the absence lasted ten days 13. a docto

25、ral degree, a doctorate14. the bird made the nest 15. the committee made a report16. a story told by the girl / the girl told a story17. the volcano erupted18. the victim had courage / the victim was courageous19. somebody punished the boy 20. the critics received the play in a hostile manner.21 Do

26、Ex. 5B: 1, 2, 7, 10; 3, 5, 6, 8; 4Key to Ex. 5B:1. The comedian performed, and he was well received by a huge audience. 這位喜劇演員的演出很受廣大觀眾的歡迎。2. She was thankful, for her little girl had quickly recovered. 她的小女孩很快康復(fù)，為此她非常感謝。3. How to educate children presents a big problem. 教育孩子成了大問題。4. He was happy th

27、at his wife loved him. 他陶醉于妻子對他的愛情。5. He did that because he loved his wife. 他干這個是出于對妻子的愛。6. The enemy was defeated, and the war was brought to an end. 戰(zhàn)爭以敵人的失敗而告終。7. John was pleased because his teacher praised him. 約翰因受到老師的嘉勉而感到高興。8. She was punished for stealing, and the punishment was a year in

28、prison. 她因偷竊被判刑一年。9. As he had served unfailingly, the servant was remembered in his masters will as a reward. 由于仆人忠實可靠地服務(wù)，主人在遺囑中提出遺贈作為報酬。10. Williams homework is the only example that is never bably done. 只有威廉的家庭作業(yè)一貫做得好。.22II. independent genitive and double genitive 1. Independent genitive p. 57 獨

29、立屬格: 獨立充當(dāng)句子成分的名詞屬格叫做獨立屬格獨立屬格。 獨立屬格的使用場合： a) Ex. 5C 3, 4, 5 b) Ex. 5C 15, 16, 18, 19 c) Ex. 5C d) Ex. 5C 14 .23 Do Ex. 5C: 3, 4, 5; 15, 16, 18, 19; 14Key to Ex. 5B:1. Dicks decision to emigrate to Australia.2. the expansion of the Physics Department / The Physics Departments expansion3. a novel of Ja

30、ne Austens.That long report of Mr Allens 5. Those new shoes of yours6. the article of the student7. Shakespeares tragedies / the tragedies of Shakespearea ships carpenter. 9. The punishment of the offenders10. the past decades events / the events of the past decade11. the enemys unconditional surren

31、der / the unconditional surrender of the enemy.12. other peoples criticism of him.13. the younger generations education / the education of the younger generation.14. at John Wileys, the booksellers. 15. an article of T. Johns16. this policy of the governments? 17. an idiots tale.18. That dog of Franks 19. This book of Joe Hills20. Janes letter.24 2. Double genitive p. 57 雙重屬格：“of +獨立屬格” 叫做雙重屬格雙重屬格。 S1: He is a friend of my fathers. WP: a painting of my colleagues A business client of my grandfathers 注注 被雙重屬格修飾的名詞可以和