科技英語寫作-關(guān)于動名詞和分詞

1、現(xiàn)在分詞和動名的用法和判別一、-ing的基本用法.“be+-ing+”構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在、過去、將來進(jìn)行時主動態(tài)：1. The liquid is flowing down the tower under the force of gravity. （現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時主動態(tài)）液體在重力作用下正沿著塔往下流。2. When he came here, we were studying English. （過去進(jìn)行時主動態(tài)）當(dāng)他來這里時，我們正在學(xué)習(xí)英語。3. In a few years the station will be feeding(或supplying) power to many industri

2、al plants. （將來進(jìn)行時主動態(tài)）再過幾年，那座發(fā)電站將向許多工廠供電。.“have，had或shall（will）have+been+-ing+”構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在、過去、將來這三種完成進(jìn)行時主動態(tài)（）：1. We have been studying the problem for a long time. （現(xiàn)在完成時主動態(tài)）很久以前我們一直在研究這個問題。2.Chemistis had been studying the atmosphere for about two thousand years before its composition was discovered. （過去完成

3、時主動態(tài)）化學(xué)家們一直在研究大氣，研究了約兩千年，它的組成才被發(fā)現(xiàn)。3. By the end of this year they will have been studying English for a year. （將來完成時主動態(tài)）到今年年底，他們學(xué)習(xí)英語有一年了。（主語第一人稱，則可用shall代替will。）.“being+過去分詞”構(gòu)成被動態(tài)。這里有三種情況：A. “is（was）+being（現(xiàn)在分詞）+過去分詞”構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在、過去這兩種進(jìn)行時被動態(tài)：1. The lathe is being adjusted by a worker. （現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時被動態(tài)）這臺車床正由一個工人在進(jìn)

4、行調(diào)整。2. When I came here, the lathe was being adjusted by a worker. （過去進(jìn)行時被動態(tài)）當(dāng)我來這里時，那臺車床正由一個工人在進(jìn)行調(diào)整。B. Being前面沒有is或was之類動詞，僅僅是動詞名“being+過去分詞”構(gòu)成被動意義：1. The object is at rest and resists being moved quickly. （直接賓語）物體靜止，就阻止物體本身迅速移動。2. Television waves pass right through the layer without being reflecte

5、d. （介詞賓語）電視被徑直通過這一層（電離層）而不被反射。（上兩句中being為被動態(tài)動名詞短語。）C. “being(現(xiàn)在分詞)+過去分詞”作定語在獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)中及介詞后“主謂”結(jié)構(gòu)（即復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）中的用法：1. We must pay attention to the problems being discussed here.（定語）我們必須重視這里正在（被）討論的問題。2. The electric current produced is the result of chemical energy being changed to electrical energy. （復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞

6、賓語）所產(chǎn)生的電流是化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娔艿慕Y(jié)果。3. The teacher being here, there is no danger. （獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)）老師在這里，便無危險。.“-ing+原動詞具有的搭配關(guān)系”在句中作主語、賓語、表語、狀語、介詞賓語（除作狀語用的-ing為現(xiàn)在分詞外，其余均為動名詞）：A. 作主語用：1. Melting and boiling take place under certain conditions. 熔融和沸騰發(fā)生在一定條件之下。2. In the given case warming the solid converts it to a liquid.

7、在給定情況下，加熱這種固體能使它變成液體。3. There is no failing in the test. 不可能在試驗中失敗。注：“There is +no+-ing”表示“不可能”之意。4. It is no use buying books but not reading them. （真正主語）買了書卻不讀，沒有什么用處。注：動名詞短語作真正主語很少見，不如不定式為多。它主要用在以no use，no good， worth-while， waste，dangerous等詞作表語的句子中。B. 作賓語、介詞賓語或個別形容詞的賓語用：1. I like reading English

8、 every morning. （動詞賓語）我喜歡每天早晨讀英語。2. Their installation method is worth trying. （形容詞賓語）他們的安裝方法值得試一試。3. The process of dissolving table salt in water is a physical change. （介詞賓語）食鹽溶解于水的過程是物理變化。 4. We think it no use increasing resistance in the experiment. （真正賓語）我們認(rèn)為在這個實驗中增加電阻無用。（動名詞短語作真正賓語很少見，只有當(dāng)其賓語補(bǔ)

9、語為上面注中那些詞時才行。）5. These children need looking after. （動詞賓語）這些小孩得需要照顧。（句中after為介詞，其賓語正好是句中主語，但不可以寫出。）C. 作表語用（下面三例不是進(jìn)行時，其中moving轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞）：1. Our greatest happiness is serving the people. 為人民服務(wù)是我們最大的幸福。2. Our production task is making machines. 我們的生產(chǎn)任務(wù)是制造機(jī)器。3. This book is very moving. 這本書很感動人。D. ing（現(xiàn)在分詞）

10、作狀語用，含有時間、原因、讓步、方式或伴隨、結(jié)果等意義，但比較含蓄，只能根據(jù)上下文來仔細(xì)琢磨：1. Passing through a liquid or solid, sound is changed into heat. （時間）聲音通過液體或固體時，就轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闊帷?. The metal was cooled in the air, having been heated to a definite temperature in the furnace. （時間）這種金屬在爐子里加熱到一定溫度以后，就放在空氣中冷卻。3. He is standing there, waiting for a

11、n assignment. （目的）他正站在那邊等待分配任務(wù)。4. Not having done it, we tried again. （原因）由于沒有做成，我們就又試了。（注意not不能位于having后面。否定非謂語動詞時，not均應(yīng)位于非謂語動詞前面。）5. We read the book sitting by the window. （方式）我們坐在窗戶旁邊讀書。6. Weighing 2,210 tons, the automatic forging press is operated by one worker only. （讓步）雖然這臺自動鍛壓機(jī)重2,210噸，但只由一個

12、工人操作。7.We increase the length of the wire, thus(或thereby， hence)increasing its resistance. （thus或thereby后的-ing短語一般表示結(jié)果意義。）我們增加導(dǎo)線的長度，從而增加了導(dǎo)線電阻。8. Some students came running towards us. （方式）幾個學(xué)生朝著我們方向跑來。9. Not knowing how to operate the machine, he asked the worker for help. （原因）他不知如何操作這臺機(jī)器，便請求工人幫助。10

13、. Reducing the current, we can correspondingly decrease the speed of the motor. （條件）如果減小電流，則電動機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速就能相應(yīng)減低。11. He knew how to run the machine, having been a worker ten years. （原因）他當(dāng)了十年工人，知道如何開動這臺機(jī)器。（現(xiàn)在分詞短語的完成式雖在句末，其動作仍在謂語動詞之前。）12. The doctor, having felt your pulse, pronounced you better. （時間）醫(yī)生按了脈搏以后

14、，斷定病已好轉(zhuǎn)。上述例句中，完成時的-ing表示其動作在主句動作之前已完成（見例句2,4,11,12），其余則和主句動詞的動作差不多同時發(fā)生。注意本情況下-ing還有以被動語態(tài)出現(xiàn)的形式（見例句2），這時句中主語就是行為對象。-ing作狀語時，多半有逗號隔開，但有例外（見上面第5,8句），故需邏輯判斷。E. ing（動名詞）作介詞賓語用：1. We use this tool for tightening bolts. 我們用這工具來旋緊螺栓。2. Before starting the engine you should carefully clean and oil it. 在開動發(fā)動機(jī)之

15、前，你應(yīng)該把它仔細(xì)弄干凈，并且上好潤滑油。3. You succeeded in solving the problem. 你們順利解決了問題。4. We change air to a liquid by cooling and compressing it. 對空氣冷卻和壓縮，我們可以使它變?yōu)橐后w。5. After having been discussed， the report was published. 這份報告在討論完以后，就發(fā)表了。6. Through being left out all night in the rain the metal had rusted. 由于這種

16、金屬整宵放在外面挨雨淋，它已經(jīng)生銹了。7. We did not speak of having read this book. 我們沒說已讀過了這本書。8. On breaking the magnet into still shorter pieces we still get complete magnets. 把磁鐵砸成更短小的碎塊時，我們得到的仍然是一些完整的磁鐵。9. Did he feel sorry for not coming in time? 他對沒有及時來感到遺憾嗎？ 注意完成時表示形式（見例句5,7）和被動態(tài)形式（見例句5,6）。注意動名詞的否定形式（見例句9）。. i

17、ng及其短語作定語用：1）按其位置，作定語的-ing有在所修飾的名詞之前和之后兩種：A. ing在所修飾的名詞之前：1. We have many interesting books. 我們有許多有趣的書。2. This is a good-looking machine. 這是一臺外形很美觀的機(jī)器。3. They presented some demanding requirements （for improving their living environment）on this issue. 他們對此事提出了很苛刻的要求4. We must test the device under o

18、perating conditions. 我們必須在操作條件下試驗這個裝置。5. Without air a living thing will die. 沒有空氣，生物就會死。6. The moving water and air have mechanical energy. 流動的水和空氣都具有機(jī)械能。B. ing或其短語在所修飾的名詞后面：1. Matter is anything having weight and occupying space. 凡是物質(zhì)，都具有重量和占有空間。2. This is the ratio of oxygen reacting to water for

19、med. 這就是參加反應(yīng)的氧和生成的水之間的比。3. The man working by the machine with the worker is a student. 機(jī)器旁邊和工人一起勞動的人是一個學(xué)生。4. The house being built will be our new laboratory. 正在建筑中的這所房子將是我們的新實驗室。5. This glass container, having a base of 80cm2, is 15cm high. 這只底面積為80厘米2的玻璃容器高15厘米。（分譯也可）6. Mr. Wang and his friend, c

20、onversing earnestly together, ceased as you approached. 王先生和他的朋友熱誠地談話，當(dāng)你走過去時，他們便不談了。注1. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語時，若短語前后有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號和其他成分隔開，則為非限制性定語。上面最后兩句中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語就作非限制性定語。這種定語可理解為非限制性定語從句的緊縮形式。注2. 有時它不是作非限制性定語，而是作狀語。這要靠上下文進(jìn)行邏輯判別。只要不影響理解，這方面的差別不必過分注意。2）根據(jù)被-ing所修飾的名詞（指人、物）能否產(chǎn)生-ing所表示的動作來分，作定語的-ing有下列兩種情況：A. ing和它所修飾的名詞有邏

21、輯上的“主謂”關(guān)系，并以此表示所修飾名詞的特征。這時-ing為現(xiàn)在分詞：the working people  勞動人民running water 流水boiling water 沸水（正在開著的水）freely falling body 自由落體B. ing和所表示的名詞沒有邏輯上的“主謂”關(guān)系。這時-ing為動名詞，一般表示用途或表示所修飾的名詞有關(guān)的動作：a reading-room 閱覽室the boiling temperature 沸騰溫度，沸點(diǎn)the operating conditions 操作條件a packing method 包裝法a writing desk

22、寫字桌.“the+-ing+of+原動詞的賓語”，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的-ing和名詞一樣，在句中可作各種成分用，后面還可以搭配原動詞要求的介詞短語。例如：1. The melting of iron requires a very high temperature. 鐵的熔融需要一個很高的溫度。2. Oxidation means the combining of any material with oxygen. 氧化指的是任和物質(zhì)和氧的化合。3. The sudden heating of the air by lightning flashes causes thunder. （這里用by引出-

23、ing的行為發(fā)出者）閃電對空氣的突然加熱，就引起了雷鳴。4. The charging of condenser from a battery is not unlike filling of a tank from a reservoir. 電池給電容器充電就像油庫給郵箱加油一樣。從上述例句中不難看出，原動詞的其他支配關(guān)系仍然可以保留（見例句2,3和4中的with，by和from短語）。但是修飾動詞原來用的是副詞，在本情況下改用形容詞。.“主語+感覺動詞或have（致使）等+賓語+-ing”，句中-ing（現(xiàn)在分詞）作賓語補(bǔ)語用，即-ing起著賓語的“謂語”作用。例如：1. We saw t

24、he train coming towards the station. （當(dāng)時）我們看見火車正朝著車站開過來。2. Those conditions cant have you doing the experiment. 那些條件不能使你做這個實驗。.“主語+動詞+賓語+as+-ing”，這里-ing作賓語補(bǔ)語用：1. We showed these compounds as having different structures. 我們證明了這些化合物具有不同的結(jié)構(gòu)。2. They regard these experiments as being too simple for them.

25、 他們以為這些實驗對他們來說是太簡單了。3. We think of AB as being a straight line. 我們認(rèn)為AB是一條直線。注：上述第2,3句中being也可省略。.“主語+被動態(tài)謂語+-ing”，這里-ing作主語補(bǔ)語：1.This step of work is called testing a hypothesis. 這個工作步驟叫做對假說的驗證。2. He was seen taking pictures with a camera. 有人看見他用一架照相機(jī)在拍照。.“主語+被動態(tài)謂語+as+-ing”，這里-ing作主語補(bǔ)語：1. Water can be

26、 shown as containing admixtures. 可以證明水含有雜質(zhì)。2. This automatic control instrument has been known as controlling the production process. 大家都已知道，這個自動控制儀是控制生產(chǎn)過程的。必須指出，當(dāng)上述句型結(jié)構(gòu)中-ing是being時，being?？梢允÷?。例如：3. This may be taken as (being) a result of overheating. 這可以（被）當(dāng)做是過熱的結(jié)果。4. More than one type of mistake

27、 may be thought of as (being) present. 可以認(rèn)為存在著一種類型以上的錯誤。注意，當(dāng)這種類似結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)在從句或句中某個成分的短語時，有時就不易判別。例如：5. Only those substances which can be considered as being mixtures have a depressed melting point. 那些物質(zhì)可以認(rèn)為是混合物，只有它們才具有較低的熔點(diǎn)。6. This method previously mentioned as affording good results, is widely used. （由

28、作定語的mentioned引出補(bǔ)語）前面提到的能產(chǎn)生良好效果的這種方法，目前廣泛采用。. ing（動名詞）出現(xiàn)前用形式主語或形式賓語it的兩種情況：1. It is no use only learning theories without practice. 只學(xué)理論不實踐是沒有用的。2. We think it necessary improving the production process. （形式賓語）我們認(rèn)為改進(jìn)生產(chǎn)過程是必要的。注：詳見“It用法和判別” . “when, while等+-ing（現(xiàn)在分詞）”是個省略句形式，省略了與主句相同的主語和其相應(yīng)的be。例如：1. Wh

29、ile working in the plant, we learned a lot form the workers. 我們在工廠勞動期間，向工人學(xué)到了許多東西。2. When being cooled from the red heat temperature, the steel reduced its capacity to dissolve carbon. 當(dāng)鋼從赤熱溫度冷卻下來時，便降低了它的碳的溶解度。（意譯）3. The melting ice keeps the same temperature while melting. 溶解的冰在溶解時，溫度保持不變。.“名詞+-ing

30、（動名詞）”整個地作前置定語用： 1. a metal cutting machine 金屬切割機(jī)2. a gas welding machine 氣焊機(jī)3. a steam cooling system 蒸氣冷卻系統(tǒng)4. a self priming centrifugal pump 自吸離心泵在上述詞組內(nèi)，切不可把-ing和后面的名詞理解為現(xiàn)在分詞短語來修飾-ing前的名詞，而應(yīng)把-ing理解為動名詞，-ing前的名詞乃是-ing行為的對象（如1,3）或行為方式方法（如2,4）。同時也必須注意與下面的用法區(qū)別開。.“名詞或代詞+-ing”構(gòu)成一種特殊的“主謂”關(guān)系，稱為復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。這里一般有

31、五種情況：A. 帶有-ing的獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)：1. A new technique having been worked out, the yields rose. （表示原因）由于提出了新技術(shù)，產(chǎn)量就上升了。2. There are many kinds of steel, each having its special uses in industry. （表示伴隨）鋼有多種，每種在工業(yè)上都有其特定用途。3. Circumstances permitting, we shall begin to work tomorrow. （表示條件）情況允許，我們明天就開始工作。4. The quest

32、ion being settled, we all left the room. （表示時間）問題解決之后，我們都離開了房間。5. He watched the soldiers pass, his eyes (being) bright and eager. （表示方式）他雙眼發(fā)亮，滿懷激情，望著戰(zhàn)士通過。6. I stood out of doors, my hand(being)on his shoulder. （表示伴隨動作）我站在室外，一只手搭在他的肩膀上。7. So the synthetic plastics industry was born, other chemists s

33、taring to synthesize many other useful plastics of a similar type. （表示結(jié)果）于是合成塑料工業(yè)誕生，而其他化學(xué)家就開始合成相類似的許多其他有用的塑料。B. 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語：Some factories working together made a new-type machine. 幾個工廠協(xié)作，制造了一臺新型機(jī)器。C. 介詞后的“主謂”結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞賓語：1. We heard about many students going to Beijing. （作介詞about的賓語）我們聽說許多學(xué)生要去北京。2. We did n

34、ot know of her having made this test. 我們不知她已做了這個試驗。3.Any steam engine gives us an example of heat being turned into work. 凡是蒸汽機(jī)都能給我們以熱轉(zhuǎn)化為功的例子。4. The process of one substance mixing with another is called diffusion. 一種物質(zhì)同另一種物質(zhì)混合的過程叫做擴(kuò)散。5. The explanation lies in the product (being) more stable. 這種解釋在

35、于這個產(chǎn)物是較為穩(wěn)定的。6. Coal was made by rocks pressing on trees and plants which died millions of years ago. 煤是巖石緊壓千百萬年以前死去的樹木植物而形成的。D. 在with，without后用“主謂”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示伴隨，作狀語：1. Before liberation, the workers could hardly work with that noise going on. 解放前工人們在那種鬧聲持續(xù)下幾乎不能工作。2. With the side reaction preceding the re

36、action, the yields were very low. 反應(yīng)前發(fā)生副反應(yīng)，故產(chǎn)率很低。3. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large number of identical parts being produced. 制造過程可分為單件生產(chǎn)和大量生產(chǎn)。單產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)就是生產(chǎn)少量零件，大量生產(chǎn)就是生產(chǎn)大量的零件。4. One body never exerts a force on a

37、nother without the second reacting against the first. 一個物體對另一個物體施加力，從來不會不受到后者的反作用力。注：有時with，without后用的being，having been還可省略。例如：With the experiments (having been)carried out, we stated new investigations. 這些試驗完成了，我們就開始了新的研究。E. ing前面名詞或帶刺的賓語補(bǔ)語。有時可用“物主代詞+-ing”表示與上述“主謂”關(guān)系類似的意思。只是用物主代詞時，后面的-ing為動名詞而已。例如：

38、1. Our going there wont help much. 我們?nèi)ツ莾?，不一定能有多少幫助?. They did not mind my closing the door. 他們不在乎我把門關(guān)了。3. Nowhere in nature is aluminium found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen. 由于鋁總是和其他元素結(jié)合在一起，最常見的是和氧化合，因此在自然界任何地方都找不到處于游離狀態(tài)的鋁。（由于nowhere位于句首，主、謂

39、詞序顛倒。）4. Gases and liquids are perfectly elastic, after their being compressed they return to their original volume as soon as the applied force is removed. 氣體和液體是很有彈性的。在它們受壓縮以后，當(dāng)施加的力一移走，它們就馬上恢復(fù)原來的體積。5. We do not object to your doing this test. 我們不反對你做這個試驗。. ing的名詞化：1. Multiply the centigrade readin

40、g by 1.8 because 1equals 1.8. 將攝氏度數(shù)乘以1.8,因為1等于1.8。2. This is the meaning of Newtons Third Law: there is always an equal reaction to every action. 這是牛頓第三定律的意義：對于每一個作用力總是有其大小相等的反作用力。3. Calculate the unknowns in the following: 計算下面的未知數(shù)：4. We gave the classroom a good cleaning. 我們把教室好好地打掃了一下。5. Synthesi

41、s is the putting together of chemical elements to from a compound. 合成是把化學(xué)元素放在一起以生成化合物。（putting雖已名詞化，但原動詞的搭配關(guān)系，如together和to from a compound仍保留下來。關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)必須給予一定注意。）. 某些-ing作插入語用。這時，-ing所表示的行為在句中沒有邏輯的主語，可按固定的慣用語來記：1. Generally speaking, this book is not difficult. 總的來說，這本書并不難。2. Judging from what you say,

42、 he could have done this work still better. 從你說的話來看，他滿可以把工作做得更好一些。從上面兩個句中可以看出，speaking（說）和judging（判斷）的行為發(fā)生者不是句中的主語。這是和-ing作狀語不同的。此外，插入語前后一般都有都好隔開。. 某些-ing作介詞用：1. Inform us regarding(或of) this matter. 將有關(guān)這件事的消息通知我們。2. Very little is known concerning(或about)these problems. 關(guān)于這些問題知道得很少。3. Considering h

43、is age, he has done very well. 就他的年齡而論，他做得非常好。4. He has done very well, considering (that) he has no experience. （介詞considering接一個介詞賓語從句。）像他這樣沒有經(jīng)驗，算是做得不錯了。. 某些-ing已轉(zhuǎn)化為從句的連接詞：1. Supposing (that) I see him, what shall I tell him?（條件從句）假如我見到他，我將告訴他什么呢？2. Seeing (that) you have come, we still settle thi

44、s problem together with you now.（原因從句）由于你來了，我們現(xiàn)在就和你在一起解決這個問題。3. Notwithstanding (that) it was raining, we went to the workshop. （讓步從句）盡管下雨，我們還是去車間了。4. Granting that this is true(或Granting that to be true), how does it answer your argument? （讓步從句）就算那是事實，又怎樣解釋你的論據(jù)呢？. ing短語作同位語：1. Now compare the work

45、done lifting the cart with the work done pulling it up inclined plane.現(xiàn)在將提升車子所作的功和沿著斜面拉車上來所作的功進(jìn)行比較。（句中done為work的后置定語，兩個動名詞短語作同位語。）2.This substance is splitting up, or decomposing, into many useful products. 這種物質(zhì)正在分裂，即正在分解為許多有用的產(chǎn)物。（句中現(xiàn)在分詞decomposing作splitting up的同位語。）二、-ing用法的判別. ing語法功用的初步綜合比較：（以cut

46、ting metal為例）1. Cutting metal is no simple operation. （主語）金屬切削并非簡單的操作。2. We are cutting metal. （組成謂語部分，和are構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。）我們正在切削金屬。3. One of the important uses of this machine tool is cutting metal. （表語）這種機(jī)床的重要用途之一是切削金屬。4. The worker stopped cutting metal. （賓語）那個工人停止了金屬切削。5. We saw many workers cutting me

47、tal. （賓語補(bǔ)語）我們看見許多工人在切削金屬。6. They were found cutting metal in the workshop. （主語補(bǔ)語）有人發(fā)現(xiàn)他們在車間切削金屬。7. This machine is used for cutting metal. （介詞for的賓語）這臺機(jī)器是供切割金屬用的。8. Before cutting metal you should carefully clean the machine. （介詞before的賓語）切削金屬前，你必須仔細(xì)把機(jī)器清理干凈。9. The student cutting metal in the worksho

48、p works very hard. （定語）在車間切削金屬的那位學(xué)生工作很努力。10. Cutting metal, the workers are very careful. （時間狀語）切削金屬時，工人們是非常謹(jǐn)慎的。11. While cutting metal, the workers dont talk with each other. （cutting前省略“the workers are”，故cutting是謂語組成部分。）工人們在切削金屬時不互相交談。12. There are lots of metal cutting machines in our plant. （定語）

49、我們廠里有許多金屬切割機(jī)床。上述12句中cutting metal總是作“金屬切削”或“切削金屬”解，但在不同上下文和搭配關(guān)系中就起不同的語法作用。它在第1,2,4,7,8,12句中頂作名詞用，故為動名詞；它在其余句中作現(xiàn)在分詞。這里關(guān)鍵在于-ing短語處于何種位置和那些詞搭配。.對于-ing作狀語、獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)和插入語的判別：-ing在句中作狀語，其動作發(fā)生者和句中主語是一致的，或也是一種主謂關(guān)系。但在獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)中必有-ing的行為發(fā)生者，并位于-ing前面。只有there is結(jié)構(gòu)改成獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)時，主語才在-ing后面：The car stopped, there being no f

50、uel in the tank.因為郵箱內(nèi)沒有燃料，車子停了。插入語與上兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的差別在于插入語的-ing行為發(fā)生者在句中找不到。它一般用來表示作者對句中所表達(dá)意思的態(tài)度。插入語前后一般有逗號隔開。.現(xiàn)在分詞短語作時間狀語時，如果其動作一發(fā)生，謂語動詞作立即隨之發(fā)生，則該現(xiàn)在分詞可用其一般式作狀語，并常置于句首。例如：Arriving at the station, he found the train had left.他到達(dá)車站就發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已開走。.句末“（thus或thereby）+-ing”結(jié)構(gòu)常作結(jié)果狀語。例如：They do not have the courage to admit

51、 the limited aspect of their own advantages, thus(或thereby)suppressing another aspect of the truth.他們沒有勇氣承認(rèn)自己長處的有限性，因而抹殺了真理的另一方面。.注意由-ing帶來的一系列復(fù)雜關(guān)系：A. 由-ing引出從句：1. We stand by the lathe watching how it is operated. （作狀語的現(xiàn)在分詞引出賓語從句。）我們站在車床旁邊，看著車床是如何操作的。2. We use insulators to prevent electrical charges from going where they are not wanted. （現(xiàn)在分詞going作狀語，本身又引出狀語從句。）我們用絕緣體來防止電荷流到不需要電荷的地方去。3. Because mixtures vary in composition, there must be a way of telling how much solute is present in a solution. （動名詞telling引出賓語從句。）由于混合物的組成可以變