新目標(biāo)八年級(jí)英語(yǔ)（下）Unit9現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1、1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。造成的影響或結(jié)果。(漢語(yǔ)中常用漢語(yǔ)中常用“已經(jīng)已經(jīng)”、“過(guò)過(guò)”、“了了”等表達(dá)）通常與表示包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間副詞等表達(dá)）通常與表示包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間副詞 just，already, before, yet, never, ever 等狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：等狀語(yǔ)連用。例如： I have never heard of that before. Have you ever ridden a horse? She has already finished the work. Have

2、you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already. Ive just lost my math book. 助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞have (has) + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞注：注：has 用于第三人稱單數(shù)，用于第三人稱單數(shù)，have 用于其他所有用于其他所有人稱。人稱。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞變化與過(guò)去式相同，規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞變化與過(guò)去式相同，不規(guī)則變化則須單獨(dú)記憶。不規(guī)則變化則須單獨(dú)記憶。2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去的也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)?？梢院捅硎狙永m(xù)的時(shí)間

3、狀語(yǔ)連用。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。可以和表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 如如for、since 等引等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。（導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。（注意：句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞注意：句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）一段時(shí)間的表達(dá)方法有兩種一段時(shí)間的表達(dá)方法有兩種:for: +一段時(shí)間一段時(shí)間 for a year for two weeks for three years 過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻, since nine since last week 一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 since you came since you got home.注意注意:for 和和since 所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間

4、狀語(yǔ)都表示一段時(shí)間所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)都表示一段時(shí)間.He has been away since last week.He has been away for one week.對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)都用對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)都用How longSince have / has been (to) 表示表示“曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地”，說(shuō)話時(shí)此人不在那里，已經(jīng)回來(lái)。側(cè)重指經(jīng)歷。說(shuō)話時(shí)此人不在那里，已經(jīng)回來(lái)。側(cè)重指經(jīng)歷。have / has gone (to) 表示某人表示某人“已經(jīng)去某地已經(jīng)去某地了了”，說(shuō)話時(shí)此人可能在路上或已到那里，反正，說(shuō)話時(shí)此人可能在路上或已到那里，反正不在這里。不在這里。 He has

5、 been to Beijing. 他曾去過(guò)北京。他曾去過(guò)北京。 （人已回來(lái)，可能在這兒）（人已回來(lái)，可能在這兒） He has gone to Beijing. 他已經(jīng)去北京了。他已經(jīng)去北京了。 （人已走，不在這兒）。（人已走，不在這兒）。 1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作動(dòng)作，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系。而現(xiàn)在完成，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的現(xiàn)在的情況情況。 2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀

6、語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完）一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now,等具體的時(shí)等具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。間狀語(yǔ)。 共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：this morning, tonight, this summer, before, already,等。等。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：for, since, ever, never, jus

7、t, already, yet, in past years等不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。等不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 I saw this film yesterday. （只說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去。）（只說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去。） I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。） She has returned from Paris. （她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。）（她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。） She returned yesterday. （她是昨天回來(lái)的。）（她是昨天回來(lái)的。） He has been in the League for

8、three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團(tuán)，三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。為短暫行為。) 注意：注意：句子中如有一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如句子中如有一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： （錯(cuò)）（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對(duì)）（對(duì)）Tom wrote a let

9、ter to his parents last night. 瞬間動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但不能和表瞬間動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如可說(shuō)示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如可說(shuō)“He has left.”但但不能說(shuō)不能說(shuō)“He has left for three years.” 如果要表達(dá)如果要表達(dá)“他已走了三年了他已走了三年了”可用以下幾種表達(dá)法：可用以下幾種表達(dá)法：一、用一、用ago,使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 He left here three years ago.二、用二、用“It is +一段時(shí)間一段時(shí)間since 一般過(guò)去時(shí)從句一般過(guò)去時(shí)從句 ” It

10、is three years since he left here.三、用三、用“ 一段時(shí)間一段時(shí)間have/ has passed + since + 一一般過(guò)去時(shí)從句般過(guò)去時(shí)從句”Three years have passed since he left here.以上三種表示方法適用于所有瞬間動(dòng)詞。以上三種表示方法適用于所有瞬間動(dòng)詞。 另外，還可用其它表示方法，但只適用于部另外，還可用其它表示方法，但只適用于部分瞬間動(dòng)詞。具體辦法是將瞬間動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為表延分瞬間動(dòng)詞。具體辦法是將瞬間動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為表延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞或者表狀態(tài)的續(xù)的動(dòng)詞或者表狀態(tài)的be+名詞形容詞或副詞名詞形容詞或副詞介詞短語(yǔ)等。介詞短

11、語(yǔ)等。1.直接轉(zhuǎn)化成延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞直接轉(zhuǎn)化成延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 buy catch (get) a cold borrow come/go /become have have a coldkeepbe2.轉(zhuǎn)換成轉(zhuǎn)換成be+名詞名詞 join the army join the Party go to school be a soldier be a Party memberbe a student3轉(zhuǎn)換成轉(zhuǎn)換成be+形容詞或副詞形容詞或副詞 die finish begin leave fall sleep close openbe deadbe overbe onbe awaybe asleep be

12、closedbe open4.轉(zhuǎn)換成轉(zhuǎn)換成 be+介詞短語(yǔ)介詞短語(yǔ) go to school join the army.我們買這本書(shū)三年了我們買這本書(shū)三年了.We have had the book for three years.他感冒三天了他感冒三天了.He has had a cold for three days.We bought the book three years ago. He caught a cold three days ago.一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)可以構(gòu)成同義句一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)可以構(gòu)成同義句be in schoolbe in the army自從上

13、星期以來(lái)自從上星期以來(lái),我就借了這本書(shū)我就借了這本書(shū). I have kept the book since last week.我成為一個(gè)學(xué)生兩年多了我成為一個(gè)學(xué)生兩年多了. I have been a student for over two years. I borrowed the book last week.I became a student two years ago. Mr Black死了三年了。死了三年了。Mr Black has been dead for three years.Mr Black died three years ago.小明參軍半年了。小明參軍半年了。

14、Xiao Ming has been a soldier for half a year.Xiao Ming joined the army half a year ago.我們上了我們上了8年學(xué)了。年學(xué)了。We have been students for eight years.下課下課10分鐘了分鐘了 The class has been over for ten minutes.9.電影開(kāi)始了一小時(shí)了電影開(kāi)始了一小時(shí)了 The film has been on for an hour.一看時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一看時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如果句中沒(méi)有表示過(guò)去確切時(shí)間。如果句中沒(méi)有表示過(guò)去確切時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，常用現(xiàn)在完

15、成時(shí)；如果有，則只能用一的狀語(yǔ)，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果有，則只能用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：I have visited the factory.I visited the factory last year.二看句首有無(wú)疑問(wèn)詞。二看句首有無(wú)疑問(wèn)詞。如果籠統(tǒng)地問(wèn)人家做過(guò)某如果籠統(tǒng)地問(wèn)人家做過(guò)某事了嗎（句首無(wú)疑問(wèn)詞），常用事了嗎（句首無(wú)疑問(wèn)詞），常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；但；但進(jìn)一步詢問(wèn)何時(shí)、何地、何原因、用什么方式做進(jìn)一步詢問(wèn)何時(shí)、何地、何原因、用什么方式做那事時(shí)（句首有疑問(wèn)詞）就要用那事時(shí)（句首有疑問(wèn)詞）就要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：。如：Have you had your breakf

16、ast? Yes, I have.When did you have it? At seven thirty.三看句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞三看句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如果表示的動(dòng)作或。如果表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，最好選用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，并使用現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，最好選用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，并使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果是瞬間動(dòng)詞，則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：完成時(shí)；如果是瞬間動(dòng)詞，則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：He has been a league member for two months.He joined the Youth League two months ago.注意：注意： 這種用法是以連貫性

17、問(wèn)答為背景的。否則就需要這種用法是以連貫性問(wèn)答為背景的。否則就需要具體情況具體分析。如：具體情況具體分析。如：How many words have you learned by heart?How did you learn them by heart?( )1.Youve never seen such a wonderful film before, _? A. havent you B. have you C. do you D. dont you( ) 2. I have watched the game. When _ you _ it? A. have; watched B. d

18、o; watch C. did ;watch D. will; watch( )3. Mr. Green _ in China since five years ago. A. lived B. has lived C. lives D. is going to live( )4. His grandma _ for two years. A. died B. has died C. was dead D. has been dead BCBD( )5. Where is Han Mei now? She _ to Shanghai. She will be back in two days. A. has gone B. has been C. goes D. had gone( )6. _ you _to the United Stated ? No, never,but I went to Canada a few years agoA. Have; been B. Have;