英語詩歌的類別

1、1. 十四行詩(Sonnet)源于中世紀(jì)民間抒情短詩，十三、十四世紀(jì)流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)為代表人物，每行十一個音節(jié)，全詩一節(jié)八行，加一節(jié)六行，韻腳用 abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提問，后六行回答。后來，懷亞特(Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542 )將十四行詩引人英國，五音步抑揚格，全詩三個四行一個二行,前三節(jié)提問，后二句結(jié)論。斯賓塞( Edmund Spenser,1552-1599) 用韻腳 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。 莎士比亞 ( WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616)用韻腳 abab,

2、cdcd,efef,gg,稱英國式或莎士比亞式。2. 打油詩(Limericks)通常是小笑話甚至是胡謅，一般沒有標(biāo)題也無作者姓名，含有幽默諷刺性，常運用雙關(guān)，內(nèi)韻等手法。每首詩五個詩行，押韻為 aabba,格律以抑 揚格和抑抑揚格為主。1) There was a young lady of NiggerWho smiled as she rode on a tiger;They returned from the rideWith the lady inside, And the smile on the face of the tiger.2) A tutor who taught on

3、 the fluteTried to teach two tooters to toot, “ Is it harder to toot, orSaid the two to the tutor,To tutor two tooters to toot?”3、素體詩(無韻體詩)( Blank Verse)五音步抑揚格，不押韻詩體。the unrhymed iambic pentameter lineWilliam Wordsworth: There Was a BoyThere was a Boy; ye knew him well, ye cliffsAnd islands of Winan

4、der! many a time,At evening, when the earliest stars beganTo move along the edges of the hills,Rising or setting, would he stand alone, Beneath the trees, or by the glimmering lake; And there, with fingers interwoven, both hands Pressed closely palm to palm and to his mouth Uplifted, he, as through

5、an instrument, Blew mimic hootings to the silent owls 1That they might answer him. And they would shout Across the watery vale, and shout again, Responsive to his call, with quivering peals, And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud Redoubled and redoubled; concourse wildOf jocund din! And, whe

6、n there came a pauseOf silence such as baffled his best skill:Then, sometimes, in that silence, while he hungListening, a gentle shock of mild surpriseHas carried far into his heart the voiceOf mountain-torrents; or the visible sceneWould enter unawares into his mindWith all its solemn imagery, its

7、rocks,Its woods, and that uncertain heaven receivedInto the bosom of the steady lake.This boy was taken from his mates, and diedIn childhood, ere he was full twelve years old.Pre-eminent in beauty is the valeWhere he was born and bred: the churchyard hangsUpon a slope above the village-school;And th

8、rough that churchyard when my way has ledOn summer-evenings, I believe that thereA long half-hour together I have stoodMute looking at the grave in which he lies!3. 自由詩(Free Verse)自由詩(Free Verse) :現(xiàn)代詩中常見的體式，長短不同的詩行存在于同一首詩中，不講究押韻與格律，只注重詩歌所表達(dá)的意象和傳遞的情感。美國詩人 Walt Whitman的草葉集 (Leaves of GrasS中，就采用此格式。Son

9、g of MyselfI celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul,I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.2My tongue, every atom of my blood, form d from this soil, this air,Born h

10、ere of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,1, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin,Hoping to cease not till death.Creeds and schools in abeyance,Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten.I harbor for good or bad, I permit to sp

11、eak at every hazard.Nature without check with original energy.Notes: a spear of: a piece of school: 學(xué)說，流派hazard:chanceabeyance: the condition of not being in use for a certain time惠特曼 ( Walt Whitman,1819-1892 ) ， 美國詩人。此詩選自其巨著<<草葉集 >>。本文是Song of Myself 一詩的第一部分，采用自由詩體，語言接近當(dāng)時的美國口語。4. Epic p

12、oetryit is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race.史詩是敘述英雄傳說和重大歷史事件的敘事長詩。一種莊嚴(yán)的文學(xué)體裁， 內(nèi)容為民間傳說或歌頌英雄功績的長篇敘事詩，它涉及的主題可以包括歷史事件、民族、宗教或傳說5. 史詩史詩一

13、般分作兩種，一種為“傳統(tǒng)史詩”或“原始史詩”，主要是以口頭流傳的形式世代相傳，隨著時間而增添情節(jié)，最后被整理、加工，以文字記載成為一部統(tǒng)一的作品。這類史詩的代表有荷馬的史詩作品伊利亞特和 奧德賽。 另一種為文學(xué)作家以特定的觀念目的有意識地編寫而成的 “文學(xué)史詩” ，這類史詩的代表有維吉爾的埃涅阿斯紀(jì)和約翰?彌爾頓的失樂園 。6. 英雄雙韻體(Heroic Couplet)Heroic Couplet is the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter是一種英國古典詩體，由喬叟首創(chuàng)。由十音節(jié)雙韻詩體演化而來，每行五個音步,每個音步有兩個音節(jié),第一個是輕音,第二個

14、是重音.句式均衡、整齊、準(zhǔn)確、簡潔、考究。舉例 拿四行詩的押韻方式為例，有abab 型，有abcb 型，有 abba 型，有 aabb 型， 還有 aaab 型。第四種(aabb 型)實際上是雙行押韻，英語稱之為couplet, 如果每行五音步，則稱之為“英雄雙押韻” (heroic couplet) ；The Canterbury Tales-General PrologueAs soon as April pierces to the rootThe drought of March, and bathes each bud and shootThrough every vein of s

15、ap with gentle showersFrom whose engendering liquor spring the flowers;When zephyrs have breathed softly all aboutInspiring every wood and field to sprout,And in the zodiac the youthful sunHis journey halfway through the Ram has run;When little birds are busy with their songWho sleep with open eyes

16、the whole night longLife stirs their hearts and tingle in them so,Then off as pilgrims people long to go,And palmers to set out for distant strandsAnd foreign shrines renowned in many lands.And specially in England people rideTo Canterbury from every countrysideTo visit there the blessed martyred sa

17、intWho gave them strength when they were sick and faint.7. Ballads and popular ballad故眾民謠Definition of the ballad:A ballad, flourished in the 15th century, is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Popular BalladsBallads are anonymous narrative songs

18、 that have been preserved by oral transmission.Literature of the common people.flourished in the 15th century, printed until the 18th and 19th.The best known of the earliest collections was Bishop Thomas Percy s “ Reliques of Ancient English Poetry”.英國民謠(English Ballad) ，起源于中世紀(jì)末期，即12、 13 世紀(jì)，興盛于14、 1

19、5世紀(jì)，復(fù)興于18、 19 世紀(jì)，是英國最古老的詩歌形式之一。它主要包括兩大部分，英格蘭民謠和蘇格蘭民謠。Get Up and Bear the DoorIt fell about the Martinmas time,And a gay time it was then,5When our goodwife got puddings to make, And she s boiled them in ethpan.The wind so cold blew south and north,And blew into the floor;Quoth our goodman to our goo

20、dwife, “ Go out and bar the door. ”“ My hand is in my hussyfscap, Goodman, as ye may see;If it should not be barr d this hundred year,It s not be barr d by me. ”They made a paction tween them two,They made it firm and sure,That the first word whoe er should speak, Should rise and bar the door.Then b

21、y there came two gentlemen,At twelve o clock at night,And they could neither see house nor hall, Nor coal, nor candlelight,“ Now whether is this a rich man s house, Or whether is it a poor? ”But ne er a word would one of them speak,For barring of the door,And first they ate white puddings,And then t

22、hey ate the black:Tho much thought the goodwife to herself,Yet ne er a word she spake,Then said the one unto the other,“ Here, man, take ye ma knife;Do you take off the old man s beard,And I ll kiss the goodwife, ” “ But th ere s no water in the house, 5And what shall we do then?“ What ails ye at th

23、e pudding-broth, That boils into the pan?O, up then started our goodman, An angry man was he;“ Will ye kiss my wife before my eye, And scald me with pudding- broth? ”O(jiān) up then started our goodwife,Made three skips on the floor;“ Goodman, you ve spoken the foremost word;Get up and bar the door. ”8. T

24、riplet /tercet(三韻句，三行押韻的詩節(jié) )：Triplet: a unit or group of three lines, usu. rhymed. 三行詩節(jié)(three-linestanza， triplet) 押韻的形式多樣，如：aaa； aab， ccb； aba， bcb? ?ODE TO THE WEST WIND (V)8. B. ShellyMake me thy lyre, even as the forest is: What if my leaves are falling like its own!The tumult of thy mighty harm

25、oniesWill take from both a deep, autumnal tone,Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce, My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!Drive my dead thoughts over the universeLike withered leaves to quicken a new birth!And, by the q of this verse,Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearthAshes and sparks, my words among mankind!Be through my lips to unawakened EarthThe trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?69. 四行詩節(jié)quatrain: a stanza of four lines可以押聯(lián)韻(couplet rhyme)aabb ,也可以押套韻(interlaced rhyme) 即abab ； 還可以押間韻(intermittent rhyme) 即 abcb； 又可