高中英語(yǔ)句子成分及結(jié)構(gòu)分析

1、高中英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析英語(yǔ)的九大詞類名詞，代詞，動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞，數(shù)詞，連詞，介詞，冠詞 。一、名詞（n.）：表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。物體名-desk,cup,chair人名-Mike,Li Ming; 地名一America ,China動(dòng)物名-pig,dog;植物名-tree,wheat.抽象的事物的名稱：idea（主意）,victory（勝 禾1J'knowledge（知識(shí)）.二、代詞（pron.）：主要用來(lái)代替名詞，所以說(shuō)名詞和代詞關(guān)系是很近的。代替人的代詞有： I,you,he,she,it,they這里要注意，代詞的作賓語(yǔ)的形式me,him,her,them.，代

2、替物的代詞有:it,that,this,those,these三、動(dòng)詞（v.）:“動(dòng)"就是動(dòng)作-可以指具體的動(dòng)作：walk（走）,jump（跳）,swim（游泳）;人的大腦動(dòng)作（心 理活動(dòng)）:think（想）,imagine（想象）.四、形容詞（adj.）：用來(lái)表示名詞的性質(zhì)或特征。我們?cè)谡務(wù)撊嘶蛭飼r(shí)，常用上：tall （高的），short矮的），black （黑的），white （白的）這些詞往往是 修飾名詞。五、副詞（adv.）：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。副詞 很多是從形容詞加ly構(gòu)成的，所以看單詞詞尾是否有l(wèi)y是判斷是否是副詞的一種方法，但是

3、詞尾 是ly的也不一定都是副詞，可能是形容詞（likely一有可能的lovely一可愛(ài)的friendly 一友好的lonely一孤獨(dú)的 weekly 每周一次的 monthly 每月一次的 yearly每年一次的）六、介詞（prep.）：表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。at, by, to, in, for, of,on, from, with介詞在英語(yǔ)中最常用于介賓結(jié)構(gòu)介詞+名詞/代詞，起修飾作用.比如：in winter,fromAmerica,behind the door 等等。七、連詞（conj.）：用來(lái)連接詞、短語(yǔ)、句子。連詞不能單獨(dú)作句子成分，只能和其他詞類一起作句子

4、成分。常見(jiàn)的連詞有：and 表并列、both . and并列、but表轉(zhuǎn)折、or表選擇、if表?xiàng)l 件等。八、冠詞 ，英語(yǔ)中只有三個(gè)詞：aan （不定冠詞 ）the （定冠詞），簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，不定冠詞表示泛指，定冠詞表示特指，冠詞與名詞關(guān)系緊密，一般是放在名詞之前。九、數(shù)詞：跟 數(shù)字有關(guān)的詞就是數(shù)詞，英語(yǔ)中的數(shù)詞有兩種，基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。 基數(shù)詞， 比如：one two 、 three 、 four、five 、 six 、 seven 等等 ， 序數(shù)詞， 比如： first 、 second、 third 、 fourth 、fifth 等等。英語(yǔ)句子根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)劃分： 簡(jiǎn)單句： （ 5 種基本句型）主

5、 +謂主 +謂 +賓主 +系 +表主 +謂 +雙賓（間賓+直賓）主 +謂 +賓 +賓補(bǔ) 并列句 and, but, or 復(fù)合句：名詞從句（賓，主，表，同）副詞從句（狀語(yǔ)從句）形容詞從句（定語(yǔ)從句）根據(jù)功能劃分：陳述句, 祈使句 , 感嘆句，疑問(wèn)句（一般疑問(wèn)句，特殊疑問(wèn)句，選擇疑問(wèn)句，反意疑問(wèn)句等）動(dòng)詞分類：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞） 形容詞修飾系動(dòng)詞放在動(dòng)詞后，形容詞修飾名詞，一般放在名詞前；副詞修飾實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，放在實(shí) 義動(dòng)詞后，修飾整個(gè)句子放在句首，修飾形容詞，一般位于形容詞前。五種基本句型【句型一】主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) （不及物動(dòng)詞vi.）主語(yǔ)：是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，一

6、般是名詞，代詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)名詞，短語(yǔ)，從句等。謂語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)總是由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，是英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)變化的主角。謂語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上必須保持一致！不及物動(dòng)詞（vi.） 一般不接賓語(yǔ)，接賓語(yǔ)得加一個(gè)介詞。謂語(yǔ)由 動(dòng)詞詞組 充當(dāng)，分兩種情況: 1. 及物動(dòng)詞+副詞，2. 不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞。動(dòng)副詞組：point out （指出），carry out （執(zhí)行）,put forward （提出）,work out （做出，算出），find out（找出）,give up （放棄）,give away （贈(zèng)送，分發(fā)），pick up （揀起）,put up （掛上）等。動(dòng)副詞可拆分，若是代詞作賓語(yǔ)應(yīng)放

7、在中間。They carried out the plan successfully.They carried the plan out successfully.動(dòng)介詞組：look after （照顧），look at （瞧），look for （尋找），belong to （屬于），referto （參考， 提及），think of （考慮,評(píng)價(jià)）,send for（派人去請(qǐng)）,care for（喜歡）,suffer from （受 之苦）,deal with（對(duì) 付，應(yīng)付）,object to （反對(duì)），pay for （付的錢）等。動(dòng)介詞是不可拆分的，所以代詞放在后面， 即我們只能說(shuō)t

8、hink of it,不能說(shuō)think it of.His father cooks.The children are listening quietly. He runs fast in the street.The meeting begins at nine.They worked day and night. I lived in Beijing five years ago. His father has gone abroad.【句型二】主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（及物動(dòng)詞vt.） +賓語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞后必須跟有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受者賓語(yǔ)位于及物動(dòng)詞或介詞 之后，主要由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的單詞，短

9、語(yǔ)或從句充當(dāng)（名詞作賓語(yǔ)）（名詞作賓語(yǔ)）（動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語(yǔ)）（名詞作賓語(yǔ)）（從句作賓語(yǔ)）（代詞作賓語(yǔ)）（動(dòng)名詞V-ing作賓語(yǔ)）（不定式作賓語(yǔ)）He did his English homework.The workers are building the bridge.I enjoy sharing my work experience.She is doingher homework now.She saidshe felt sick.We often help him.He likes playing basketball.He likes to play basketball .T

10、he boys were watching the world cup match.Can you feel the power of loveWe enjoy listening to the music.She wanted a barbie toy so much when she was young.Zhang Yimou made a love movie.I don' believe in（介）that man.He pointed out （SU） the mistakes in my composition.On Christmas Day, we will call

11、on our foreign teachers.You must hand in your exercise-books after class.We cannot work out （副） the problem in five minutes.【句型三】主+系+表（什么是什么）連系動(dòng)詞主要是連系主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。系動(dòng)詞可分四類：1. “五be” 是（am, is, are, was, were）2.“五感官”動(dòng)詞look （眼）看起來(lái)sound （耳）聽(tīng)起來(lái)taste （口）嘗起來(lái)smell （鼻）聞起來(lái)feel （手）摸起來(lái)3. “五變” get變得,turn變得，grow變得,go變得，be

12、come成為4. “三保持” keep 保持，stay 保持 ,remain 保持作表語(yǔ)的可以是名詞、代詞、形容詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句等I am a teacher.She isbeautiful.This song soundsgood.Leaves turnedgreen.用動(dòng)詞做的主語(yǔ)和從句主語(yǔ)也可用it替代，叫形式主語(yǔ)，真正主語(yǔ)在句中都后移It is important to learn English.It is known to everyone in our class that he has been to many parts of the worldHer new Iph

13、one5 is cool to death.His son is a rock star.My room looks like a pigsty.Li Lei and Jim are gay friends.Children grow wiser as they grow.The river looks especially beautiful in the early morning.Dinner smells good.His voicesounded strange on the phone.The caketastes delicious.Harry potter is the her

14、o in this book.Playing basketball is interesting.To learn English is important.Swimming is a sport he enjoys.That he has been to many parts of the world is known to everyone in our class.【句型四】主+謂+雙賓（問(wèn)賓+直賓）（兩者沒(méi)有直接的關(guān)系）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)通常一個(gè)指（間接賓語(yǔ)）；一個(gè)指物（直接賓語(yǔ)）eg: give / pass / bring/ take / show/ buy s

15、b. sth.若要先說(shuō)出直接賓語(yǔ)（事物），后說(shuō)間接賓語(yǔ)（人），則要借助于介詞to或for用to側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對(duì)著某人。用for側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。常跟雙賓的詞有（需借助 to 的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise,return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask 等（需借助 for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order sing, save, sparedI bought

16、Johna birthday present. 或 I bought a birthday present for john.Please tellme your telephone number. 或 Please tellyour telephone number to me.Give me a cup of tea please.Pass our English teacher the book.Bring it to me, please.Show this house to Mr. Smith.Sheordered herself a new dress.He brought you

17、 a dictionary.Please give me a few apples.I ' ll show you my photos.【句型五】主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（兩者有直接的關(guān)系）謂語(yǔ)后只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加一個(gè)成分來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：位于賓語(yǔ)之后補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、動(dòng)詞 -ing形式、過(guò)去分詞等充當(dāng)。The war made him a soldier.（名詞）New methods make the job easy .（形容詞）I often find him at work .（介

18、詞短語(yǔ)）The teacher ask the students to close the windows.（不定式）I saw a cat running across the road.（現(xiàn)在分詞）Our teacher found the windows_closed.（過(guò)去分詞）We call him Tom.At first I found Chinese quite hard.Tell him not to be late tomorrow.He made all of us laugh.The little girl often helps her mother （to） do

19、the housework.We found a cat lying under the chair.I find learning English difficult.I will make you a captain.The manager asked Amandao leave.His words made mesad.I find learning English difficult.I saw the kite up and down.Tom made the girl cry.He proved that theory very important.I thought her ni

20、ce and honest the first time I met her.句子成分 狀語(yǔ) ， 可位于 句首、句末或句中，用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，表示動(dòng)作，行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、原因、方式、程度等。由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)。He speaks Englishvery well. （表程度）He is playingunder the tree . （表地點(diǎn)）I come to see you.（表目的）Ten years ago, She began to livein Dalian. （表時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)）The boy was praisedfor

21、 his bravery.（表原因）If I am not busy tomorrow , I will play football with you. （表?xiàng)l件）副詞（短語(yǔ)）作狀語(yǔ)：The boy needs a pen very much.（程度狀語(yǔ)）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.（賓語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)貝 狀語(yǔ)前置）The boy really needs a pen.（程度狀語(yǔ)）The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pe n

22、.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)） 介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy條件狀語(yǔ)）On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom的問(wèn)狀語(yǔ)）分詞（短語(yǔ)）作狀語(yǔ)：He sits there,asking for a pen.（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.（原因狀語(yǔ)）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.（原因狀語(yǔ)）

23、不定式作狀語(yǔ)：The boy needs a pen to do his homework.（目 的狀語(yǔ)）To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business.名詞作狀語(yǔ)：Come this way!/走這條路?。ǚ较驙钫Z(yǔ)）狀語(yǔ)從句：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、比較狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句句子成分 定語(yǔ) ，它位置靈活，用來(lái)修飾限定名詞或代詞，說(shuō)明名詞或代詞的品質(zhì)與特征。由形容詞、代詞、 數(shù)詞、 名詞或名詞所有格、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式等等，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞， 譯為的

24、”形容詞作定語(yǔ)：The little boy needs a blue pen.Tom is a handsome boy.There is a good boy.數(shù)詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于形容詞：Two boys need two pens.The two boys are students.There are two boys in the room.代詞或名詞所有格作定語(yǔ)：His boy needs Tom's penHis name is Tom.There are two boys of Toms there.介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)：The boy in the classroom needs

25、 a pen of yours.The boy in blue is Tom.There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.名詞作定語(yǔ)：The boy needs a ball pen.It is a ball pen.There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.副詞作定語(yǔ)：The boy there needs a pen.The best boy here is Tom.不定式作定語(yǔ)：The boy to write this letter needs a pen.The boy to write this l

26、etter is Tom.There is nothing to do today.分詞（短語(yǔ)）作定語(yǔ)：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.The pen bought by her is made in China.There are five boys left.定語(yǔ)從句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.The boy you will know is Tom.There are five boys who will play the

27、 game.句子成分同位語(yǔ)：同位語(yǔ)是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對(duì)前者加以說(shuō)明的成分。如：We students should study hard. / （students是 we 的同位語(yǔ)，都是指同一批學(xué)生'We all are students. / （all 是 we 的同位語(yǔ)，都指同樣的我們）練習(xí)（一 ）. 指出下列句中主語(yǔ)的中心詞 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary

28、 was given by my mother last year. To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.（二 ） 選出句中謂語(yǔ)的中心詞 I don't like the picture on the wall.A. don'tB. likeC. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. getB. longerC. days D. summer Do you usual

29、ly go to school by busA. DoB. usuallyD. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meetingC. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast8. twinsC. have D. breakfast Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didn'tC. do D. his hom

30、ework What I want to tell you is this.A. want B. to tellC. you D. is We had better send for a doctor.A. We B. hadC. send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. inD. music Whom did you give my book toA. giveC. whom D. book（三 ） 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ) My brother hasn't done his homework. Peo

31、ple all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across th

32、e bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.（四 ） 挑出下列句中的表語(yǔ) The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became intere

33、sted in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.（五 ） 挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ) They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. What is your given name On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of th

34、e other shoe!（六 ） 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground

35、 just now（七 ） 挑出下列句中的狀語(yǔ) There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.（八）劃出句中的直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ) Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr Li is going to teach us