新概念第一冊語法總結(jié)

1、1新概念英語一冊語法總結(jié)一. 時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)， 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，一般將來時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)， 過去完成時(shí)，過去將來時(shí)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般性，經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或一般性事實(shí)。 含有be動(dòng)詞的句子He is a teacher.The girl is very beautiful.Tim and Jack are students.變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首Is he a teacher?Is the girl very beautiful?Are Tim and Jack students?變否定句在be動(dòng)詞后而加notHe is not a teacher.The girl i

2、s not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he is. No, he is not.Yes, she is. No, she is not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.不含有be動(dòng)詞的句子，即含有一般動(dòng) 詞的句子第三人稱單數(shù)及單數(shù)名詞He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.變疑問句在句首加does,動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵虳oes he like books?Does she like him?Docs the dog lik

3、e bones?變否定句在主語及動(dòng)詞之間加doesn't, 動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵虷e doesift like books.She doesift like him.The dog doesn't like bones.肯定回答及否定回答：Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.Yes, she does. No, she doesn't.Yes, it does. No, it doesn't.注意：第三人稱單數(shù)形式一般在動(dòng)詞后而 加S,不要和名詞復(fù)數(shù)混淆，變否定句或 疑問句時(shí)名詞復(fù)數(shù)沒有任何變化0其他人稱及復(fù)數(shù)名詞I want to hav

4、e a bath.We have some meat.The students like smart teachers.變疑問句在句首加doDo you want to have a bath?Do we have any meat?Do the students like smart teachers?變否定句在主語和動(dòng)詞之間加don't.You doift want to have a bath.We doift have any meat.The students don5t like smart teachers.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I do, No, I don

5、9;t.Yes, we do. No, we don'tYes, they do. No, they don't.2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。構(gòu)成：主語+be動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞+其它成 分（現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成見附錄）We are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首Are we having lunch?Is he reading a book?Is the dog runn

6、ing after a cat?Are the boys swimming across the river?變否定句在be動(dòng)詞后而加notWe arc not having lunch.The dog is not ninning after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.特殊疑問句：what, which, how, where, who, etc.疑問詞+be動(dòng)詞+主語+現(xiàn)在分詞What are you doing?What is she doing?What is the dog doing?沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞表示狀態(tài)，思想，感

7、情和感覺的動(dòng)詞不能 表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作1. 表示感覺，感官的詞see, hear, like, love, want,2. have. has當(dāng)“擁有“講時(shí)沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)3. 一般過去時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件，常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，如 yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,含有be動(dòng)詞的句子，將動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檫^去式, am. is的過去式為was, are的過去式為were I was at the butcher5s.You were a student a year ago.The teacher was ve

8、ry beautiful ten years ago. 變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移動(dòng)到句首Were you at the butcher's?Were you a student a year ago?Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago? 變否定句在be動(dòng)詞后面加notI was not at the butcher's.You were not a student a year ago.The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago. 肯定回答否定回答Yes, I was. No

9、, I was not.Yes, you were. No. you were not.Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not. 特殊疑問句：What did you do?不含有be動(dòng)詞的句子，將動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檫^去 式，動(dòng)詞過去式構(gòu)成見附錄I finished my homework yesterday.The boy went to a restaurant.The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.變疑問句在句首加did,動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵虳id you finish your homework yesterday?Did

10、 the boy go to a restaurant?Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?變否定句在主語和動(dòng)詞之間加did notI did not finish my homework yesterday.The boy did not go to a restaurant.The Sawyers did not live at King Streeta year ago.肯定回答及否定回答Yes J did. No J didift.Yes, he did. No, he didn't.Yes, they did. No,

11、 they did not.4 .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)構(gòu)成：主語+助動(dòng)詞have/has+過去分詞用法:1）表示過去發(fā)生的和現(xiàn)在有某種聯(lián)系的動(dòng) 作，常和 just, usually, already, since 等時(shí)間 副詞連用I have just had lunch.（飽 了,不用再吃 了） He has had a cup of tea.（不渴 了，不用再喝） They have already had their holiday.（不能 再度假了）The boy has already read the book.（已經(jīng)知 道書的內(nèi)容了，不用再看了）2）詢問別人是否做過某事一般用現(xiàn)在完成 時(shí)：

12、Have you finished your homework?Have you been to Beijing?Have he seen the film?3）表示開始于過去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.4）表示一種經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)驗(yàn)：去過地方，做 過事情，經(jīng)歷過事情I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to cinema.I have ever been

13、 to Paris.Have been to 表示去過,have gone to 表示 去了I have been to London.（人已經(jīng)回來）He has gone to London.（人還在那里）5）表示一種結(jié)果，一般不和時(shí)間副詞聯(lián)用I have lost my pen.I have hurt myself.He has become a teacher.She has broken my heart.句型變化：變疑問句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首，變否定句 在助動(dòng)詞后面加not.Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答Y

14、es, I have. No, I have not.特殊疑問句：What have you done?What has he done?一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：凡是有明確的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語的句子 為過去時(shí)注意：有些動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作有一個(gè)終點(diǎn)， 不能延續(xù)，因此不能和表示一段時(shí)間狀語 連用錯(cuò)：I've left Beijing for 3 days.對：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.5 . 一般將來時(shí)表示將來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，經(jīng)常和 tomorrow, next year, the

15、day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours, time, etc.表示將來的詞聯(lián)用 結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+助動(dòng)詞will+動(dòng)詞原形I will go to America tomorrow.The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.變疑問句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首Will you go to America tomorrow?Will the pilot fly to Jap

16、an the month after the next?Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?變否定句在助動(dòng)詞后而加notI will not go to America tomorrow.The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I will. No, I will not.Yes, he/she will. No. he/

17、she will not.Yes, he will. No. he will not.特殊疑問句：What will you do?6 .過去完成時(shí)：用法：在過去的時(shí)間里，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā) 生在前的那個(gè)動(dòng)作要用過去完成時(shí)。結(jié)構(gòu)：had+過去分詞After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.They had sold the car before I asked the price.The train had left before I arrived at the station.After/before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句放在句首

18、要在句子后而加逗號，如果放在主句后則 不用加。變疑問句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首Had she finished her homework?變否定句在助動(dòng)詞后而加notShe hadn't finished her homework.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, she had. No, she hadift. 特殊疑問句：What had she done?7 .過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，經(jīng)常用在when, while, as引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中。結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+doingWhen my husband was going into the dining room this morn

19、ing, he dropped some coins on the floor.While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.8 .過去將來時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：would doShe said she would go here the next morning.二、特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)1. Be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算，準(zhǔn)備，計(jì)劃做某事結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+be動(dòng)詞+going to +動(dòng)詞原型 I am going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint

20、 it.The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首Are you going to make a bookcase?Are they going to paint it?Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?變否定句在be動(dòng)詞后面加notI am not going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is not going to give t

21、he bookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I am. No. I am not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.Yes, he is. No, he is not.特殊疑問句What are you going to do?What are they going to do?What is the father going to do?2. There be 句型表示哪里有什么東西（某處有某物） There is +單數(shù)名詞+表示場所的 詞（一般為介詞詞組）There is a book in this room.The

22、re is a pen on the table There are+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+表示場所的 詞（一般為介詞詞組）There are two pens on the table.There are three schools there.變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首Is there a book in this room?Are there two pens on the table?變否定句在動(dòng)詞后面加notThere is not a book in this room.There are not two pens on the table.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, there is. No

23、, there is not.Yes, there are. No, there are not.三、 問句：一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句，反意疑問句，選擇疑問句，否定疑問句一般疑問句：助動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞+主語Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑 問句What is your name?選擇疑問句:orDo you want beef or lamb?反意疑問句：肯定陳述句+否定疑 問部分，否定陳述部分+肯定疑問部分You don't need that pen. do you?否定疑

24、問句：一般疑問句+否定詞 Aren't you lucky? Don't you want have a rest?二.冠詞用法：a/an/the的一般用法詳細(xì)見筆記三限定詞：some, any, many, muchsome, any修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù) 名詞，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句 和疑問句，注意，當(dāng)期待對方的答案為肯 定回答時(shí)用somemany修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不 可數(shù)名詞，在口語中表示很多一般不用 many, much,而用a lot of,在否定句中表 示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money. I don'

25、;t have much money.四.名詞：種類，復(fù)數(shù)，名詞所有格1.名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞無法分開的東西:water, tea, bread, milk, rice抽象的東西：love, beauty, coldness （寒冷） 不可數(shù)名詞有以下特點(diǎn)：不能用a, an修飾不能加S和單數(shù)be動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞搭配 可數(shù)名詞：單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要用冠詞修飾，復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名 詞要在名詞后而加S,名詞復(fù)數(shù)共有以下幾 種變化:規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式規(guī)則1一般情況+Se.g. shell-*shells book-*books規(guī)則2以 s, x, ch, sh 結(jié)尾+es e.g. fox fox

26、es church-*churches, bus-buses, watch-* watches規(guī)則3以o結(jié)尾+s或+ese.g. potato 一 potatoes, Negro - Negroes, hero heroes, tomato tomatoes, （口訣：黑人英雄愛吃土 豆和西紅柿）,剩下一般加s, radio radios規(guī)則4以f, fe結(jié)尾的，變f, fe為ves e.g. life-*lives half-*halves, shelf shelves, citycities, wifewives規(guī)則5以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾，變y為i+es e.g. sky-*skies fl

27、yflies不規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式單 數(shù)manwomanfootgoosetooth復(fù)數(shù)menwomenfeetgeeseteeth單 數(shù)childsheepdeermousefish復(fù)數(shù)childrensheepdeermicefish五.介詞（注意總結(jié)書上詞組）六.副詞：用法及形容詞變副詞的變化副詞可以修飾形容詞，動(dòng)詞，副詞或 整個(gè)句子。如：The book is very good.neary-nearly, high-highly, late-Iately,一.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的使用：can, must, may,might, need.1 .情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can （能夠）,must （必須），m

28、ay （可以）結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+can/must/may+動(dòng)詞原型He can make the tea.Sally can air the room.We can speak English.變疑問句將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞移到句首Can he make the tea?Can Sally air the room?Can we speak English?變否定句在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加notHe cannot make the tea.Sally cannot air the room.We cannot speak English.Someanythingsomethinganythingonesomeonean

29、yonewheresomewhereanywherebodysomebodyanybodynoeverythingnothingeverythingoneanythingeveryonewhereanywhereeverywherebodynobodyeverybodyHe runs fast.She came here quite early.Certainly I will go with you. 變化：1 .直接在形容詞后加-ly, careful-carefully, slow-slowly,2 .以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞，把y 變I,加-ly,happy-happily, luc

30、ky-luckily3 .有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同，不 需要做任何變化fast. hard, late4 .有些詞加上-ly后意思與原詞相差很 遠(yuǎn)：肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he can. No, he cannot.Yes, she can. No, she cannot.Yes, we can. No. we cannot.特殊疑問句：What can you do?注意：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的句子沒有第三人稱單數(shù) 的變化，不要在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞后而加S。2. Must/liave to 的區(qū)別must表示必須，是主觀上覺得應(yīng)該做， have t。是不得不，是由于客觀條件逼迫的 必要要做must只

31、能用在表示現(xiàn)在和將來的句子里， 而have to do可以用在任何時(shí)態(tài)3. . must, may, might 表示猜測: must do表示對現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的猜測 must have done表示對過去事實(shí)的猜 測 must have been doing表示對過去正 在進(jìn)行的事實(shí)的猜測 may/might do, may/might have done 表 示沒有任何事實(shí)依據(jù)的猜測，might的可能 性更小。 can't/couldiVt表示不可能4. need 用法： 表示“需要”時(shí)為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，后而 可以加名詞，也可以加不定式：I need a pen. Do you need an

32、y beer? No, I don't.I need to have a rest. Need doing=need to be done,表示被 動(dòng)The flowers need watering. Need在否定時(shí)做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用You needn't go so early. =You don't need to go so early.Must I clean the desk right now? No, you needn't.七.不定代詞及不定副詞：I looked for my book everywhere, but I can't f

33、ind it anywhere.If you want go somewhere, if you want to be someone, you must wake up.Help! Somebody? Anybody?You are really something.Since everybody is here, lets begin our class.Where did you go? I went nowhere.Nobody is at home.I have nothing left.A.感嘆句：What +名詞+主語+謂語What a beautiful girl she is

34、!How +形容詞+主語+謂語How beautiful the girl is!九.祈使句：、第二人稱：let+其他人稱代詞 祈使句的否定，加don't 反意疑問祈使句（第二人稱）祈使句表示請求，命令，建議，邀請等， 謂語動(dòng)詞一律用原型，句子中通常不用主 語，句末用驚嘆好或者句號，用降調(diào)?？隙ň鋭?dòng)詞原型例， Come here, please. Go downstairs, please. Stand up. Sit down. Be quiet. Be careful.祈使句中如果有喚語，一定要用逗號隔開, 放在句首或者句尾Come in. Amy.Sit down here, T

35、om.Mary, give me a book please.否定：Don't+動(dòng)詞原型Don't come here.Don't sit down.Don't stand up.Don't give me it.let sb. doLet me pass.Let us have a rest.Let's have a rest.（反意疑問）：Let's have a walk along the river, shall we?Let us go out for a drink, will you?十. 倒裝句：so/neither的倒

36、裝He can swim. So can I.I didn't go to class. Neither did I.結(jié)構(gòu)：so/neither+be+ 主語so/neither+助動(dòng)詞+主語so/neither+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).do. does/am, is. are現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),am, is, are 一般過去時(shí),did 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，have, has 一般將來時(shí),will, shall, 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，was, were 過去完成時(shí)，had 過去將來時(shí),would十一.直接引語/間接引語如果引語的主句所用動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)，那么 間接引語要做相應(yīng)變化：時(shí)態(tài)，人稱，時(shí) 間地點(diǎn)及指示

37、詞 時(shí)態(tài)變化：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一一一般過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)一一過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般過去時(shí)一一過去完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一一過去完成時(shí) 一般將來時(shí)一一過去將來時(shí)be going towas/were going to/wouldcancould maymight 時(shí)間地點(diǎn)及指示詞的變化：herethere, tomorrowthe next day, the following day, thisthat 人稱變化：根據(jù)句意改變?nèi)朔Q。十二.直接賓語/間接賓語主語+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語 直接賓語是及物動(dòng)詞的直接對象，間接賓 語是及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作所涉及的人或事務(wù)， 也可以說間接賓語表示動(dòng)作是對誰做的， 或者是為

38、誰做的。所以間接賓語要用名詞 或者賓格代詞來擔(dān)當(dāng)。He gives me a book.me間接賓語,a book直接賓語直接賓語和間接賓語的位置調(diào)換時(shí)要加一 個(gè)介詞to或for主語+及物動(dòng)詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接 賓語Give me a book.Give the book to me.Send his a letter.Send a letter to him.Show him the new dress.Show the new dress to him.十三.從句：賓語從句，定語從句（限定性），表語從句, 狀語從句（if引導(dǎo)的真實(shí)條件句） 賓語從句：如果賓語從句的主句中 的動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)

39、，那么賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài) 要和主句統(tǒng)一；如果賓語從句為疑問詞引 導(dǎo)，那么語序要用陳述語序，即主語在前, 動(dòng)詞在后。 定語從句： 表語從句： 狀語從句（if引導(dǎo)的真實(shí)條件句）：主句用一般將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) What will you do if you win a lot of money? If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. 十四.動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語及賓語補(bǔ)語的 用法（詳細(xì)用法請見NECII） 結(jié)構(gòu)： to do,用法：可以做除謂語以外的所有成分，語 法上稱之為非謂語動(dòng)詞。做賓語：在一些動(dòng)詞后常用不定式做賓語, 例如:want, like,

40、ask ,try-做賓補(bǔ)：want sb. to do, ask sb. to do, like sb. to do代詞及be動(dòng)詞 動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞 形容詞的比較級附錄：名詞復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式動(dòng)詞過去式過去式的讀音形容詞和副詞的最高級代詞及be動(dòng)詞第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格Iweyouyoushe/he/itthey賓格meusyouyouher/him/itthem代詞所有格myouryouryourher/his/itstheir名詞性代詞mineoursyoursyourshers/his/itstheirsbe動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí)Amareareareisarebe動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)waswerewerewerewaswere名詞的復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式規(guī)則1一般情況+Se.g. shellshells toy-*toys規(guī)則2以 s, x, ch, sh 結(jié)尾+eseg foxfoxes