ColdRegionsPavementEngineering目錄2

1、Cold Regions Pavement Engineering目錄1. Cold Regions Pavements 1 1.1 Road Networks 1.2 Pavement Surface Types5 1.2.1 Hot Mix Asphalt 1.2.2 Cold Mix 1.2.3 Surface Treatments 1.2.4 Gravel Surface 1.2.5 Stabilized Bases 1.3 Role of Pavements and Pavement Layers 7 1.3.1 Surfacing Layer 1.3.2 Base Course 1

2、.3.3 Subbase 1.3.4 Subgrade Soil 1.3.5 Special Pavement Layers 1.3.6 Embankment Geometry 1.4 Design Considerations 121 寒區(qū)路面2. Pavement Environment 152.1 Temperature Regime in Pavements 2.1.1 Factors Inducing Heat in the Pavement System 2.1.1.1 Solar Radiation 2.1.1.2 Geothermal Heat 2.1.2 Factors Co

3、ntributing to Heat Extraction from the Pavement System 2.1.2.1 Emitted Radiations 2.1.2.2 Convection and Turbulence 2.1.3 Factors Contributing either to Heat Induction or Extraction 2.1.3.1 Latent Heat of Fusion 2.1.3.2 Evaporation/Condensation 2.1.3.3 Heat Exchange with Precipitation 2.1.4 Thermal

4、Balance and Thermal Cycles 2.2 Moisture Regime in Pavements 23 2.2.1 Phases of Water 2.2.2 Factors Contributing to Water Intake in the Pavement System 2.2.2.1 Capillary Rise 2.2.2.2 Lateral Moisture Transfer 2.2.2.3 Infiltration of Water from Precipitations 2.2.2.4 Frost Action 2.2.3 Factors Contrib

5、uting to Moisture Extraction from the Pavement System 2.2.3.1 Evaporation 2.2.3.2 Pavement Drainage 2.2.4 Moisture Balance 2.3 Stress Regime in Pavements37 2.3.1 Earth Pressure at Rest 2.3.2 Static Stresses Induced by Traffic Loads 2.3.3 Stresses Related to Permanent Soil Movements 2.3.4 Moving Traf

6、fic Loads 2.3.4.1 Evolution of Stresses 2.3.4.2 Time-Dependent Material Response 2.3.4.3 Stresses Induced by Oscillating Load 2.3.5 Thermal Stresses 2.3.6 Stresses Related to Frost Heave 2.3.7 Negative or Positive Pore Pressure 2.4 Interaction with Geology and Morphology 512 路面環(huán)境2.1 路面溫度場（狀況）2.2 路面水

7、分狀況2.3 路面應力狀態(tài)2.4 路面與地質地貌的相互作用3. Cold Region Pavement Performance 57 3.1 Thermal Cracking of Asphalt Concrete 58 3.2 Fatigue Cracking 65 3.3 Crack Deterioration 693.4 Rutting of Asphalt Concrete 713.4.1 Permanent Deformation 3.4.1.1 Problem Description 3.4.1.2 Problem Assessment 3.4.1.3 Remedial Solu

8、tions 3.4.2 Rutting due to Studded Tire Wear 3.4.2.1 Problem Description 3.4.2.2 Problem Assessment 3.4.2.3 Remedial Solutions 3.5 Aging of Asphalt Concrete 80 3.6 Pavement Disintegration 82 3.7 Potholes 853.8 Frost Heaving 883.8.1 Differential Frost Action 3.8.1.1 Problem Description 3.8.1.2 Proble

9、m Assessment 3.8.1.3 Remedial Solutions 3.8.2 Frost Heave Cracking 3.8.2.1 Problem Description 3.8.2.2 Problem Assessment 3.8.2.3 Remedial Solutions 3.8.3 Frost Heaving in Granular Base Material 3.8.3.1 Problem Description 3.8.3.2 Remedial Solutions 3.9 Bearing Capacity Loss during Spring Thaw 99 3.

10、10 Frost Destructuration of Undisturbed Sensitive Clays in Seasonal Frost Conditions 1063 寒區(qū)路面性能3.1 瀝青路面低溫開裂3.2 疲勞開裂3.3 裂縫的發(fā)展3.4 瀝青路面車轍3.5 瀝青混凝土的老化3.6 路面松散3.7 坑槽3.8 凍脹3.8.1 不均勻凍脹（特征描述、病害評估、防治措施）3.8.2 凍脹開裂（特征描述、病害評估、防治措施）3.8.3 粒料基層內的凍脹3.9 春融季節(jié)的承載力降低3.10 季節(jié)性冰凍條件下原狀凍脹敏感性粘土的凍融損傷4. Investigation and Test

11、ing 1154.1 Site Investigation 4.1.1 General Site Investigation 4.1.1.1 Topographical Maps 4.1.1.2 Geomorphology and Photo-Interpretation of Landforms 4.1.1.3 Geological and Technical Report 4.1.1.4 Visual Reconnaissance of the Site 4.1.1.5 Surface Geophysical Investigations 4.1.1.5.1 Electrical Resi

12、stivity 4.1.1.5.2 Seismic Refraction 4.1.1.5.3 Ground Penetrating Radar 4.1.1.6 Boring and Sampling 4.1.1.6.1 Planning 4.1.1.6.2 Boring Techniques 4.1.1.6.3 Boring and Sampling Frozen Soils 4.1.1.7 In situ Testing of Soils 4.1.1.7.1 Standard Penetration Test 4.1.1.7.2 Shear Strength Test 4.1.1.7.3 D

13、ynamic Cone Penetrometer 4.1.1.7.4 Light Weight (Portable) Deflectometer 4.2 Investigation of Existing Pavements 1504.2.1 Evaluation of Pavement Structural Characteristics Using Falling Weight Deflectometer 4.2.1.1 Deflection Basin Indices 4.2.1.2 Assessment of Layer Moduli Using Deflection Data 4.2

14、.1.3 Analysis of Seasonal Variation of Deflection Parameters 4.2.2 Evaluation of Pavement Functional Characteristics Using Longitudinal Profile Measurements 4.2.3 Pavement Instrumentation 4.3 Soils and Material Testing 1644.3.1 Testing of Bituminous Pavement Materials 4.3.1.1 Tests for Material Sele

15、ction 4.3.1.2 Compacted Mixture Sample Preparation and Conditioning 4.3.1.3 Tests for Volumetric Mix Design 4.3.1.4 Tests for Moisture Damage 4.3.1.5 Mixture Performance Tests 4.3.2 Soils and Unbound Materials 4.3.2.1 Assessment of Soil and Material Stiffness 4.3.2.1.1 Factors Contributing to Stiffn

16、ess 4.3.2.1.2 Laboratory Measurement of Resilient Modulus 4.3.2.1.3 Prediction of Resilient Modulus 4.3.2.2 Assessment of Material Durability 4.3.2.3 Assessment of the Seasonal Stability of Soil and Material 4.3.2.3.1 Laboratory Determination of the Segregation Potential 4.3.2.3.2 Estimation of the

17、Segregation Potential from Simple Tests or Soil Physical Properties 4 勘察與試驗4.1 場地勘察4.2 路面使用狀況調查4.3 巖土與材料試驗5. Calculation of Engineering Parameters 209 5.1 Air Temperature and Air Freezing and Thawing Indices 5.2 Surface Temperature and Surface Freezing and Thawing Indices 217 5.2.1 The n-Factor Appr

18、oach 5.2.2 Radiation Index Approach 5.3 Temperature in Asphalt Concrete 220 5.4 Thermal Properties of Soils and Pavement Materials 223 5.5 Freezing and Thawing Indices within the Pavement Structure 2255.6 Frost and Thaw Depth 227 5.6.1 Transmitted Freezing Index Method 5.7 Frost Heave 230 5.7.1 Konr

19、ads Method for Frost Heave Prediction 5.7.2 Saarelainens Method for Frost Heave Prediction 5.8 Thaw Settlement 232 5.9 Stresses and Strains in Pavements 2355 工程設計參數(shù)分析計算5.1 氣溫和氣溫凍結指數(shù)5.2 地表溫度和地表凍結指數(shù)5.3 瀝青路面溫度場5.4 巖土和路面材料的熱物理性質5.5 路面結構的凍結和融化指數(shù)5.6 凍結和融化深度5.7 凍脹（預報模型）5.8 融化沉降5.9 路面內部的應力和應變6. Design Consi

20、derations and Approaches 247 6.1 Lifetime Engineering Considerations 6.2 Long-Term Procurement Methods 2486.3 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 2516.3.1 Factors of Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 6.3.1.1 Interest Rate 6.3.1.2 Analysis Period 6.3.1.3 Residual Value 6.3.1.4 Selection of Pavement Alternatives 6.3.1.5

21、Activity Timing 6.3.2 Calculation of Life-Cycle Costs 6.4 Pavement Management Concepts 258 6.4.1 Network-Level PMS 6.4.2 Project-Level PMS 6 路面設計內容和方法6.1 設計使用年限6.2 長期采購方法6.3 全壽命周期成本6.4 路面管理理念7. Mix Design 265 7.1 Mix Design Approaches 7.2 Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete 2667.2.1 Material Selection 269 7.2.

22、1.1 Asphalt Cement 7.2.1.2 Bitumen Test Data Chart 7.2.1.3 Superpave Binder Grade Selection 7.2.1.4 Aggregates 7.2.1.5 Additives 7.2.2 Trial Aggregate Gradations 278 7.2.3 Volumetric Parameters 7.2.4 Performance Tests 286 7.2.4.1 Moisture Sensitivity Test 7.2.4.2 Low-Temperature Cracking 7.2.4.3 Abr

23、asion Resistance 7.2.4.4 Permanent Deformation Resistance 7.2.4.5 Fatigue Cracking Resistance 7.3 Cold Mixes 292 7.3.1 Material Selection 7.3.2 Selection of Optimum Asphalt Residue Content 7.3.3 Cold Mix Recycling 7.4 Stabilized Bases 302 7.5 Asphalt Surface Treatment 305 7.6 Gravel Surfaces 3067 混合

24、料設計7.1 混合料設計方法7.2 熱拌瀝青混凝土7.3 冷拌混合料7.4 穩(wěn)定土基層7.5 瀝青表面處置7.6 砂石路面8. Pavement Design 3138.1 Current Practice in Pavement Design in Cold Climates 8.1.1 Pavement Design Approaches 8.1.2 Synthesis of Design Methods Used by Highway Agencies in Cold Climates 8.2 Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Procedure

25、 for Cold Region Pavements 3228.3 Selection and Design of Special Protective Features 3338.3.1 Control of Frost Heave 8.3.1.1 Longitudinal Transitions 8.3.1.2 Pavement Insulation 8.3.1.2.1 Structural Implications 8.3.1.2.2 Thermal Design of the Insulation Layer 8.3.1.2.3 Considerations for the Risk

26、of Differential Icing 8.3.1.2.4 Considerations for Differential Behavior at the End of Insulated Areas 8.3.2 Pavement Reinforcement 343 8.3.2.1 Stabilization of Granular Base Material 8.3.2.2 Reinforcement Using Steel Nets 8.4 Conclusion 3448 路面設計8.1 寒冷地區(qū)路面設計現(xiàn)狀8.2 寒冷地區(qū)路面力學-經(jīng)驗法設計流程8.3 特殊防護功能的選擇和設計8.4

27、 結論9. Maintenance and Rehabilitation 349 9.1 Routine Maintenance 9.2 Major Maintenance 352 9.2.1 Surface Treatments 9.2.2 Overlays 9.2.3 Maintenance of Drainage Systems 9.2.4 Repair of Local Failures 9.3 Maintenance of Gravel Roads 355 9.4 Rehabilitation 358 9.5 Load Restrictions 3629 養(yǎng)護和維修9.1 日常維護9

28、.2 幾種重要的養(yǎng)護技術9.3 維修9.4 荷載限制10. Pavements on Permafrost 369 10.1 Causes of Instability and Problem Manifestation 10.2 Climate Warming and its Effect on Permafrost 37410.3 Management of Transportation Infrastructure Built over Thaw-Sensitive Permafrost 37410.3.1 Identification of Thaw-Sensitive Areas 1

29、0.3.1.1 New Roads 10.3.1.2 Existing Roads 10.3.2 Characterization of Thaw-Sensitive Soils 10.3.2.1 New Roads 10.3.2.2 Existing Roads 10.3.3 Design Considerations 10.3.4 Technical and Economical Assessment of Applicable Solutions 10.3.5 Implementation of the Strategy 10.4 Embankment and Pavement Desi

30、gn over Permafrost 376 10.4.1 General Considerations 10.4.2 Protection Techniques 10.4.3 Methods Based on Preventing Heat Intake Underneath the Embankment 10.4.3.1 Increasing Embankment Thickness 10.4.3.2 Embankment Insulation 10.4.3.2.1 Polystyrene Insulation 10.4.3.2.2 Polyurethane Insulation 10.4

31、.3.2.3 Peat Insulation 10.4.3.3 Reflective Surfaces 10.4.3.4 Sunsheds or Snowsheds 10.4.4 Methods Based on Heat Extraction from the Embankment 385 10.4.4.1 Air Ducts 10.4.4.2 Thermosyphons 10.4.4.3 Air Convection Embankments 10.4.4.4 Heat Drain 10.4.5 Methods Based on Embankment Reinforcement 10.4.5.1 Geosyntheti