(湖南科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社)小學(xué)六年級(jí)科學(xué)下冊(cè)全冊(cè)教案

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4、 ri -ese湖南科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社小學(xué)科學(xué)六年級(jí)下冊(cè)教案第1單元 生物的進(jìn)化1 生命的歷程教學(xué)目標(biāo)科學(xué)探究1 .通過查找資料，了解地球上生物的由來。2 .通過對(duì)四個(gè)時(shí)期化石的比較，分析地球上生物的變化。3 .模擬辯論，收集證據(jù)證明自己的觀點(diǎn)。情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀探究生物由來的過程中，使學(xué)生感受到科學(xué)的結(jié)論依靠事實(shí)證據(jù)進(jìn)行證明?？茖W(xué)知識(shí)1 .知道化石是研究地球生物演變的重要證據(jù)。2 . 了解地球生物進(jìn)化的四個(gè)時(shí)期中的代表生物。教學(xué)準(zhǔn)備有關(guān)說明地球上生物來源的科普書籍。（有條件的可以在網(wǎng)絡(luò)教室上課，課前可制作專題網(wǎng)頁(yè)）化石形成過程短片。第1課時(shí)一.教學(xué)導(dǎo)入閱讀思考：學(xué)生閱讀單元頁(yè)中的詩(shī)，師提出問題：“

5、通過閱讀，你發(fā)現(xiàn)了哪些科學(xué)問題？”在對(duì)學(xué)生的問題進(jìn)行歸納整理后，借助本課教材引入部分揭示要研究的問題：在漫漫的歷史長(zhǎng)河仲，生命經(jīng)歷了怎樣的歷程？（板書課題）二.交流討論1 .教師講述：在浩瀚的海洋里、廣袤的陸地上、遼闊的天空中有眾多的生命形式，它們是如何形成的？漫漫歷史長(zhǎng)河中，生命經(jīng)歷了怎樣的歷程？曾經(jīng)有兩種觀點(diǎn)：“古時(shí)候人們認(rèn)為地球上的一切生物都是神創(chuàng)造的?！薄翱茖W(xué)家們認(rèn)為地球上的生物都是進(jìn)化而來?！蹦銈冋J(rèn)為呢？（后者的觀點(diǎn)是正確的）2 .討論L-Ki-es co.lre hes rd -»|ing S-e-y Foudion.T-ui oo-g, .rrge.e n-.uhr ,

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14、aid 9 H i iras .-M ses a g aEegye s y t d c a etg 32 IgkW ,l 0 g - W gae ailst01toi 52dw0".igth cag syte thaaiiiea tsea.it gestivfyigee yse eae - stsaty 一 -ute.ici tiese那么你們看待古時(shí)候人們認(rèn)為一切生物都是神創(chuàng)造的這一說法？還知道哪些有關(guān)神創(chuàng)造生物的神話故事？（約 3分鐘）引導(dǎo)學(xué)生交流并認(rèn)識(shí)到， 人類自古就關(guān)注自己的來歷，神話故事是古代人們解釋自然現(xiàn)象的一種方式。3 .思考：科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為地球上的生物都是進(jìn)化而來的，那

15、么這樣的結(jié)論是怎么得出來的呢？可以憑空得出嗎？（需要證據(jù)）4 .我們?cè)鯓硬檎遥? .學(xué)生查找資料，并分析提取證據(jù)6 .交流小結(jié) 三.布置作業(yè)課后利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)或其它資料繼續(xù)查找生物進(jìn)化的證據(jù)。第2課時(shí).組織交流：又查到了哪些生物進(jìn)化的證據(jù)？.了解地球上的生物是怎樣變化的師：前面的證據(jù)讓我們零碎的了解了一些動(dòng)物由某一種進(jìn)化到某一種，那地球 上的生物究竟是怎樣變化過程？我們無(wú)法目睹在遙遠(yuǎn)的過去，地球上所發(fā)生的 事情，那么人們靠什么去研究去認(rèn)識(shí)呢？（化石）活動(dòng)2化石告訴我們什么1 .化石的形成（放映短片）2 .依據(jù)化石的形成過程思考化石為什么能告訴我們過去的事情？3 .組織學(xué)生閱讀教材第 4頁(yè)內(nèi)容，師生共

16、同列出流程圖：時(shí)間的順序5億多年前4. 08億年前3. 60億年1. 44億年生物演化請(qǐng)比較4海洋生物陸生動(dòng)植物兩棲動(dòng)物個(gè)時(shí)期的化石，石:討論分析地球上的蛆物是怎樣變化的?哺乳動(dòng)物4 .引導(dǎo)學(xué)生歸納總結(jié)：地球上生物的變化規(guī)律是：由水生到陸生發(fā)展。由簡(jiǎn)單低級(jí)向復(fù)雜高級(jí)發(fā)展。ctvites compre heniv ad toping Saey Foundlion - Trulesoot I g, maagementmlcha , gve ulplly to roleof tejni suerVson adrralZaion of toubesootn* manaement, mprov| roc

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22、ce pr ojec t hoielvs «7% a nd 1S.3%, respctiey A ccm pls two 三閱讀：關(guān)于生物進(jìn)化的辯論1 學(xué)生閱讀教材第5 頁(yè)內(nèi)容2組織交流閱讀收獲：化石的形成非常偶然，人們通過化石所獲取的信息是跳躍的、不連續(xù)的；人們探索生物進(jìn)化歷程的過程中出現(xiàn)了不同的學(xué)說；認(rèn)識(shí)到科學(xué)上光有觀點(diǎn)是不夠的，由證據(jù)證明觀點(diǎn)；了解到辯論是一種科學(xué)研究的方法。四：機(jī)動(dòng)部分：補(bǔ)充講解喬 治居維 葉、拉馬克的故事 課后反思：2 物競(jìng)天擇教學(xué)目標(biāo)科學(xué)探究1 通過資料分析，了解馬的進(jìn)化與生活環(huán)境變化之間的關(guān)系。2通過模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)，使學(xué)生感受到適者生存，不適則被淘汰。3通過資

23、料分析，探究動(dòng)植物適應(yīng)環(huán)境的構(gòu)造特征。情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀樹立適者生存的科學(xué)進(jìn)化論觀點(diǎn)?？茖W(xué)知識(shí)知道生物進(jìn)化是環(huán)境的變化、自然選擇的結(jié)果。教學(xué)準(zhǔn)備生物進(jìn)化過程影像資料分組材料：鯽魚、 小玻璃缸；綠色的桌布，同樣多的綠、白、紅、黑四種短細(xì)線。課時(shí)安排：2 課時(shí)第 1 課時(shí)談話引入eegas tf Heliuu-rg.eees-aeesale eld 20 3uk-202a eu-cliacs-0.dvelsHee-a-o.wkere irlse.-s ra-p.02 -I 2 we aeae- glr - - ga esil-ceg -eesi tagadds -s ielr-lgee c-u u

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26、- -kse -magees-f-mveeFc-g-c-g sy-e -rr-a-re -sfer v - ges-v yagee yse rr e - s- - c Fu-eg-cri-esfes v- ge-k r - r.iess-i- svsa -gee r-r -r-se-e- . .-s -sr- s-a -s-s- s- -s- s-er e -sr- aOr直接入題：上節(jié)課我們知道了地球上曾出現(xiàn)過眾多的生物，這些生物中的絕大多數(shù)在進(jìn)化過程中滅絕了，又不斷有新的生物出現(xiàn)。這是怎么發(fā)生的呢？讓我們以馬的進(jìn)化為例，研究自然環(huán)境的變化對(duì)馬進(jìn)化的影響吧。2 .研究討論：活動(dòng)1馬的進(jìn)化與自

27、然環(huán)境的變化1 .學(xué)生閱讀教材提供的信息，繪制流程圖。找出兩條主線：生活環(huán)境的變化：原始森林一森林減少一現(xiàn)代草原馬的體態(tài)的變化：體形小，多腳趾一側(cè)趾退化一體形大，單趾。2 .對(duì)流程圖進(jìn)行分析，小組討論：自然環(huán)境在馬的進(jìn)化中是怎樣起作用的？3 .生活在原始森林中的原始馬，有充足的食物，小巧的體形有利于躲避天敵。 隨著森林面積減少，原始馬失去森林的庇護(hù)，只有快速地奔跑才能躲避天敵，于是體 形變大，更加有力，腳趾的中趾變得更為粗壯。森林完全消失，體形更大、奔跑速度 更塊的馬才能得以生存，因此不能適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化的馬遭到自然的淘汰。在自然的選擇中能適應(yīng)新環(huán)境的馬生存了下來。4 .讓學(xué)生思維進(jìn)一步遷移，理解

28、：在漫長(zhǎng)的地球歷史中，環(huán)境不斷地發(fā)生變化， 形成了生物的進(jìn)化。5 .播放生物進(jìn)化過程影像資料，幫助學(xué)生進(jìn)一步理解環(huán)境對(duì)生物進(jìn)化起到的作 用。3 .活動(dòng)體會(huì)活動(dòng)2自然的選擇1 .師介紹活動(dòng)方法及要求2 .學(xué)生活動(dòng)3 .完成數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)，填寫在第8頁(yè)表格中4 .組織學(xué)生對(duì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行分析：當(dāng)四中顏色的短細(xì)線散落在綠色的桌布上時(shí)，與 背景色反差越大的短細(xì)線越容易被我們發(fā)現(xiàn)。這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)說明，在自然界中當(dāng) 一種生物容易暴露給天敵，它的數(shù)量就會(huì)減少，長(zhǎng)此以往就會(huì)有滅絕的可能。反之，色差接近的生物也有被天敵發(fā)現(xiàn)的可能，但是總會(huì)保存下足夠的數(shù)量 進(jìn)行繁殖，這樣整個(gè)物種就不會(huì)滅絕。這正說明了：適者生存、不適者被淘 汰。

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33、nd rs a nd sr nd ds on a ieu bass snd Uz ng ik l-occdue s chick ng d isle cin l-U- ee ning - he BFS, d i.l - es .rinenancein-mn se d. orrni zig O l I gic >gn, and esue -he luce-of-heRB Inovi I g -he .ec i -of .n-er nce .a nagae - mll e.e-ld a l-oec-. nge ss S_ccesful c.lre-n of - ruono.ous.n-ena

34、nce, e-ri-y imlrovdsm- y I., e n-g - o c eve .n-e nance l- oec - hhmlervs «7 a nd <SH,-e -y A cc. l-s -ocicur- ng lu.ls iei d M-s .r-e nance e-s-o ge eeciPr.oe-e-oikofenegy-vngrdcn- l- n -id . iI g, c.l-le-he uni- e ne. cnnu.l-nd、 noss, l - -e-b ce -es, 0 e negysv ng l-jc-LSecndsoulddee -o &

35、quot;hie" on-e ecno.cbeneisof.l-ov-g , ou-i cDelegates,staff:Hello!in the run-uptot heSpri ngFestival,we hel d onesessionoffourstaff representatives Conference 2013-workshop,fullba ck in2012,carefula nalysis ofthecurrent situation,di scuss 2013developmentpla ns.Here,on be halfofmycompany2013 wo

36、rk reportst othe Ge neralAssembl y,for consi deration.Pillar I,2012 backi n 2012,XXpower companies adhere to t he party's 17great spiritfor guidance, compre hensivelyimpleme ntthescientific conceptofdevel opment , promoti ng cost-lea dership strategy, standards, focus onim plementation,lea n man

37、agement, conti nuously im prove,sm ooth prese ntsafetysituation ofenterprise manag ement,busi nessma nagementa nd control scie ntificand standardiz ed, a ndthe de dicationofstaff, managea harmonious anddem ocraticatmosphereofthe good situati on.M ain indicat orsare asfoll ows:-the battery indi cator

38、:power ge neration t otaled 7.815billion kWh, bey ond thea nnualbudgetimpleme ntation capa cityof315milli on k Wh, a nincreaseof757 millionk Wh.Sales totaled 7.425 billionkWh,excee ding sales of330million kWh theannualExe cutive budget, an increase of729 million kWh.-Se curity measures:unplannedouta

39、ges2.5times.Nopersonalinjuryaccidentoccurred,nomajor a cci dentand a bove, nomajor fireacci dent s withoutenvir onmental pollution accide nts,safety forthreeconsecutiveyears to mai ntainstabilitytogood posture.Busine ss fina ncial i ndi cators:totalprofitsof255million Yuan, beyond t heannual budget

40、of 207 millionYuan,bey ond theData ng companyindex41.89 millionYuan,an increaseof1.76 milli onYua n,FCM a ssessment at gradefour.-Energy:pow ersupply sta ndar d coalcom pleting 312.25g/k Wh, down 0.1 g /k Wh;i ntegrated auxili arypow er consumption ratioin 5.12%,down0.26%;pollutantemissions performa

41、ncegreatlyreducedcomparedtolastyear, carbon0.09g /kWh,sulfur dioxi de 0.104g /kWh NOx 0.512g /k Wh;dust removal efficiencyofmore than 99.8%.-Relia bilityindex:e quivale nt availabi lity factor in93.47%,i ncrease d 7.95% from ayearearlier.Equivalentforced outage rate 0.08%, 0.16% reduction overthesam

42、e perioda yearearlier.Majorachieveme nts:first, weshoulda dheretothe tw o"managementsystem" basis, strengt heningtechnologi calresearch, stre ngthe nhidde n hazar ds controla nd intrinsi c safetyEnterpri se constr uction tooknew steps.-Thetw o"managementsystem" for improvement.Fo

43、cuson promotingthe pow er ofthecompany managementsystem and theappli catio n and impleme ntation ofthesafetyloopfive-star managementsystem,improvet hesafety managementsystem,realize thesystem ofsafetycontrol. Furtherregulatese curityroutines,safetysupe rvisionand management network r ole to playt o

44、achievecl osed-l oop.Strengthe ning thesupervi sion and managementof habitualviolation of,strengtheni ng thesafety supervisionofoutsour cingcontra ctors. Carried outin spring anda utum n ofsecurityinspe ctions,floodcontrol andinspecti on,safety producti onm onth, daysupervisi on ofproducti on safety

45、 andthe Olympi c Games a nd other5補(bǔ)充案例分析：案例重現(xiàn)：英國(guó)有黑、白兩色的胡椒蛾，它們喜歡在樹干上停留。工業(yè)革命前，白胡椒蛾的數(shù)量要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于黑色胡椒蛾的數(shù)量。隨著工業(yè)革命開始，工廠中排放的廢氣污染了環(huán)境，樹桿也因此變?yōu)楹谏@時(shí)，黑胡椒蛾的數(shù)量就遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地高于白色胡椒蛾的數(shù)量。請(qǐng)學(xué)生分析：工業(yè)革命前后的環(huán)境變化對(duì)胡椒蛾的生存、繁殖會(huì)造成哪些影響？這個(gè)影響又說明了什么？第 2 課時(shí)一、觀察引入，了解動(dòng)物適應(yīng)環(huán)境1 觀察水中的魚，分別從上面和下面看，有什么發(fā)現(xiàn)？從上面看魚的身體顏色與水面顏色相似，從下面看身體顏色與天空顏色相似。2 提出問題：這樣的顏色對(duì)于魚有什么意

46、義？3 教師講述：不錯(cuò)，魚的身體顏色能更好的保護(hù)自己，那么其它動(dòng)物在自然進(jìn)化的過程中，適應(yīng)新環(huán)境的生物都具有一定的構(gòu)造特征，請(qǐng)大家分析教材第9 頁(yè)中的圖片，小組展開討論，說一說這些動(dòng)物用怎樣的方式適應(yīng)周圍的環(huán)境。4拓展：介紹你知道的動(dòng)物適應(yīng)環(huán)境的知識(shí)植物適應(yīng)環(huán)境1 觀察駱駝刺的圖片，分析駱駝刺哪些結(jié)構(gòu)適合沙漠的生活環(huán)境？引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過分析，歸納出駱駝刺適應(yīng)沙漠環(huán)境的結(jié)構(gòu)：駱駝刺的葉片很小，并且上面有一層蠟質(zhì)層，減少蒸發(fā)，防止水分流失；針狀的枝，防止天敵落在植物體上啃食葉片；發(fā)達(dá)的根系有利于植物吸收水分這些特征，讓駱駝刺能夠適應(yīng)沙漠高溫、少雨、強(qiáng)蒸發(fā)的生存環(huán)境。（學(xué)生沒提到的部分，教師可以補(bǔ)充講解

47、）2師小結(jié)：地球上有著多種多樣的生態(tài)環(huán)境，生存著不同的植物，植物的這些不同的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)都是自然選擇的結(jié)果。不同的植物適應(yīng)在不用環(huán)境中生存。三課外作業(yè)：可以合作完成手抄報(bào)的制作，也可課后搜集更多的關(guān)于動(dòng)植物適應(yīng)環(huán)境的資料， 以將內(nèi)容摘要發(fā)送到班級(jí)論壇，參與討論。注：將學(xué)生制作的手抄報(bào)辦一個(gè)?？?。課后反思：ctivities, compre hensiveandtamping Safety Foundation .Troubl eshooti ng,manageme nt mechanism,givefull playto role oftechnical supe rvision and real

48、izati on of troubleshooting, management,im proved process management.Thisyearcompletedt he boilerl ower hea derleakage, boil er pressure,amajor risk management, com pleted 29 of greatrisks and 3 General problems of governance. Complete chemi strylabconstr uction,thermalcontrol,a nd completet heboile

49、r scaleintegrated management, hostshafting vi bration of 10scie ntificand technologi cal pr ojects,sucha s.Complete supercriti cal630MW on-line simulation system developmentand applicati onofcir culati ng waterMCCstandby powertransformation, the transformation ofde sulfuri zationw astewater, theunit

50、watersupplysystem ofcomprehensivetreatment anddischargevalve modificationofcoalmill5keytechnologi cal transformationprojects,group health i s improved. -Sciencea nd te chnol ogy innovation isfurtherincreased. Stre ngthenthe characteri stics ofsupercriticalunitmajor issues,graduallyclearing thepartic

51、ularityofsupercriticalunit andregularit y.Devel opedmotoroiltimemanagement,switchactiontimes,statisti cs,coal -aided measureme ntsoftware, impr ovesthe producti on lev elof lean management.Increasedinve stment inscie nce a ndtechnolog y,reporting scie ncea nd te chnol ogy proje ctsa nd 14te chnical

52、proje ct total costper centageofthe totalannualproducti on outputof0.25%."Large-scalecoal-fired power plantflue gasde sulfurizati on, denitrification com plete devel opme nt anda ppl icationof key technol ogies" pr oject,w ont he nati onal scie ncea nd te chnol ogy progressse cond pri ze.6

53、30MW supercriticalunits optimized control strategies andthe 630MWdevelopment a nd a pplication ofon-line simulation system forsupercriti calunits,super critical600M W units ofturbi nedrive n boilerfeed pump set of com prehe nsive treatment ofdefects Data ng technol ogy respectively oneortwoand third

54、.Meanwhile , informationtechnol ogyachievements,thecompany was name d "Chi napower informationtechnologybenchmarkingenterprises."-Repairand maintenanceha s improvedfurt her. Modifytheinspe ction standards a ndsta ndar dson aregular basis,standardizi ng work procedure s, checki ngand inspe

55、ction project. Deepe ningt heBFS+ system,and implements maintena ncei nformation share d. Reorgani zingRB l ogic again,and ensure thesuccessofthe R B.Innovati ng themechani sm of maintena nce ma nagement,impl emented a proje ctmanagersystem. S uccessful completionoftwo autonomousmaintena nce,reliability improvedsteadil