定語(yǔ)及定語(yǔ)從句

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上定語(yǔ)及定語(yǔ)從句一，定語(yǔ)  句子中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫做定語(yǔ)。  定語(yǔ)可以由形容詞，名詞，不定式，分詞，動(dòng)名詞或從句來(lái)充當(dāng)。   eg: She is a beautiful girl. （形容詞）      I met someone funny on my way to Beijing. （形容詞）（修飾不定代詞的定語(yǔ)后置）      He is an English teacher.  （名詞） 

2、0;      （名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用單數(shù)，例外的有sports, 如 a sports star）      I have a lot of work to do. （不定式）      The book written by a schoolboy is very popular now. （過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)）      We can see the rising sun. （現(xiàn)在分詞） = the

3、 sun is rising.      He is in the reading room.  (動(dòng)名詞)    = the room for reading      The boy who broke the window is Toms brother. （從句）注意：1.形容詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在所修飾的詞前面；但當(dāng)形容詞修飾的是something, anything, everything, nothing, someone, everyone, e

4、verybody, somewhere等不定代詞時(shí)，要放在這些詞的后面。        present (在場(chǎng)的), absent (缺席的)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)需要后置。  students present / absent      2. 不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后。      3  分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，即可放在所修飾詞前，也可放在所修飾詞后      

5、    1）分詞前置：?jiǎn)为?dú)的一個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)，一般放在所修飾詞前。             He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人        2）分詞后置分詞在以下情況，放在所修飾詞的后面           i. 分詞詞組；  There

6、was a girl sitting there.有個(gè)女孩坐在那里           ii. 個(gè)別分詞如given, left；                This is the question given. 這是所給的問(wèn)題          iii. 修飾不定

7、代詞 something等                  There is nothing interesting. 沒(méi)有有趣的東西        過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。           Most of t

8、he people invited to the party were famous scientists.       = Most of the people who were invited to the party were from South Africa 二，定語(yǔ)從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等

9、。   關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等。       I like the books  that are written by Mr. Green.               先行詞    關(guān)系詞A 關(guān)系詞：關(guān)系詞通常有三個(gè)作用：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，指代先行詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。  關(guān)系詞類(lèi)別關(guān)系

10、詞先行詞充當(dāng)從句中的句子成分關(guān)系代詞who人主，賓，表whom人賓which物主，賓，表that人或物主，賓，表as人或物主，賓，表whose人或物定關(guān)系副詞where地點(diǎn)狀when時(shí)間狀whyreason狀  Anyone who breaks the law will surely be punished.1.      先行詞指人時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞：（1）指人時(shí)，who和that都可以使用.（2）who和whom都可以作定語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)，但從句中的介詞提前時(shí)，不能用who.    

11、 He is the man who / whom I talked to you about.   = He is the man about whom I talked to you. （3）先行詞是人時(shí)，只用who, 不用或少用that的情況：   a. 當(dāng)先行詞是one, ones, anyone時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞一般只用who, 不用that      如果先行詞是someone, 也可用that      

12、He is not one who is easily frightened.        I think Joe is the one who borrowed my peo.       The ones who tell lies wont gain others trust.       Anyone who saw the accident should phone the police.

13、60;      Someone who / that claims to be your uncle wants to see you.   b. 先行詞是those時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞一般用who不用that            Those who dont wish to go need not go.   c.  There be 句型中，修飾人的定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞一般只用who來(lái)引導(dǎo)

14、       There is a certain old man in the village who none of us likes.   d.   若一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，第一個(gè)已經(jīng)用that, 則第二個(gè)一般用who      The man that is talking with our teacher is the professor who gave us a     

15、60; report yesterday.   e.  當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞較遠(yuǎn)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞一般只用who     I came across my first teacher in the store yesterday who was still          beautiful.    f   非限定性定語(yǔ)從句只用who來(lái)引導(dǎo), 不用that&#

16、160;        He has a son, who is a doctor.（4）當(dāng)先行詞是人，只用that不用who的情況：    a.   以who開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句，定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞如果是人，關(guān)系代詞只用that不用who          Who is the girl that said hello to you just now?  

17、60; b.  當(dāng)先行詞既有人也有物時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)        They ofter talk about the person and things that they remember.    c.  當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，只用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)        Hes changed. He is not the man that he was.    d.&

18、#160; 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，只用that.          This is the most beautiful lady that I have ever met.    e.  當(dāng)先行詞是other時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只用that 引導(dǎo)。        You can ask the old man or any other that was there at the time.2. 

19、; 先行詞是物時(shí)that 和which一般可以互換使用，但有時(shí)不可換用。（1）     下列場(chǎng)合一般用that:    a. 先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, the        one, none等不定代詞         We should do all t

20、hat is useful to the people.          The little that I have seen of his work is satisfactory.    b. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級(jí)以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no,       some, very等詞修飾     

21、;  The first book that I bought in this bookstore is a dictionary.       The last person that I talked with in London is my girlfriend        The best teacher that I have ever met has gone abroad      

22、;   You can take any seat that is vacant.    c. 先行詞有兩個(gè)：一個(gè)指人，另一個(gè)指物          I miss all the people and places that we visited last summer    d.  主句是以who或which開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句。    e.  There be 句型中

23、，      There is a seat in the corner that is free.    f.  先行詞為數(shù)詞時(shí)       Three buildings have been completed, but there are two that are still       under construction.（2）    

24、下列場(chǎng)合不能用that       a. 在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，即逗號(hào)后的定語(yǔ)從句不用that引導(dǎo)，指人時(shí)用who或whom, 指          物時(shí)用which.       b.  在“介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中不用that, 指人時(shí)用whom, 指物時(shí)用which.         

25、;   This is the book about which we are talking.       c.  先行詞為that, those時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which指物，who指人            Whats that which you have got in your hand?       d.  兩

26、個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，一個(gè)用了that, 另一個(gè)則用which.           Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was             newly open to us.       e.  關(guān)系代

27、詞后有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，只用which           Here are some stamps which I think you can take away.3.   當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可以省略。4.  當(dāng)先行詞指時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因（the reason）時(shí)，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，用when,     where, why    如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，則用that 或

28、 which.     I want to visit the place where my mother was born.   = I want to visit the place in which my mother was born.           I still remember the years when I studied in the middle school.   = I still r

29、emember the years in which I studied in the middle school.     I dont know the reason why he didnt agree with us.   = I didnt know the reason for which he didnt agree with us.5.  當(dāng)先行詞是the way, 并且關(guān)系詞在從句中作方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以用that, in which引導(dǎo)，也可    省略。  

30、  當(dāng)先行詞是time, time 當(dāng)“次數(shù)”講時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，且that可以省略；當(dāng)time表    示“一段時(shí)間，時(shí)間”講時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句用when或at / during which引導(dǎo)    I dont like the way (that / in which) he talked to his mother.    I can hardly remember how many times (that) Ive failed.    Ill ne

31、ver forget the time when / at which we visited your hometown. 6.  當(dāng)先行詞family, class, team, army, company等被當(dāng)作單數(shù)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中用which,    被當(dāng)作復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，用who或whom.      The family, which is a large and rich one, was poor.       The p

32、arty, who are all children, have lost their way.7. 當(dāng)先行詞是動(dòng)物時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句一般用which    The dog, which he had kept for five years, was killed by someone yesterday.B“介詞 + which / whom”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常常將介詞前置于作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系詞前，I love the music that I can dance to. = I love the music to which I

33、 can dance.     The man who I talked to just now is my brother.= The man to whom I talked just now is my brother.介詞后面的關(guān)系詞指人時(shí)只用whom, 不能用who或that; 指物時(shí)只用which,不能用that.注意，并非所有情況下介詞都可以前移，含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不可拆開(kāi)，介詞仍需放在動(dòng)詞后面，如：look for, look after, take care of等?！敖樵~+ which / whom”前還可以用some, any, n

34、one, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代詞，名詞或數(shù)詞等。His sons, both of whom loved music very much, spent most of their money on CDs.The house, the roof of which is blue, will be used as a library. C.    非限定性定語(yǔ)從句非限定性定語(yǔ)從句和主句的關(guān)系不密切，去掉定語(yǔ)從句，句子的意思仍然完整，形式上用逗號(hào)把主句和從句分開(kāi)，使用時(shí)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：l

35、0;        非限定性定語(yǔ)從句不能用that引導(dǎo)l         非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系詞不能省略。 Das引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的用法 1. as可引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句，用于suchas.,  so.as.,  the same.as 結(jié)構(gòu)中。    He bought me such a watch as was advertised in the newspap

36、er.   注意：比較 the same as. 和 the same that.     He bought me the same watch as I lost last week.他買(mǎi)了一塊和我上星期丟的一樣的        表。（一樣，但不是同一個(gè)）     He bought me the same watch that I lost last week.  他把我上星期丟的那塊表又  

37、;     買(mǎi)回來(lái)了。（同一個(gè)） 2. 當(dāng)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞不是主句中的某一個(gè)詞，而是整個(gè)主句時(shí)，可以用which 或as引    導(dǎo)。  在以下情況下用as引導(dǎo)：     a.   從句意思為“正如/正像.一樣”     b.   從句位于句首，構(gòu)成以下結(jié)構(gòu)：         as is well k

38、nown 眾所周知   as often happens 這種情況經(jīng)常發(fā)生          as is often the case 情況經(jīng)常這樣   as is supposed  如所預(yù)料的一樣         as has been pointed out  如所指出的   as has been said before  如前所

39、說(shuō)  在下面情況經(jīng)常用which引導(dǎo)：   主句和從句表示因果關(guān)系。     He lost the game, which made us very disappointed.   非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是否定意義。He gained a big fortune, which meant nothing to him. E其他：   1. 分隔定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間被其他成分分隔開(kāi)來(lái)，這種定語(yǔ)從句叫做分隔定語(yǔ)從句，此時(shí)須注意辨別從句的先行詞。  

40、60;  The days are gone when we suffered so much.      The boss of the company, whose name was Mr. Joe, told the story.   2. 定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)與先行詞保持人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的一致。     注意：先行詞前有one of 修飾，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)；        （not the only one

41、of = one of）           先行詞前有the (only) one of 修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。      Tim is one of the students who are going to study abroad.     (很多學(xué)生出國(guó)，Tim 是其中之一)      Tim is not the only on

42、e of the students who are going to study abroad.      Tim is the one of the students who is going to study abroad.   （學(xué)生中只有Tim一個(gè)人出國(guó)）現(xiàn)象:1)      The girl who dances beautifully gave us a performance that day 2)      D

43、o you know the comrade who spoke just now？ 3)      She is not the girl that she was three years ago 4)      This is the book that I bought last week 5)      I have a house which faces the south 6)     

44、; He'll read all the books that are sold here 7)      These are some questions that I want to ask you 概念:   在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞,充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句翻譯模式: “的”。特點(diǎn):1)    從句開(kāi)頭的that, which, who, whom等叫引導(dǎo)詞,它們的作用是把從句引導(dǎo)出來(lái).2)    在理論上,從句都有引導(dǎo)詞。3) 

45、   常見(jiàn)的定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞有that, which, who, who, whose等。4)    引導(dǎo)詞其實(shí)指代它所說(shuō)明的名詞或代詞。5)    引導(dǎo)詞同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成份(主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ))。6)    定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞或代詞(先行詞)后面(有例外情況)。7)    先行詞指定語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明(修飾)的名詞或代詞。引導(dǎo)詞的用法:引導(dǎo)詞指代人(先行詞是人)的情況(主賓定):Do you know the comrade who spok

46、e just now？ The boy that/whom I like most is not only tall and handsome but generous.This is the girl whose father is a driver.引導(dǎo)詞指代物(先行詞是物)的情況(主賓定):I have a house which is located on the hillsideThis is the book that/which I bought last week These are some questions that I want to ask youI want to

47、buy the house whose windows are large and red.引導(dǎo)詞作主語(yǔ)的情況:1)        The woman who often comes is Toms mother.2)        I have found a man who can repair my watch 3)        He is a man who should le

48、arn from others 4)        The houses which are to be built will be given to young workers.5)        They work in factory that makes colour TV sets.引導(dǎo)詞作賓語(yǔ)的情況:     I have read all the books that you gave me. 

49、;    This is the best film that I have ever seen.     That is the very computer that I want to buy.     He is a man whom we should learn from      I know the man whom you talked to.引導(dǎo)詞作定語(yǔ)的情況:     The house

50、 whose windows are big is not newly built.     Do you know the woman whose daughter is ill?引導(dǎo)詞作狀語(yǔ)的情況:引導(dǎo)詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)的情況:一、that / who / whom/ which的用法：引導(dǎo)詞that可以在定語(yǔ)從句中指代人或事物，充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。1)        She is not the girl that she was three years ago 2) 

51、0;    This is the book that I bought last week 先行詞是人，可以用who (主語(yǔ))或whom（賓語(yǔ)）來(lái)代替that；先行詞是物，可以用which來(lái)代替that.1)        Do you know the comrade who spoke just now？ 2)        The TV which you bought is too old.練習(xí)1) 

52、60;      Ill never forget the days _ we spent together in the mountains.2)        The houses _ are to be built will be given to young workers.3)        They work in a factory _ makes cars.4)  

53、60;     The woman _ often comes is Tom s mother.I know the man _ you talked to.注意事項(xiàng)1：（不用that）1)介詞的賓語(yǔ),不用that2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,不用that1)          The desk on_ there are some books are newly bought.2)       &#

54、160;  Ive lost my pen, _ I like very much.3)          Is this the pen with _ he wrote the famous book?4)          The street along _ there no trees is newly built.Which is the door behind _ Mary is hidden?

55、 注意事項(xiàng)2：（不用which）1)先行詞是下面的單詞，或者被下面的單詞修飾/說(shuō)明/限制，不用which：all / few / little / much / none / nothing / something / anything/any / every /no / each / some /any / none of2)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí), 不用which3)先行詞前有the only / the very / the same / the last, 不用which1)        All

56、_ we have to do everyday is practising singing.2)        In the library there is no book _ is worth reading.3)        Ive read all the books _ you gave me.4)        This is the best film _ Ive ev

57、er seen.5)        That is the very type of computers _ I want to buy.6)        It is not the only dictionary _ he has bought.7)        Which is the book _ you bought yesterday?8)   

58、;     Who is the man _ is talking with your father?9)        They were talking about the things and persons _ they had seen in that school.補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明：下面情況，要用that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句：a)先行詞既有人又有物b)避免重復(fù)二、whose的用法：指代人或物，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，表示“他/它的”：He is using a desk whose legs a

59、re not of the same length.We all dislike the boy whose father is a manager.1)        The house whose windows are big isnt newly built.2)        Have your called Mrs Liu, whose daughter was also hurt in the accident?3)  &

60、#160;     Can he be the man whose car has been stolen?三、when / where / why的用法：指代表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的名詞，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)：1)        Ill never forget the days _ we played volleyball on the beach.2)        They want to rent a house

61、 _ they keep their product.3)        Does anybody know the reason _ she didnt come yesterday?l   I doubt if the reason _ he told you was true.說(shuō)明the way, 用that,而不用how；說(shuō)明the moment、 time（day）, 用that代when：1)        I though

62、t you were still a student the first time I saw you.2)        The moment I saw you I felt something unusual might have happened.3)        Can this be the way he dealt with the problem?4)        I dislike the way he spoke to his mother.5)        Dont stop and use your dictionary every time you come to a new word.四、(such)as/(the same.) as / as的用法：表示“象”、“正如”、“就象”，代替一個(gè)單詞或者一個(gè)句子。1)