外文翻譯--信息管理系統(tǒng)

1、外文翻譯-信息管理系統(tǒng) 淮 陰 工 學(xué) 院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 論文 外文資料翻譯學(xué) 院：計算機(jī)工程學(xué)院專 業(yè)：通信工程姓 名：徐藝林學(xué) 號：1081302228外文出處： 用外文寫 433&do blog&id 5689附 件：1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評語：年月日簽名： 手寫簽名 注：請將該封面與附件裝訂成冊。附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文信息管理系統(tǒng)?對于“管理信息系統(tǒng)并沒有一致的定義。一些作者喜歡用其他術(shù)語代替，例如：“信息處理系統(tǒng)“信息與決策系統(tǒng)“組織信息系統(tǒng)，或者干脆將“信息系統(tǒng)用組織內(nèi)具有支持操作、管理、決策職能的計算機(jī)信息處理系統(tǒng)代替。這篇文章使用“管理信息系統(tǒng)

2、一詞，是因為它是通俗易懂的，當(dāng)涉及組織信息系統(tǒng)時也常用“信息系統(tǒng)代替“管理信息系統(tǒng)。?一個管理信息系統(tǒng)的定義，通常被理解為：一種集成用戶機(jī)器系統(tǒng)，為組織提供信息支持運作、管理、決策職能。該信息系統(tǒng)利用計算機(jī)硬件和軟件；手工處理程序；模擬分析法方案、控制和決策；和數(shù)據(jù)庫。事實上，它是一個集成系統(tǒng)并不意味著它是單一的，單塊集成結(jié)構(gòu)；相反，它意味著零件適合參加整體設(shè)計。內(nèi)容定義如下：計算機(jī)為主的用戶機(jī)器系統(tǒng)?理論上，管理信息系統(tǒng)可以脫離計算機(jī)上而存在，但是計算機(jī)的存在可以讓管理信息系統(tǒng)可行。問題不是計算機(jī)是否被使用在管理信息系統(tǒng)中，而是信息的使用被計算機(jī)化的程度。用戶機(jī)器系統(tǒng)的概念暗示了, 一些任務(wù)

3、最好由人執(zhí)行, 其他的最好由機(jī)器做。MIS的使用者是那些負(fù)責(zé)輸入輸入數(shù)據(jù)、指示系統(tǒng)或運用系統(tǒng)信息產(chǎn)品的人。因為許多問題，用戶和計算機(jī)建立了一個聯(lián)合系統(tǒng)，其結(jié)果通過一套在計算機(jī)和用戶之間的相互作用得到。?用戶機(jī)器的相互作用是由用戶連接在計算機(jī)上的輸入-輸出設(shè)備通常是一個視覺顯示終端推動的。計算機(jī)可以使一臺個人機(jī)器效勞于一名用戶或者一臺大規(guī)模的機(jī)器為一定數(shù)量通過終端由通信線路連接的用戶效勞。用戶輸入-輸出設(shè)備允許直接輸入數(shù)據(jù)和緊接著輸出結(jié)果。例如：一個人使用計算機(jī)交互的在金融理財上通過在終端鍵盤輸入提交“如果什么，怎么辦？之類的問題，結(jié)果幾秒鐘后便被顯示在屏幕上。?MIS的計算機(jī)為主的用戶機(jī)器特征

4、影響系統(tǒng)開發(fā)商和系統(tǒng)用戶的知識要求。“計算機(jī)為主意味著管理信息系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計者必須擁有計算機(jī)和對處理有用的知識?！坝脩魴C(jī)器的概念意味著系統(tǒng)設(shè)計者也應(yīng)該了解人作為系統(tǒng)組成局部信息處理器的能力和人作為信息使用者的行為。?信息系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用不應(yīng)該要求用戶成為計算機(jī)專家。但是，用戶需要能夠詳細(xì)說明他們的信息要求；對計算機(jī)的一些理解、信息的本質(zhì)，和對各種各樣管理功能的利用將幫助用戶完成任務(wù)。集成系統(tǒng)?管理信息系統(tǒng)代表性地為集成組織信息處理提供依據(jù)。信息系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部各自的應(yīng)用那么由不同批次的用戶開發(fā)。如果沒有集成的處理和機(jī)制，各自的應(yīng)用也許無法協(xié)調(diào)一致和相容。在使用相同的數(shù)據(jù)時，數(shù)據(jù)項也許不同的被指定和不能兼容的橫跨

5、。當(dāng)實際上一個單獨的應(yīng)用可以提供超過一個的更多的效勞時，也許是分別的應(yīng)用重復(fù)的開展了。用戶想要通過使用從兩種不同的應(yīng)用中得到的數(shù)據(jù)來完成分析，也許會發(fā)現(xiàn)任務(wù)非常困難，有時甚至不可能。?信息系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用集成的第一步是一個整體信息系統(tǒng)方案。即使應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)是一次一個的被執(zhí)行，他們的設(shè)計可以由整體方案指導(dǎo)，確定他們怎么符合其他的工作。其實，信息系統(tǒng)被設(shè)計成為小型系統(tǒng)的一個飛行聯(lián)盟。?信息系統(tǒng)集成也通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，指南，和程序到達(dá)，被留作管理信息系統(tǒng)的功能之用。這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和程序的執(zhí)行允許不同的應(yīng)用分享數(shù)據(jù)，應(yīng)付審核和控制條件，和被廣泛用戶共享。例如，一項應(yīng)用也許被開發(fā)來操作特殊的小型計算機(jī)。集成的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可能規(guī)定設(shè)備的選

6、擇與中央數(shù)據(jù)庫一致。信息系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的這個趨勢有利于將應(yīng)用程序與用來支持它的數(shù)據(jù)別離。分開的數(shù)據(jù)庫是一種機(jī)制，這種機(jī)制的數(shù)據(jù)項是通過橫跨許多應(yīng)用來集成和對不同的用戶都可以始終一致的可利用。管理信息系統(tǒng)對于一個數(shù)據(jù)庫的需要將在下面被談?wù)?。對?shù)據(jù)庫的需要?術(shù)語“信息和“數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)?；Q的被使用。然而，信息一般被定義為對接受者有意義或者有用的數(shù)據(jù)。因此數(shù)據(jù)工程是生產(chǎn)出信息的原料。?數(shù)據(jù)庫的潛在概念是，為了在處理中可以利用和具有恰當(dāng)?shù)奶匦?，?shù)據(jù)需要被管理。數(shù)據(jù)的管理包括軟件和組織。創(chuàng)造軟件和管理數(shù)據(jù)庫就是數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)。?當(dāng)使用數(shù)據(jù)庫的所有途徑都是通過數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)被控制，所有應(yīng)用都利用一個特殊數(shù)據(jù)項來存取被

7、存放在唯一一個地方的相同的數(shù)據(jù)項。數(shù)據(jù)項的一個單獨的更新，在所有方面都得到更新。用過數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)的集成要求數(shù)據(jù)庫的一個中央集權(quán)。數(shù)據(jù)可能被放在一個中央計算機(jī)里或者被分散在幾個計算機(jī)之中；最重要的要求是擁有一個組織功能來執(zhí)行控制。模型的運用?對接受人來說只接收原始數(shù)據(jù)或者甚至是總結(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)都是不夠的。數(shù)據(jù)通常需要被處理和被呈現(xiàn)出來，以結(jié)果指向所作的決定的方式。這樣，數(shù)據(jù)項的處理建立于決策模型。例如，一項投資決定相對于新的資本支出也許根據(jù)一項政府支出決定模型被處理。?決定模型可以在決策過程中被用來支持不同的階段?！爸悄苣Ｐ涂梢杂脕韺ふ覇栴}或者時機(jī)。模型可以被用來識別和分析可能的解決方案。挑選模型，

8、例如最優(yōu)化模型可以被用來發(fā)現(xiàn)最想要的解決方案。?換句話說，面對各種各樣的決策情況需要多種的方法。下面是一些例子和可能被包含在一個管理信息系統(tǒng)中用來幫助分析和支持決策的模型的類型；一個全面的信息系統(tǒng)，決策者擁有一套有用的普通模型，可以應(yīng)用于許多分析和決定的情況，還有一套非常特殊的模型應(yīng)用于特別的決定。相似的模型可以用來方案和控制。選擇的模型是管理信息系統(tǒng)的模型根底。?管理信息系統(tǒng) MIS 不但支持低層的管理人員，而且可以支持中層人員的管理控制，為高層也能提供某些信息。管理信息系統(tǒng)由四個部件構(gòu)成：信息源、信息處理器、信息用戶和信息管理者。信息源是信息的產(chǎn)生地；信息處理器負(fù)擔(dān)信息的傳輸、加工、保存等

9、任務(wù)；信息用戶是信息的使用者，利用信息進(jìn)行決策；信息管理者負(fù)責(zé)信息系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計、實現(xiàn)和維護(hù)。管理信息系統(tǒng)一般被看作一個金字塔形的結(jié)構(gòu)，分為從底層的業(yè)務(wù)處理到運行控制、管理控制、最高層的戰(zhàn)略方案。最基層由任務(wù)巨大處理繁雜的事務(wù)信息和狀態(tài)信息構(gòu)成。層次越往上，事務(wù)處理的范圍越小，針對的也是比擬特殊和非結(jié)構(gòu)化的問題。?總之，管理信息系統(tǒng) Management Information System，MIS ,是一個以人為主導(dǎo)，利用計算機(jī)的硬件、軟件、網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信這些設(shè)備和其它的辦公設(shè)備進(jìn)行信息的收集、傳輸、加工、儲存、更新和維護(hù)以到達(dá)企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略競優(yōu)、提高效益和效率的目的，來支持企業(yè)的高層決策、中層控制和基層運

10、作的集成化的人機(jī)系統(tǒng)。MIS為管理者提供報告，提供企業(yè)的最近的情況以及歷史記錄。這一系統(tǒng)主要定位是針對企業(yè)內(nèi)部，為管理層的方案、控制和決策等功能效勞，一般由下層的業(yè)務(wù)處理系統(tǒng)提供數(shù)據(jù)。MIS能夠?qū)崪y企業(yè)的各種運行情況，并利用過去的歷史數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)測未來，從企業(yè)全局的角度出發(fā)輔助企業(yè)進(jìn)行決策，利用信息控制企業(yè)的行為，幫助企業(yè)實現(xiàn)其規(guī)劃目標(biāo)。?Definition of a Management Information System?There is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information syste

11、m". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", "information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simply "information system" to refer to the computer-based information processing system wh

12、ich supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information system instead of “MIS to refer to an organizational information system.?A definition of a managemen

13、t information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis p

14、lanning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below. Computer-based user-machine system

15、?Conceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user

16、-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer f

17、orm a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user.?User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the users input-output device usually a visual display terminal is connected to the computer. The computer can be a personal comp

18、uter serving only one user or a large computer that serves a number of users through terminals connected by communication lines. The user input-output device permits direct input of data and immediate output of results. For instance, a person using the computer interactively in financial planning po

19、ses “what if questions by entering input at the terminal keyboard; the results are displayed on the screen in a few second.?The computer-based user-machine characteristics of an MIS affect the knowledge requirements of both system developer and system user. “computer-based means that the designer of

20、 a management information system must have knowledge of computers and of their use in processing. The “user-machine concept means the system designer should also understand the capabilities of humans as system components as information processors and the behavior of humans as users of information.?I

21、nformation system applications should not require users to be computer experts. However, users need to be able to specify their information requirements; some understanding of computers, the nature of information, and its use in various management function aids users in this task.Integrated system?M

22、anagement information system typically provides the basis for integration of organizational information processing. Individual applications within information systems are developed for and by diverse sets of users. If there are no integrating processes and mechanisms, the individual applications may

23、 be inconsistent and incompatible. Data item may be specified differently and may not be compatible across applications that use the same data. There may be redundant development of separate applications when actually a single application could serve more than one need. A user wanting to perform ana

24、lysis using data from two different applications may find the task very difficult and sometimes impossible.?The first step in integration of information system applications is an overall information system plan. Even though application systems are implemented one at a time, their design can be guide

25、d by the overall plan, which determines how they fit in with other functions. In essence, the information system is designed as a planed federation of small systems.?Information system integration is also achieved through standards, guidelines, and procedures set by the MIS function. The enforcement

26、 of such standards and procedures permit diverse applications to share data, meet audit and control requirements, and be shares by multiple users. For instance, an application may be developed to run on a particular small computer. Standards for integration may dictate that the equipment selected be

27、 compatible with the centralized database. The trend in information system design is toward separate application processing form the data used to support it. The separate database is the mechanism by which data items are integrated across many applications and made consistently available to a variet

28、y of users. The need for a database in MIS is discussed below.Need for a database?The term “information and “data are frequently used interchangeably; however, information is generally defined as data that is meaningful or useful to the recipient. Data items are therefore the raw material for produc

29、ing information.?The underlying concept of a database is that data needs to be managed in order to be available for processing and have appropriate quality. This data management includes both software and organization. The software to create and manage a database is a database management system.?Whe

30、n all access to any use of database is controlled through a database management system, all applications utilizing a particular data item access the same data item which is stored in only one place. A single updating of the data item updates it for all uses. Integration through a database management

31、 system requires a central authority for the database. The data can be stored in one central computer or dispersed among several computers; the overriding requirement is that there is an organizational function to exercise control.Utilization of Models? ?It is usually insufficient for human recipien

32、ts to receive only raw data or even summarized data. Data usually needs to be processed and presented in such a way that the result is directed toward the decision to be made. To do this, processing of data items is based on a decision model. For example, an investment decision relative to new capit

33、al expenditures might be processed in terms of a capital expenditure decision model. ?Decision models can be used to support different stages in the decision-making process. “Intelligence models can be used to search for problems and/or opportunities. Models can be used to identify and analyze possi

34、ble solutions. Choice models such as optimization models maybe used to find the most desirable solution?In other words, multiple approaches are needed to meet a variety of decision situations. The following are examples and the type of model that might be included in an MIS to aid in analysis in sup

35、port of decision-making; in a comprehensive information system, the decision maker has available a set of general models that can be applied to many analysis and decision situations plus a set of very specific models for unique decisions. Similar models are available for planning and control. The se

36、t of models is the model base for the MIS.?The management information system MIS not only supports the underlying bed administrator, moreover may support the intermediate deck personnel's control check, for high level also can provide certain information. The management information system frame

37、by four parts: Information source, information processor, information user and information superintendent. The information source is the information production place; Information processor burden task/role and so on information transmission, processing, save; The information user is the information

38、user, carries on the decision-making using the information; The information superintendent is responsible for the information system the design, the implementation and the safeguarding. The management information system is regarded as generally a pyramid shape the structure, divides into from the lower level handling of traffic to the operating control, the control check, the topmost story strategic planning. The most basic unit greatly processes the numerous and diverse transaction information and the state information f