1動(dòng)名詞的用法及練習(xí)題

1、動(dòng)名詞的用法1動(dòng)名詞是動(dòng)詞的一種非謂語形式，由動(dòng)詞 + ing構(gòu)成，否定形式為not doing，具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的性質(zhì)，在句中起名詞作用，可作主語、賓語、表語和定語。1）作主語動(dòng)名詞是由動(dòng)詞變化而來，所以，動(dòng)名詞的意義往往是表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作或某件事情。例如：Walking is good exercise. Seeing is believing. Smoking may cause cancer.。 Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.  動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)，對于一些比較長的動(dòng)名詞短語，一般采用"It is "

2、;和"There is "兩種句式來表示。例如：It takes me ten minutes to get home from my office.It needs time to make three copies of it.  It's nice talking with you.  。It was very difficult getting everything ready in time. It is no use waiting for him any longer. It is no good learning without

3、practice.There is no joking about such matters. There is no harm in doing so.   2）作定語  動(dòng)名詞作定語的情況并不是很普遍，一般只限于單個(gè)的動(dòng)名詞作定語，表示“用于的”或表示“處于某件事情中的”含義。例如： swimming pool 游泳池    reading material 閱讀材料walking stick 手杖     floating needle 浮針 opening speech 開幕詞

4、    listening aid 助聽器 waiting room 候車室    running water 自來水 developing countries 發(fā)展中國家  working people 勞動(dòng)人民sleeping child 熟睡孩子 3）作表語  動(dòng)名詞作表語的時(shí)候，特別要注意：不要與正在進(jìn)行時(shí)混淆。動(dòng)名詞作表語，表達(dá)的是“某件事”等。例如： His part-time job is promoting new products for the company. （動(dòng)名詞）

5、他的業(yè)余工作是為那家公司推銷新產(chǎn)品。Reading is for sure learning, but applying is also learning to a greater extent.（動(dòng)名詞）讀書當(dāng)然是學(xué)習(xí)，然而運(yùn)用在很大程度上更是學(xué)習(xí)。Their task is exploring oil mines in the west. （動(dòng)名詞） 他們的任務(wù)是在西部探查油礦。  動(dòng)名詞作表語，容易與現(xiàn)在分詞作表語相混淆。記?。簞?dòng)名詞表語表達(dá)的是“某件事”(與不定式短語的意義相近)，而現(xiàn)在分詞表語表示“具有某個(gè)作用”。例如： The situation is very

6、 much encouraging.（現(xiàn)在分詞） 形勢非常令人鼓舞。His present job is not that stimulating as he expected. （現(xiàn)在分詞） 他現(xiàn)在的工作并不是那么有刺激性。 Their plan is to build another dormitory for their staff this year. （不定式）他們的計(jì)劃是今年再為員工們建一棟宿舍樓。His wish is to become a pilot. （不定式） 他的愿望是當(dāng)飛行員。4）作賓語。如：He is fond of playing football. I

7、 like swimming. admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，face，feel，like，finish，forgive，give up，imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practise，put off，resist，risk，suggest，cant help（情不自禁），cant stand（無法忍受）等動(dòng)詞成詞組后可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，但不能用不定式。forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等動(dòng)詞或詞

8、組可帶動(dòng)名詞或不定式作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別。Lets go on studying Lesson 6. （讓我們繼續(xù)學(xué)第六課。說明前面已學(xué)了一部分。）Lets go on to study Lesson 6. （讓我們接著學(xué)第六課。說明前面已學(xué)了第五課。）I remember doing the exercise. （我記得做過練習(xí)。）I must remember to do it. （我必須記著做這事。）I tried not to go there. （我設(shè)法不去那里。）I tried doing it again. （我試著又干了一次。）Stop speaking. （不要講話。）He

9、 stopped to talk. （他停下來講話。）I mean to come early today. （我打算今天早些來。）Missing the train means waiting for another hour. （誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。）在allow，advise，forbid，permit等動(dòng)詞后直接跟動(dòng)名詞形式作賓語，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，其后用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smoke. 動(dòng)詞need，require，want作“需要”解，其后必須用

10、動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式或不定式的被動(dòng)形式作賓語表示事情需要做，這時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。be worth后必須用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式來表示被動(dòng)意義。如：The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned. Her method is worth trying. 在短語devote to，look forward to，stick to，to be used to，object to，thank you for，excuse me for，be(kept) busy，have difficulty/trouble/problem(in)，h

11、ave a good/wonderful/hard time(in)，theres no use/good/need，feel/seem like/get down to等后的動(dòng)詞也必須用動(dòng)名詞形式，例如：I look forward to hearing from you soon. 在love，hate，prefer，like等動(dòng)詞后用動(dòng)名詞或不定式無多大區(qū)別。有時(shí)用動(dòng)名詞作賓語時(shí)，指一般情況，而跟不定式作賓語時(shí)指某一具體行為。start，begin，continue在書面語中多后接動(dòng)名詞，在口語中多后接不定式。但start和begin在下列情況下一般跟不定式作賓語：當(dāng)主語是物而不是人時(shí)；

12、當(dāng)start或begin以-ing形式出現(xiàn)時(shí)，當(dāng)后面作賓語的動(dòng)詞表示感情、思想或意念時(shí)。如：It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant. 在should(would) like/love等后須用不定式。5）動(dòng)名詞作狀語  動(dòng)名詞作狀語表示在進(jìn)行一動(dòng)作的同時(shí)所進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作，它對謂語動(dòng)詞起修飾和陪襯的作用。動(dòng)名詞作狀語可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、結(jié)果、方式或伴隨情況。 Having cleaned the rooms we began to weed

13、the garden. (時(shí)間) Coming into the room, she saw everybody already at their work. (時(shí)間) Being ill, he couldn't go to school. (原因) Having no interest in the topic, he didn't go to the lecture. (原因) Working diligently, you will certainly succeed. (條件) Using atomic energy, we can build spaceships.

14、 (條件) Granting the achievements to be great, there is still something to be desired. (讓步) My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (結(jié)果) Traveling by train, we visited a number of cities. (方式) Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book. (伴隨) 6）動(dòng)名詞作定語 動(dòng)名詞作定語時(shí)和形容詞的功能是相似的

15、。動(dòng)名詞可以單獨(dú)作定語，如： a smiling face 笑臉 a leading figure 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物 動(dòng)名詞還能構(gòu)成合成詞作定語，如： easy-going man 好說話的人 swimming pool 游泳池sleeping-pill 安眠藥片 dining-car 餐車當(dāng)分詞短語做后置定語時(shí)，可以轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句。 She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai. = She went on board the train, which was leaving for Shanghai. There are two roads be

16、fore us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park. = There are two roads before us, one which leads to the beach, the other to the park. 2，練習(xí)題、填入動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式：1. Can you imagine yourself _ in a lonely island? (stay)2. I can't understand your _ at that poor child. (laugh)3. She didn't mind _

17、 overtime. (work)4. To make a living, he tried _, _, and various other things, but he had failed in all. (write; paint)5. We are looking forward to Mary's _. (come)6. She was praised for _ the life of the child. (save)7. She ought to be praised instead of _. (criticize).8. Is there any possibili

18、ty of our _ the championship? (win)9. He came to the party without _. (invite).用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：1. We have planned _(make) a school radio programme. 2. Do you know when_ (start) the party?3. I find it very interesting _(talk) with foreigners.4. Shes thinking about _(make)a phone call to her parents. 5.

19、What bad weather ! I hate _(go ) out on cloudy days. 6. Do you really enjoy _(play) the violin every day. 7. My parents asked me _(do) my homework on time. 8. Im really sorry . I forgot _(close) the door before I left. 9. I didnt want my parents _(worry) about me , but Im afraid _(stay)at home alone

20、. 10. I hate to hear people _(talk) loudly in public. 11. Betty , we need _(make) a plan.12. Please remember _(post) the letter for the old man. 13. Stop _(chat), everyone. Our English teacher is coming. 14. He hates_(cook) meals . He enjoys _(have)lunch in the restaurant. 15. It started_(rain) when

21、 we were walking in the street last Sunday. 現(xiàn)在分詞用法一、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式1. 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式由“動(dòng)詞+ing”構(gòu)成，其被動(dòng)式為“being+動(dòng)詞過去分詞”。例如：The students standing there are from Class Three. 站在那里的學(xué)生來自三班。The English novel being translated by the editor now will be completed in October. 2. 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式由“having +動(dòng)詞過去分詞”構(gòu)成，其被動(dòng)式為“having +been+

22、動(dòng)詞過去分詞”。例如：Having finished all the work, they had a good rest. 結(jié)束了所有的工作后，他們好好地休息了一下。Having been laughed at his looks during the childhood, the boy is still very sensitive about his appearance so far. 3. 現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式為“not +動(dòng)詞-ing”，被動(dòng)式的否定式為“not+being+動(dòng)詞過去分詞”，其完成式的否定式為“not + having +動(dòng)詞過去分詞”。例如：Not reading

23、carefully, he wouldnt find many things he had not known before. Not being noticed by the public, the young writer felt a little pity. 沒被公眾所關(guān)注，年輕的作家感到有點(diǎn)遺憾。Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 沒有回應(yīng)，因此他決定再寫一封信。二、現(xiàn)在分詞的用法1. 作定語 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，具有形容詞的性質(zhì)。一般說來，單個(gè)的現(xiàn)在分詞一般可以前置作定語，修飾名詞；如果現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成分詞短語則后

24、置作定語。例如：Keep quiet. Don't wake up the sleeping children. 請安靜。不要吵醒睡覺的孩子們。We live in a room facing the south. 我們住在一間朝南的房間里。這兩個(gè)例句要換個(gè)位置，以配合前面說明。而且facing the south也不算分詞短語啊，請換一個(gè)例句。2. 作表語 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時(shí)總是放在系動(dòng)詞的后面，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表示主語的狀態(tài)。例如：The story sounds interesting. 這故事聽起來很有趣。The promising future is more encouragi

25、ng than ever before. 未來充滿希望，前所未有地鼓舞人心。It is annoying that the meeting should be put off. 會(huì)議要推遲，真是惱人。3. 作賓語補(bǔ)足語 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，通常用在感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞的賓語后面，表示主動(dòng)或動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如：Some people leave the water running after washing hands. 有些人洗完手后就讓水依然嘩嘩地流著。When I found him cheating, I decided not to accept his flatteries and

26、apologies any more. 當(dāng)我發(fā)現(xiàn)他欺騙我時(shí)，我決定再不接受他的奉承和道歉了。4. 作狀語 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因、時(shí)間、方式、條件、結(jié)果等情況的狀語從句。根據(jù)需要可以使用被動(dòng)式或完成式。1) 表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于狀語從句when, while。例如：He went through the papers while listening to music. 他邊瀏覽報(bào)紙，邊聽音樂。Studying at the hometown, I enjoyed the happiest time during my life. 在家鄉(xiāng)學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候，我享受了這一生最快樂的時(shí)光。2) 表示

27、條件，相當(dāng)于if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。例如：Being given once more time, I will finish the task! 假如再給我一次機(jī)會(huì)，我會(huì)完成任務(wù)的！Preparing fully, we are sure to pass the test. 如果準(zhǔn)備充分，我們肯定能通過考試。3) 表示原因，相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句because, since, for, as, etc.例如：Not understanding the relationship between the two cases, I asked the lawyer about it. 由于不明白兩個(gè)案子

28、之間的關(guān)系，我咨詢了律師。Being ill, she can't go to work today. 因?yàn)樯?，今天她不能上班了?) 表示讓步，相當(dāng)于though, although或no matter+特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。例如：Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 盡管了解了這一切，他們還是讓我賠償損失。Although working hard every day, we still have endless work to deal with. 我們即使每天拼命干活，還是有處理不完的工作。5) 表示結(jié)果

29、，相當(dāng)于結(jié)果狀語從句。例如：His parents' letter has just come, relieving him from anxiety. 他父母的來信剛剛到，可解了他的焦躁了。Their car was caught in a traffic jam, causing the delay. 他們的車遇上了交通堵塞，結(jié)果耽擱了。6) 表示方式或伴隨狀語。例如：They lay on the grass, looking at the sky. 他們躺在草地上，仰望著填空。The children ran out of the room, laughing and jump

30、ing. 孩子們從房間里跑出來，歡笑著，蹦跳著。根據(jù)上述現(xiàn)在分詞的用法，我們可以了解到問題中涉及的句子中的動(dòng)詞-ing形式，即completing一詞，并不是動(dòng)名詞形式。在這個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)了while，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語，因此completing為現(xiàn)在分詞形式，表示句中的時(shí)間。全句意為：必須能夠六天不睡覺，同時(shí)完成其他一些任務(wù)?，F(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞 【提問】下面這一題應(yīng)該如何解答？ From friends and family, prisoners often suffer from loneliness. A. Cutting out B. Cutting down C. Cut in D. Cut

31、 off (Experiencing English Extended Book 2 Page 42) 答：該句子涉及到分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。選項(xiàng)A、B為現(xiàn)在分詞；選項(xiàng)C、D為過去分詞，如果分析分詞的成分和用法，可將前者與后者區(qū)分開來。u 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞都可以在句中起形容詞和副詞的作用，可作定語、表語、補(bǔ)足語和狀語。1) 作定語 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，多表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)進(jìn)行，也可表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；而過去分詞作定語，則多表示分詞動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系。分詞短語作定語時(shí)，放在被修飾的名詞之后；單個(gè)分詞作定語時(shí)，放在被修飾的名詞之前。例如：The man standing

32、at the window is our teacher. 站在窗戶邊的男子是我們的老師。Polluted air and water are harmful to peoples health. 污染了的空氣和水對人們的健康有害。2) 作表語 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語時(shí)都放在系動(dòng)詞之后，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。例如：I think the shop is closed at this time of day. 我想這時(shí)商店關(guān)門了。The idea seems quite convincing. 這個(gè)主意好像很有說服力。3) 作賓語補(bǔ)足語 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞都可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語，通常用

33、在感官動(dòng)詞(如hear, see, notice, watch, feel, look at等)或使役動(dòng)詞(如make, let, have等)的賓語之后，亦可以用于“with+復(fù)合賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)中。選擇使用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞主要取決于賓語和動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系，如果兩者間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系就用現(xiàn)在分詞，如果是被動(dòng)關(guān)系則用過去分詞。例如：We watched the teacher making the experiment carefully. 我們仔細(xì)地看老師做實(shí)驗(yàn)。When he came in, he found the window broken. 當(dāng)他進(jìn)來時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)窗戶被打破了。4) 作狀語 分詞作狀語

34、時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞往往和邏輯主語之間存在主動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示時(shí)間、原因、方式、結(jié)果、條件、伴隨情況等；過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，表示原因、時(shí)間、條件、伴隨情況等。例如：Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out. 聽到呼救聲，他們都沖了出來。Encouraged by the teacher, we worked still harder than ever. 受到老師的鼓勵(lì)，我們比以前更努力地學(xué)習(xí)?！緮U(kuò)展】分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，它表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)有意義上的主語這句話我沒看明白，請修正，這個(gè)意義上的主語與句中主語是一致的，即所指的同一個(gè)人或同一件

35、事物。例如：Looking up at Tom, I listened to the story of Washington. 我抬頭看著湯姆，聽著華盛頓的故事。(look up 和listen to 都是“我”發(fā)出的動(dòng)作)如果分詞短語意義上的主語與句中主語不是同一個(gè)人或物，就必須有一個(gè)名詞或一個(gè)主格代詞作它意義上的主語，放在前面構(gòu)成一個(gè)獨(dú)立短語，這種“名詞(主格代詞)+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)稱為帶主語的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：The bus being very crowded, he had to stand. 公共汽車很擠，他只好站著。(分詞的邏輯主語是the bus，句子的主語是he)It being

36、fine, Ill go fishing. 天氣好的話，我將去釣魚。(分詞的邏輯主語是It，句子的主語是I)u 形容詞性的現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別分詞用作形容詞時(shí)，present(現(xiàn)在)和past(過去)這兩個(gè)術(shù)語并不能說明它們的真正作用，它們的主要區(qū)別在于語態(tài)和時(shí)間關(guān)系上。1) 語態(tài)不同 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)關(guān)系，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)的意思。例如：a sleeping boy 正在睡覺的孩子 the rising sun 冉冉升起的太陽 a burnt child 一個(gè)燒傷的孩子 a raised hand 舉起的手2) 時(shí)間關(guān)系不同 一般來說現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作可能與句中限定動(dòng)詞所指的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，

37、也可能不同時(shí)發(fā)生；而過去分詞指過去的時(shí)間或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。例如：boiling water沸水 an interesting story 激動(dòng)人心的故事 boiled water 冷開水 a fallen leaf落葉 a retired teacher退休教師【注意】英語中有許多表示人的情感類的形容詞需注意區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞往往來說明某事物所具有的某種性質(zhì)、特征；而過去分詞往往用來說明人受外在條件影響所產(chǎn)生的情感。例如：interesting有趣的，令人感興趣的 interested 感興趣的，對表現(xiàn)出興趣的； disappointing令人失望的，令人灰心的 disappointed失望的，沮喪的；puzzling令人困惑的，令人迷惑不解的，puzzled 困惑的；迷惑不解的；exciting令人激動(dòng)的，使人興奮的，excited激動(dòng)的，興奮的。根據(jù)現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別情況，可以判斷原句前半句中，存在分詞作狀語的情況，分詞的邏輯主語與后面的主句主語一致，由于表示的是被動(dòng)的關(guān)系，說明了prisoners often suf