




版權(quán)說(shuō)明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)
文檔簡(jiǎn)介
1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上 英語(yǔ)作文寫作步驟和技巧一、步驟和技巧第一節(jié) 英語(yǔ)寫作應(yīng)該注意的事項(xiàng)1. 準(zhǔn)確信息(尤其是對(duì)所給的題目、主題句、提綱的關(guān)鍵詞的理解)2. 遣詞造句(注意詞法和句法的基本要求) 從詞的角度來(lái)說(shuō),必須要注意其正確性、巧妙性、流暢性。 從句法的角度來(lái)說(shuō),第一,不能有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,特別是嚴(yán)重的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。第二,句型使用要正確,英語(yǔ)中許多的表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)和漢語(yǔ)中的結(jié)構(gòu)不一樣。(背一些常用的句型)第三,句式要靈活。簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句要穿插使用。分詞結(jié)構(gòu),包括現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、倒裝句等要交替使用,從而構(gòu)成靈活的句式結(jié)構(gòu)。3. 內(nèi)
2、容及段落間的信息組織要連貫,自然,合乎邏輯性。4. 要注意養(yǎng)成良好的寫作檢查和修改習(xí)慣。(revising and proof-reading) 此外在寫作時(shí)應(yīng)該注意:(一)、審題 我們拿到作文后第一件事要做的就是審題。審題的作用在于使你的寫作不跑題(如果跑題,條理和語(yǔ)言再好,也得不到及格分,甚至0分。)那么審題要審什么呢? 1體裁 (議論文、說(shuō)明文、描述文)審題就是要審作文的體裁和題材。因?yàn)槭裁礃拥捏w裁就會(huì)用什么樣的題材去寫。那么體裁包括哪些呢?就四、六級(jí)考試而言,它包括議論文、說(shuō)明文和描述文。從近些年來(lái)看,四、六級(jí)作文不是單一的體裁,而是幾種體裁的雜合體。例如有一次四級(jí)寫題是這樣出的: D
3、irections: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Be A Good University Student. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese) below: (1) 做合格大學(xué)生的必要性(2) 做合格大學(xué)生的必備條件(可以德智體等方面談)(3) 我打算這樣做很多人說(shuō)這種類
4、型的作文是議論文。我們認(rèn)為說(shuō)它是議論文是片面的。因?yàn)榈谝欢我髮?“.必要性”,這說(shuō)明本段體裁是議論文;第二段要求寫“.必備條件”,這說(shuō)明本段要求寫說(shuō)明文;而第三段要求寫“.這樣做”,說(shuō)明本段要求寫的是描述文。所以我們說(shuō)在大多數(shù)情況下,四、六級(jí)作文是三種體裁的雜合體。2根據(jù)不同體裁確定寫作方法我們審題的目的就在于根據(jù)不同的體裁來(lái)確定不同的寫作方法。通過審題,我們可以看出四、六級(jí)作文大都是三段式。如上例第一段為議論體、第二段為說(shuō)明體、第三段為描述體。議論體有議論體的寫作方式、說(shuō)明體有說(shuō)明體的寫作方式、描述體也有它自身的寫作特點(diǎn)。第一段為議論文:它的寫作特點(diǎn)是要有論點(diǎn)和論據(jù),而且往往從正反兩面來(lái)論
5、述。例如上面題目的第一段的寫作思路是:做合格大學(xué)生,會(huì)怎么樣(這是從正面論述);不能做倒合格大學(xué)生,會(huì)怎么樣(從反面論述);所以我們要做合格的大學(xué)生(結(jié)論)。第二段為說(shuō)明文:它的寫作特點(diǎn)是從幾方面或幾條來(lái)說(shuō)明一個(gè)問題,就跟某一機(jī)器的說(shuō)明書一樣通過1、2、3說(shuō)明它的用途。就以上面的作文而言,我們從三個(gè)方面(德智體)來(lái)說(shuō)明做合格大學(xué)生的必要性。第三段為描述文:以“人”為中心描述一個(gè)“做”的過程。跟上兩段相比,本段的主語(yǔ)多為人稱代詞。它要與第二段相呼應(yīng)進(jìn)行描述。(二)、主題句通過審題,我們知道了寫作的思路。下邊我們就談怎么樣寫。第一步就是要寫主題句。主題句是確保不跑題的前提,只有不跑題才有可能得及格
6、分。寫主題句最保險(xiǎn)的方法就是把各要求句譯成英語(yǔ)。例如上述作文的三段主題句分別為: It is very necessary to be a good university student.(議論體主題句) There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student. (說(shuō)明體的主題句) What I will do in the future is the following.(描述題的主題句)如果要求句是英語(yǔ)就可以把它擴(kuò)充成主題句,例如這樣的一篇做文: Good Health1. Importance o
7、f good health2. Ways to keep fit3. My own practice這樣的作文的要求句就可以擴(kuò)展成主題句。擴(kuò)展后三段的主題句分別為: It is very important to have good health. (將名詞importance變成形容詞important) There are four ways to keep fit for me.(用there be句型) My own practices are the following.(采用原詞) (三)、條理保證不跑題是寫作當(dāng)中第一重要任務(wù),第二個(gè)重要任務(wù)就是條理清楚。對(duì)于議論文來(lái)說(shuō),正反面要清
8、楚。對(duì)于說(shuō)明文來(lái)說(shuō),1、2、3條要清楚,對(duì)于描述文來(lái)說(shuō),誰(shuí)干什么要清楚。就拿上例Good Health來(lái)說(shuō),第一段保持正反面要清楚就應(yīng)這樣寫:主題句(It is very important to have good health., 正面(With good health, we can.), 反面(Without good health, we can do nothing. We can't do.)。第二段應(yīng)當(dāng)這樣寫:主題句(There are four ways to keep fit.) 從幾方面說(shuō)明: Firstly, we should have our breakfa
9、st in the morning. Second, we should have a nap at noon. Third, sports exercises are necessary in the afternoon. And fourth, we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to the music.)為了使文章更具關(guān)于條理性,我們可以用first(ly), second(ly), third(ly)等副詞,他們可以使文章的條理性十分突出。作文是主觀性題,要想得高分我們必須把評(píng)卷老師考慮進(jìn)去。評(píng)卷老
10、師的時(shí)間很短(每份卷子的作文只有一兩分鐘就要閱完),所以我們?cè)诹袟l條時(shí)最好不用:To begin with, . After that,. And then,. The next,. The following,. At last .。因?yàn)橛眠@樣的詞語(yǔ)不利于閱卷老師看出你作文的條理性。第三段應(yīng)當(dāng)這樣寫:主題句(My own practices are the following.)具體情況(主語(yǔ)為第一人稱代詞I,與第二段呼應(yīng)) In the morning, I have my breakfast . At noon, I have a nap. And in the afternoon, I
11、 always play football. In the evening, I usually listen to the classic music.第二節(jié) 英語(yǔ)寫作基本步驟和技巧寫作的基本步驟:2.2.1 審題 一般來(lái)說(shuō),審題首先要讀懂題目的字面意思,看清所給提綱(outline)的內(nèi)容,并分析和領(lǐng)會(huì)題目與提綱各點(diǎn)之間的密切關(guān)系,千萬(wàn)不要就提綱本身就事而論。同時(shí)又要深刻理解作文題目的內(nèi)涵和要求,以便了解和掌握作文寫作的主旨大意。一般來(lái)說(shuō),作文的主題就是作文的中心,中心意思貫穿每個(gè)提示句或段主句,而每個(gè)提示句或段主句又從不同角度來(lái)支承和說(shuō)明作文的中心。因此,要緊緊地圍繞著這個(gè)中心來(lái)進(jìn)行寫作
12、。審題的首要任務(wù)就是要明確文章的主題和寫作目的,確定文章的內(nèi)容和寫作范圍,找出貫穿全文的綱要。所以考生應(yīng)對(duì)文章的標(biāo)題、主題句、關(guān)鍵詞、情景或圖片進(jìn)行認(rèn)真分析,明確寫作的目的,確定段落和段落主題,找出文章所要突出的中心思想。審題的另一個(gè)任務(wù)是確定文章的體裁。不同的體裁有不同的寫作角度和方法。構(gòu)思審題之后馬上就要構(gòu)思,也就是說(shuō)先要經(jīng)過總體構(gòu)思。此時(shí)應(yīng)集中全部精力進(jìn)行思考,具體策劃出文章該如何展開,哪些地方要詳寫,哪些地方要略寫,哪些內(nèi)容先寫,哪些內(nèi)容后寫,需要舉哪些例子等。此外,為了加強(qiáng)文章的邏輯性,還應(yīng)該考慮采取哪一種思路去寫等等。這些都應(yīng)該有一個(gè)總的安排、設(shè)計(jì)。經(jīng)過這樣的構(gòu)思寫出來(lái)的文章才會(huì)條
13、理清晰、邏輯性強(qiáng),才能切題達(dá)意,具有說(shuō)服力。構(gòu)思是漂亮文章的前提。認(rèn)真構(gòu)思是考生寫作前千萬(wàn)不能忽視的重要環(huán)節(jié),否則的話,想到哪兒,寫到哪兒,隨意性大,邏輯性差,會(huì)造成思路混亂、條理不請(qǐng)。從某種意義上說(shuō),許多考生的寫作失敗往往不是在寫作之中,而是在動(dòng)筆之前的構(gòu)思。2.2.3 列提綱列提綱是寫好作文的第二步。在理解作文題目和主題句的基礎(chǔ)上,又構(gòu)思出了文章的大概輪廓。緊接著就需要組織能闡述主題句提出的觀點(diǎn)的素材。各段需要擴(kuò)展哪些內(nèi)容,先寫什么,后寫什么,怎樣寫方能有說(shuō)服力并把主題句闡述清楚,怎樣寫才能切題、連貫、清晰、正確。這些問題在運(yùn)筆之前都必須通篇地進(jìn)行統(tǒng)籌安排。寫文章的素材會(huì)有許多,必須經(jīng)過篩
14、選,分清主次,決定取舍,要選擇既有代表性和典型性又有說(shuō)服力的素材去論證或闡述文章的題目和主題句提出的觀點(diǎn)。要達(dá)到這些目的,就必須擬定一個(gè)提綱。有了明確細(xì)致而具體的寫作提綱,寫起文章來(lái)又快又不零亂。假如動(dòng)筆時(shí)沒有草擬提綱,就有可能出現(xiàn)思路紊亂,條理不請(qǐng),漏同百出及跑題等現(xiàn)象。在考試的作文中所給的提綱或段首句本身就是粗線條的寫作提綱,考生只要按照其思路,順其發(fā)展,再細(xì)致地展開就會(huì)成為很好的寫作提綱。有了這樣的明細(xì)提綱,文章的框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本上就固定下來(lái)了。只要進(jìn)一步添加具體的細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)、內(nèi)容,文章就差不多寫出來(lái)了。草擬出一份明確、具體而又細(xì)致的寫作提綱,文章就幾乎完成一半了。2.2.4 成文由于寫作考
15、試在時(shí)間上有嚴(yán)格的限制,因此在成文時(shí)要開門見山,直截了當(dāng),要突出文章的主題。用詞要準(zhǔn)確,表達(dá)要簡(jiǎn)明扼要。要正確使用句子結(jié)構(gòu)、修辭和表達(dá)方式,確保句型多樣化。要用英語(yǔ)思維。要注意段落間的相互聯(lián)系,考慮段落的連接和轉(zhuǎn)折,采用起、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合等手法,恰當(dāng)而合乎邏輯地把段落連接起來(lái),使段落之間過渡自然,前后照應(yīng)。還要注意語(yǔ)法的規(guī)范和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的正確使用,書寫要工整,字跡要清晰。2.2.5 修改作文的修改是寫作的重要環(huán)節(jié)。特別是初學(xué)寫作的人,一定要重視作文修改這一重要環(huán)節(jié)。從某種意義上來(lái)說(shuō),修改工作并不只是在初稿完成之后才著手進(jìn)行的,應(yīng)該說(shuō)作文的修改始終貫穿于寫作的全過程。例如,在提煉主題句、篩選素材、謀篇
16、布局、遣詞造句等一系列工作之中,隨時(shí)都有一些改動(dòng),這些改動(dòng)本身就帶有修改的性質(zhì),因此,有必要把作文的修改工作看成是寫作中的一項(xiàng)極為重要的工作。同時(shí),修改作文的工作也是一項(xiàng)非常艱苦的腦力勞動(dòng),作文修改不好,文章也就難以寫好。但是,作文的修改常常被一些考生忽視,影響了作文的得分。在寫作考試中,由于時(shí)間有限,不可能有太多時(shí)間作過多的推敲。但無(wú)論如何,在成文之后應(yīng)該通讀全文一遍,主要檢查段落與段落之間的過渡是否自然,句子與句子之間是否連貫,選詞是否恰當(dāng)?shù)皿w,語(yǔ)法是否規(guī)范,拼寫是否正確,大小寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是否有錯(cuò)和遺漏。寫作考試時(shí)間分配: 5分鐘的審題和構(gòu)思;5分鐘寫出主題句,列出框架提綱;15分鐘圍繞主
17、題句進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展,初步成文;5分鐘檢查、修改、潤(rùn)色。二、段落的寫作第一節(jié) 段落的構(gòu)成在具體的寫作中,要注意以下的“三個(gè)中的三個(gè)系列”:l Organization of paragraph段落的組織 A standard paragraph should include 1) a topic sentence主題句 2) support/development body擴(kuò)展句 3) a conclusion結(jié)尾句l Three skills for clear writing清晰寫作的3個(gè)技巧 1) organization of the paragraph (段落的組織) 2) forms of
18、 sentences (句子的形成) 3) selection of words(詞的選擇)l Three qualities of a good paragraph好段落的3個(gè)特點(diǎn)1) unity:the supporting sentences are related to the controlling idea expressed in the topic sentence.(統(tǒng)一性)2) coherence: all the sentences in the paragraph are linked smoothly to each other.(連貫性)3) Adequate de
19、velopment: the ideas in the paragraph are complete and enough to produce a clear subject or attitude.(完整性)第二節(jié) 如何寫主題句l 主題句的基本含義主題句是指能高度概括文章段落中心內(nèi)容或主題思想的句子。 可以說(shuō),段落中沒有主題句,段落就缺少了中心,文章的段落意義就含糊不請(qǐng)。因此,段落中其它各個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容和細(xì)節(jié)都必須與主題句密切聯(lián)系,并緊緊圍繞著主題句起擴(kuò)展,為主題句作自然的鋪墊。由此可見,主題句在段落中起著中心作用。l 主題句的基本要求主題句必須由一個(gè)完整的句子構(gòu)成。段落中的主題句必須中肯扼
20、要;必須把題目限定在該段落中恰如其分的范圍內(nèi),既不是籠統(tǒng)的概括又不能抽象化。作者為了更好地表達(dá)自己的思想,有利于讀者的充分理解,常常采用主題句來(lái)概括文章段落的中心思想。主題句用詞應(yīng)該嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)精練,結(jié)構(gòu)完整,意思清楚,內(nèi)容具體扼要。因此,主題句的寫作必須用詞恰倒好處,以便使主題句能完整、準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出段落的中心思想。l 主題句的位置主題句在文章的段落總由于作用、目的等不同,可以有不同的位置。最為常見的有三種情況:1. 位于段首,使讀者對(duì)該段的主要內(nèi)容一目了然。2. 位于段落的末尾,給讀者以懸念,或者對(duì)該段落內(nèi)容加以歸納、總結(jié)、重申或呼應(yīng)主題句。3. 位于段落之中,適應(yīng)文章層次安排的需要。此外,還有一種
21、情況,我們稱之為“隱含主題句”。我們知道,并非所有的文章段落中都設(shè)有主題句,特別是在敘述性和描繪性的文章段落中,由于段落中所有細(xì)節(jié)和內(nèi)容是密切相聯(lián)的,很容易理解。因此,段落的主題句通常隱含在段落之中。 寫主題句時(shí)要回避以下4個(gè)錯(cuò)誤: Incomplete 不完整 Should not be a question不應(yīng)該是問題 Must not be too broad不能太寬泛 Should not contain phrases like “I think”, “In my opinion”, etc.不應(yīng)包含下列短語(yǔ)第三節(jié) 段落的展開主題句是陳述段落的中心思想。因此,段落的展開(paragr
22、aph development) 也就是主題句的展開。段落展開的常用方法:l 敘事法在敘述某個(gè)事件或故事情節(jié)時(shí),主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是情節(jié)順序,特別是沿著某個(gè)時(shí)間順序發(fā)生并相互聯(lián)系的一系列情節(jié)。這種敘事情節(jié)的時(shí)間順序安排除了平鋪直敘外,也并非千篇一律,既可采取倒敘方法,也可以把敘事中最有趣味、最主要的內(nèi)容情節(jié)放在最后面加以敘述。下面的內(nèi)容基本上是采用時(shí)間順序敘述的:Toward the end of the afternoon everything begins to close. The bank closes first. Mr. Fisher locks the bank doors prompt
23、ly at four oclock. Miss Mary Smith leaves the Post Office an hour after that. A half hour later Barney Jones locks his grocery store, and Miss Minie Mason leaves school. If the three-thirty train is on time, Ben Cook walks past the Farmers Bank at five-thirty. By six oclock everything is closed alon
24、g Main Street except the gas station, the restaurant, and the drugstore. By six oclock most people are at home getting ready for dinner. l 描寫法采用描寫法的主要原則是:依據(jù)所在空間中所看到物體的順序,并采用描寫性語(yǔ)言來(lái)對(duì)所要描寫的事物加以描述。在人物描寫中,往往由大處到細(xì)節(jié),由人物的外貌到內(nèi)心活動(dòng)來(lái)對(duì)人物加以描述。在事物性的描寫中,往往遵照人們的客觀思維方式來(lái)描寫,一般按照由遠(yuǎn)至近,由大到小,由上至下,從左到右等順序。l 例證法例證法是通過主題句對(duì)該段落的
25、中心思想進(jìn)行總的闡述,然后通過典型生動(dòng)、有說(shuō)服力的客觀事實(shí)來(lái)支持主題句的觀點(diǎn),使其得到完美充分的表達(dá)。舉證的順序可根據(jù)各點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的相對(duì)重要性、時(shí)間順序或地理位置的遠(yuǎn)近來(lái)進(jìn)行。Making a good impression at an American dinner party is not difficult if you follow these instructions. First, you should buy a small gift, such as flowers, candy, or wine for your host or hostess. Second, arrive o
26、n time. If the dinner engagement is for 7:00, dont arrive after 7:00 without telephone. Next, during dinner, be sure to thank your host or hostess on the meal. After you finish eating, you should not stay more than a few hours. Finally, thank your host or hostess for the dinner when you leave. 該段的第一
27、句話是主題句。然后,通過過渡連接詞First, , Second, , Next, , Finally, 來(lái)展開段落,一一列舉在餐宴是應(yīng)遵循的做法。Generally speaking, English is a difficult language for me to learn. For example, vocabulary is a problem. Sometimes several words like “thin”, “slender”, “skinny”, or “slim” have almost the same meaning. How can you tell whic
28、h word to use? Pronunciation is hard also. My tongue will not make sounds such as “th”, “g”, and “k”. Furthermore, writing presents a whole group of different obstacles: grammar, word order, and spelling. These are only some of the difficulties I have with this language. 這一段的第一句“Generally speaking,
29、English is a difficult language for me to learn.”是主題句。隨后,作者列舉了數(shù)個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明主題句。l 因果法根據(jù)事物的因果關(guān)系合乎邏輯地進(jìn)行分析、推導(dǎo),找出事物發(fā)生的原因或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果,也是寫擴(kuò)展句常用的方法之一。因果關(guān)系有四種情況:一因一果,多因一果,一因多果,多因多果。在寫作中,特別是在處理一因多果,多因一果與多因多果這種情況時(shí),要注意根據(jù)主題句的內(nèi)容需要,選擇可以論證段落中心思想的原因或結(jié)果,不能把無(wú)關(guān)的原因或結(jié)果也羅列進(jìn)來(lái)。運(yùn)用因果法所寫的擴(kuò)展句,或是由因及果式,或是由果及因式,或是因果連環(huán)式。例一(結(jié)果)Do you know why w
30、inter is colder than summer? (原因1)One reason is that there are fewer hours of sunlight in winter. (原因2)But there is another reason. Winter sunlight is cooler. It is the same sun, and it shines just as bright as in the summer time, and yet the earth gets less heat from it. The reason why winter sunli
31、ght is cooler is that the suns ray come to us at much more of a slant than they do in summer. (先果后因,多因一果)例二 (原因)Cigarette smoke contains nicotine, several cancer producing or irritating substances and carbon monoxide gas. (結(jié)果1)Damage to the lining of the bronchial tubes is much more common among cig
32、arette smokers than non-smokers, even when there is no obvious disease. Some of these changes are considered to be pre-cancerous. (結(jié)果2)Lung function is generally reduced among cigarette smokers. Cigarette smoking is a greater hazard than other factorssuch as community air pollutionin the causation o
33、f lung cancer and chronic bronchitis. (先因后果,一因多果)以上兩段第一段采用先闡述結(jié)果,再擴(kuò)展原因,而且是用多種原因支持一個(gè)結(jié)論。結(jié)果放于句首,引起讀者關(guān)注,重點(diǎn)突出、條理分明。第二段運(yùn)用了“原因多結(jié)果點(diǎn)明主題”的推理順序。對(duì)吸煙的危害性頗具有說(shuō)服力。l 比較和對(duì)比法有許多事物,如孤立或單獨(dú)地說(shuō)明,很難講清楚,可是當(dāng)把它與別的事物加以比較時(shí),就立刻顯示出它的獨(dú)特之處,這就是比較與對(duì)比法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。把兩種或多種相同或相似的人、物放在一起進(jìn)行比較、對(duì)照,使讀者對(duì)事物的本質(zhì)認(rèn)識(shí)更深刻、更清晰,這就是運(yùn)用比較、對(duì)比法寫擴(kuò)展句的目的。具體來(lái)說(shuō),比較法是選取一定側(cè)面,對(duì)
34、兩個(gè)或多個(gè)人、物、事件之間的共同之處加以說(shuō)明而進(jìn)行的論述;對(duì)比是選取一定側(cè)面,將兩個(gè)或多個(gè)人、物、事件之間的不同點(diǎn)或相反之處加以對(duì)照而進(jìn)行的論述。換言之,比較就是指出事物之間的相同點(diǎn)或相似點(diǎn),對(duì)比則是指出其不同之處。采用比較和對(duì)比法寫作的方式寫擴(kuò)展句,有兩種排列方法:1. 板塊法,即先說(shuō)明A事物各方面的情況,再陳述B事物在相應(yīng)方面的情況,擴(kuò)展句的排列順序是A1A2A3B1B2B3;2. 點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)式,即將A、B;兩事物的相應(yīng)方面逐一比較或?qū)Ρ龋瑪U(kuò)展句的排列順序是A1 B1,A2B2,A3 B3,。例一The same qualities that make people good house gu
35、ests make them good hospital patients. Good house guests can expect a reasonable amount of service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also. Guests have to adjust to what is for them a change, and certainly hospital patients must do the same. No one appreciate a complaining, unplea
36、sant, unappreciative house guest, and the hospital staff is no exception. House guests who expect vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long. Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way about patients in their care. Just as house guests must mak
37、e adjustments to enjoy their visits, so patients must make adjustments to make their stays reasonably pleasant and satisfying under the circumstances.該段的第一句是主題句,其后的擴(kuò)展句運(yùn)用了比較法,陳述了good house guests與 good hospital patients在幾個(gè)方面存在的共同之處。作者用的是點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)式,即將兩者之間的共同點(diǎn)逐一比較。例二There is an essential difference between a
38、 news story, as understood by a newspaperman or a wire-service writer, and the newsmagazine story. The chief purpose of the conventional news story is to tell what happened. It starts with the most important information and continues into increasingly inconsequential details, not only because the re
39、ader may not read beyond the first paragraph but because an editor working on galley proofs a few minutes before press time likes to be able to cut freely from the end of the story. A newsmagazine is very different. It is written to be read consecutively from beginning to end, and each of its storie
40、s is designed, following the critical theories of Edgar Allen Poe, to create one emotional effect. The news, what happened that week, may be told in the beginning, the middle, or the end; for the purpose is not to throw information at the reader but to seduce him into reading the whole story, and in
41、to accepting the dramatic (and often political) point being made.該段的第一句為主題句,其后的擴(kuò)展句采用的是對(duì)比法,將a news story與a newsmagazine story進(jìn)行對(duì)比。作者選用的是板塊式,即先論述a news story的特點(diǎn),后論述a newsmagazine story的特點(diǎn),以A newsmagazine is very different為轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。l 分類法對(duì)于復(fù)雜的事物,人們往往根據(jù)其性質(zhì)、形狀、成因、功能等屬性將它們分成若干類,然后對(duì)這些類別逐一進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。這種按照一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),把具有某些共同特性的
42、事物或概念進(jìn)行歸類的說(shuō)明方法,就是分類法。采用分類法寫擴(kuò)展句時(shí)要注意使用固定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如果按不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分類,同一事物可屬不同類別, 如“人”這個(gè)概念,按性別可分為男人和女人;按年齡可分為兒童、青年人、中年人與老年人;按職業(yè)分,又可分為教師、醫(yī)生、律師等,還可按個(gè)性、收入等來(lái)分類。一個(gè)人既可以是男人,也可以是中年人,還可以是教師。正因?yàn)橥蝗恕⑽锟赏瑫r(shí)屬于不同類別,所以在按分類法寫擴(kuò)展句時(shí),一定要注意使用同一標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 不能同時(shí)使用兩個(gè)或更多的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。只有這樣,才能夠比較完整、全面地說(shuō)明某一類人或物,否則有可能導(dǎo)致有些類別未提及,有些又被重復(fù)說(shuō)明。In my experience, the parent
43、s who hire daytime sitters for their school-age children tend to fall into one of the three groups. The first group includes parents who work and want someone to be at home when the children return from school. These parents are looking for an extension of themselves, someone who will give the care
44、they would give if they were at home. The second group includes parents who may be home all day themselves but are too disorganized or too frazzled by their childrens demands to handle child care alone. They are looking for an organizer and helpmate. The third and final group includes parents who do
45、 not want to be bothered by their children, whether they are home all day or not. Unlike parents in the first two groups, who care for their children whenever and however they can, these parents are looking for a permanent substitute for themselves.該段的主題句是第一句,內(nèi)容是為孩子請(qǐng)保姆的家長(zhǎng)可分為三類,其后的擴(kuò)展句分別說(shuō)明了這三類的不同特點(diǎn)。這三
46、種類型是按照父母為什么請(qǐng)保姆這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)劃分,沒有出現(xiàn)所屬類別不請(qǐng)的現(xiàn)象。l 定義法從給事物下定義入手,也是一種有效的擴(kuò)展句的寫作方法。所謂下定義,就是從概念或事物的特征、性質(zhì)、用途等方面來(lái)描述概念或事物,從而使讀者對(duì)被說(shuō)明的事物的特點(diǎn)有明確地了解,也使讀者將一事物與它事物區(qū)別開來(lái)。What then, is generation gap? Generation gap refers to the distance and contradiction between the old and the youth. Its a common phenomenon that exists everyw
47、here in the world and influences both the old and the youth. Generally speaking, generation gap results in different understanding and appreciation of the great and constant changes of the world, different reaction to new things, and different attitudes to traditional principles and belief. 該段采用定義法,
48、從不同角度解釋說(shuō)明了主題句中的概念generation gap。這一段中先給予這個(gè)詞組以概括性的解釋,繼而又表明了它的廣泛存在以及導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。清楚地闡明了概念,充分地表達(dá)了內(nèi)涵。l 引言法為了使論據(jù)更具有說(shuō)服力,引用他人的話,特別上名人名言以及格言、諺語(yǔ)等來(lái)寫擴(kuò)展句,也是一種有效的方法。這些名言、諺語(yǔ)由于影響較大而具有較好的說(shuō)服力,因而可信度高,能有力地證明作者的觀點(diǎn)。l 綜合法在實(shí)際的寫作中,人們一般不是只運(yùn)用一種方法來(lái)寫擴(kuò)展句的。相反,他們往往采用兩種或兩種以上的方法寫擴(kuò)展句。這種綜合使用兩種或兩種以上寫擴(kuò)展句的方法,稱為綜合法。換言之,綜合法不像單一運(yùn)用某一種方法那樣顯得單調(diào)、刻板,它不
49、僅能吸引讀者,保持讀者的閱讀興趣,還能更充分地論證主題。以下這個(gè)段落使用了定義、例證、對(duì)比和比較等方法。Synonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning. For example, the words “stingy” and “frugal” both mean “careful with money.” However, to call a person stingy is an insult, while the word frugal has a
50、 much more positive connotation. Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggressive but not pushy. Therefore, you should be careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not really synonymous at all. 以上是一些常用擴(kuò)展句的寫作方法。在實(shí)際寫作中,選用哪些方法,要依據(jù)文章的體裁、寫作目的、主題句的內(nèi)容等多種因素確定。參考練習(xí)題目
51、:Generation gap第四節(jié) 常用的過渡詞在英文寫作中,要使句子與句子之間結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),連貫性強(qiáng),使讀者能順著作者的思路理解原文,使用過渡詞必不可少。過渡詞就是句子之間,段落的前后之間起連接或承上啟下作用的詞。順序過渡詞 first (of all), second, and third; in the first place, in the second place, in the third place; on the one hand, on the other hand; to begin with, next, finally 對(duì)比過渡詞 however, in com
52、parison with, yet, nevertheless, in spite of the fact that , on the contrary, while, in contrast, whereas, but on the other hand, conversely 因果過渡詞 so, consequently, for, as, as a result, hence, therefore, thus, in consequence, since, accordingly, as a consequence, because 遞進(jìn)過渡詞 besides, in addition
53、(to), moreover, furthermore, whats more, to make things (still) worse 等同過渡詞 similarly, thats to say, likewise, in other words, namely, equally, in the way, or rather舉例過渡詞 for example, for instance, a case in point, as an illustration, incidentally, thats, in the case of, take for example, suppose結(jié)論過
54、渡詞 in brief, in short, in summary, to sum up, in conclusion, to conclude, on the whole, in a word 空間過渡詞 behind, above, in front, on the left, on the right, across, adjacent to , at the bottom, below, close to , far, further, next to , in center of, opposite, on the top 第五節(jié) 段落寫作中的常用句型1. 表示時(shí)間順序的語(yǔ)句:Bef
55、ore / Until something has been done (doing something), Before this, / Previously, While / As something is done (doing something), During this time / process, / Meanwhile, Having done something, When (After / Once / As soon as ) something is done, The process begins (finishes / concludes) with, The f
56、irst / second / subsequent / following / last/ final step is to do / doing something, 2. 表示數(shù)量之間比較的語(yǔ)句:increase / decrease by X times (凈增/減X倍)increase / decrease X times (增加到/減少到X倍)increase / decrease X (增加到/減少到X)X times + 比較級(jí)X times less thanX times as asIt decreased (dropped, fell) to XIt increased
57、( rose, jumped, shot up ) to XThe figure ( percentage, number, population, amount) has almost doubled as against that of last year.It reaches its peak.It dropped to this lowest point.X is half Y.X is twice as high as Y.X excels Y in X equals Y in 3. 表示相似的語(yǔ)句:Both X and Y are / have Neither X or Y is / has X is similar to Y in X and Y are similar / alike in Like Y, X X is , so is Y.X is as as Y.X is the same as Y.X and Y have in common.4
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫(kù)網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 2025屆河南省周口市扶溝高級(jí)中學(xué)高三二輪檢測(cè)試題(二模)語(yǔ)文試題試卷含解析
- 2024-2025學(xué)年湖南省茶陵三中新高考物理試題適應(yīng)性訓(xùn)練(二)含解析
- 酒泉職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院《數(shù)學(xué)解題方法》2023-2024學(xué)年第一學(xué)期期末試卷
- 鶴壁汽車工程職業(yè)學(xué)院《第二外語(yǔ)德語(yǔ)》2023-2024學(xué)年第二學(xué)期期末試卷
- 湖南工學(xué)院《程序設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)理論》2023-2024學(xué)年第二學(xué)期期末試卷
- 畢節(jié)工業(yè)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院《裝飾設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)》2023-2024學(xué)年第二學(xué)期期末試卷
- 揚(yáng)州大學(xué)《現(xiàn)代分析》2023-2024學(xué)年第二學(xué)期期末試卷
- 古人對(duì)時(shí)間的總結(jié)
- 公司投資的基本理念及方法論
- 公共交通車輛性能檢測(cè)制度
- 電網(wǎng)工程設(shè)備材料信息參考價(jià)(2024年第四季度)
- 20以內(nèi)退位減法口算練習(xí)題100題30套(共3000題)
- GB/T 13668-2015鋼制書柜、資料柜通用技術(shù)條件
- 易制毒化學(xué)品安全教育培訓(xùn)《教育培訓(xùn)記錄表》
- 精神病學(xué)簡(jiǎn)答題
- 2023年鄂爾多斯生態(tài)環(huán)境職業(yè)學(xué)院?jiǎn)握锌荚嚸嬖囶}庫(kù)及答案解析
- Q∕SY 01004-2016 氣田水回注技術(shù)規(guī)范
- 氣管支氣管結(jié)核診斷和治療指南
- 高中臨界生沖刺一本培養(yǎng)方案
- 供應(yīng)商社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則符合性自審問卷
- 城鎮(zhèn)燃?xì)饧映艏夹g(shù)規(guī)程CJJ T148
評(píng)論
0/150
提交評(píng)論