英語句子成分分析說明

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上句子成分(Members of a Sentence)什么叫句子成分呢？句子的組成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，詞與詞之間有一定的組合關(guān)系，按照不同的關(guān)系，可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)。現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。英語的基本成分有七種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）狀語(adverbial) 和補(bǔ)語（complement）。 英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本

2、句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。 英語五種基本句型列式如下： 一：（主謂）二：（主系表）三：（主謂賓） 四：（主謂間賓直賓）五：（主謂賓賓補(bǔ)） 基本句型 一： （主謂） 主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞，主格代詞（如you），動詞不定式，動名詞等。主語一般在句首。注意名詞單數(shù)形式常和冠詞不分家！ 謂語：謂語由動詞構(gòu)成，是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。不及物動詞（vi.）沒有賓語，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一個共同點，即句子的謂語動詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。 （不及物動詞） 1. The sun was

3、 shining. 2. The moon rose. 3. The universe remains. 4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 5. Who cares? 6. What he said does not matter. 7. They talked for half an hour. 8. The pen writes smoothly 基本句型 二： （主系表） 此句型的句子有一個共同的特點：句子謂語動詞都不能表達(dá)一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動詞叫做連系動詞。系動詞分兩類：be,

4、look, keep, seem等屬一類，表示情況；be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動詞多可用作聯(lián)系動詞：look well/面色好；sound nice/聽起來不錯；feel good/感覺好；smell bad/難聞 ； get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類，表示變化。 （是系動詞） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love.4. Everything looks different.5.

5、Heis growing tall and strong. 6. The troubleis that they are short of money.7. Our well has gone dry. 8. His face turned red.There be 結(jié)構(gòu)： There be 表示“存在有”。這里的there沒有實際意義，不可與副詞“there那里”混淆。There be+名詞，表示“（存在）有某事物” 試比較：There is a boy there.（那兒有一個男孩。）前一個there無實意，后一個there為副詞“那里”。 基本句型 三： （主謂賓） 此句型句子的共同特點

6、是：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。 這類動詞叫做及物動詞。賓語位于及物動詞之后，一般同主語構(gòu)成一樣，不同的是構(gòu)成賓語的代詞必須是“代詞賓格”，如：me，him，them等。（及物動詞） 1. Who knows the answer? 2. She smiled her thanks. 3. He has refused to help them. 4. He enjoys reading. 5. They ate what was left over. 6. He said "Good morning

7、." 7. I want to have a cup of tea. 8. He admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型 四： （主謂間賓直賓） 有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個賓語通常人為間接賓語；物為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。一般的順序為：動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。如：Give me a cup of tea,please. 強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語順序為：動詞 + 直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如： Show this house to Mr.Smith. 若直接賓語為人稱代詞：動詞

8、+ 代詞直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：Bring it to me,please. 及物多指人）（多指物） 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3.She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 4. He denies her nothing. 5. I showed him my pictures. 6. I gave my car a wash. 7. I told him that the bus was late. 8. He showed me

9、how to run the machine. 基本句型五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)） 此句型的句子的共同特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。 賓語補(bǔ)足語：位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補(bǔ)足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。 名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞The war made him a soldier. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞New methods make the job easy. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語I often find him at work. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 動詞不定式The

10、 teacher ask the students to close the windows.名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞 I saw a cat running across the road. （及物） （賓語） （賓補(bǔ)） 1. They appointed him manager. 2. They painted the door green. 3. This set them thinking. 4. They found the house deserted. 5. What makes him think so? 6. We saw him out. 7. He asked me to

11、 come back soon. 8. I saw them getting on the bus. 但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡短，這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語（modifier）而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語可以是單詞（主要是形容詞、副詞和數(shù)詞），也可以是各種類型的短語（主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語）。我們稱之為：定語、狀語 英語句子(sentence)=主語+謂語（核心：主動詞） 英語句子成分歌 英語句子八呀八大塊，主謂賓表真呀真實在；補(bǔ)語跟著賓語表語跑，定語同位（語）專把名詞踹。狀語的位置它自由自在，忽右忽左隨心所欲擺。渾身的毛

12、病真呀真不少，前后亂竄它還會加塞。（RAP） 一、主語 句子一般要有主語。 在簡單句中，主語一般由名詞、代詞、動名詞或動詞不定式(短語) 來充當(dāng)。動名 詞、動詞不定式作主語時通常用 it 作形式主語。 名詞作主語English is very important. The students all love their English teacher. 代詞作主語They go to school by bus. Most of the students come from the countryside. 動名詞作主語Watching TV too much is bad for your

13、eyes. Its no use regretting it. 動詞不定式(短語)作主語To see is to believe. It is very hard to get to sleep. 二、謂語 謂語必須由動詞充當(dāng)，但動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞為非謂語動詞 不能作謂語?？勺髦^語的動詞一般為行為動詞(表動作)和連系動詞(表狀態(tài))。行為動詞根據(jù)其后是否可直接接賓語，又可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。 及物動詞作謂語We should help each other. They respect one another. All of the students like the novel. D

14、id you see many people there? 不及物動詞作謂語He left here yesterday. The teacher came in, book in hand. Youre driving too fast. He went abroad in the September of 1988. 連系動詞表狀態(tài)He is an excellent teacher. Her son is a friend of ours. 三、表語表語與連系動詞連用，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，說明主語的身份或特征。一般由形容詞、名詞、動名詞、動詞不定式、分詞等充當(dāng)。如The ones who re

15、ally want it are ourselves. They are brother and sister. What I want to say is this. Her father is sixty-five. John is captain of the team. The poor boy was myself. All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. My favourite sport is swimming. 常用作連系動詞： 變成,變得：become, come, fall, get, go, grow, r

16、un, turn 口訣：好是come，壞是go；天氣、外貌慢慢grow；流水、金錢緩緩run；顏色、天氣大不同turn；get become口語化，如果要說就用它. come一般表示事物由壞變好，結(jié)果是好的。如：Dreams come true. go一般表示事物由好變壞。It's such a hot day today that this dish has gone smelly. grow 表示逐漸變化，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是緩慢變化的過程，后面往往接表示天氣或外貌變化的靜態(tài)形容詞。如：I want to grow old with you. run與grow 對應(yīng) 其主語多為能流動能消耗的東

17、西Still water runs deep.靜水深流。 turn多接表示顏色和天氣的形容詞，側(cè)重于表達(dá)與之前大不相同。 The weather suddenly turned hot. In spring the trees turn green, the flowers come out. getbecome在口語表達(dá)時用得比較多，但這二者相比，become相對正式些，其主語既可以是人也可以是物。如：He got angry on hearing the news.聽到這個消息，他變得很生氣?？傊还苡⒄Z多么“變”化多端，萬“變”不離其宗。 系詞be它有三，am is are ， I（我

18、）用am，you（你）用are，is 用于他她它；單數(shù)is，復(fù)數(shù)are，認(rèn)真做題不出差。（否句be后not加，疑問句，be句首，句尾？ 不要丟。） 保持某種狀態(tài)：continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay. 看起來，好像：appear, look, seem. 感官動詞：feel, smell, sound, taste. 四、賓語 賓語是行為動作的對象，一般可分為動詞賓語和介詞賓語，充當(dāng)賓語的可以是名詞、代詞、動名詞、動詞不定式或整個句子。如： I like Chinese food. I bought a ticket for Milan. I enj

19、oyed talking to you. Have you finished dressing? He certainly did not want to join them. They decided to close the border. We hoped that all would come well. We expected that you would stay for a few days. “七給”一“帶”to不少,“買”畫“制作”for來了。 帶雙賓語的及物動詞,如果把直接賓語置于間接賓語之前,必須在變換時加“to”或 “for”。這11個及物動詞可以概括為下邊兩句話,讀起

20、來妙趣橫生,效果很好 1、“七給”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“帶”(bring)8個及物動詞。在直接賓語前置時,必須在后面加上“to”。即“vt. + sth. + to + sb.” 如:He lent some money to me.類似動詞的還有g(shù)et，mail，offer，owe(借），pay，promise，read，sell，take，each 2、“buy”(買);“draw”(畫);“make”(制作)三個動詞,在直接賓語前置時,則必須在后邊加“for”,構(gòu)成“vt. + sth. + for + sb.”Moth

21、er bought a new dress for me。類似的動詞還有：build，choose，cook，cut，do，find，fix，leave，order(訂購）,reach等。 3、當(dāng)直接賓語是代詞時，間接賓語for和to于直接賓語之后 Richard made it for him。 Give it to me。 4、有些動詞后可單獨(dú)用直接賓語、間接賓語或雙賓語如ask,teach,tell,owe, pay. I asked John. I asked a question. I asked John a question. 5、suggest，explain，introduc

22、e，mention，deliver，announce等動詞后必須跟介詞to，不能進(jìn)行直接賓語與間接賓語的轉(zhuǎn)換。Could you explain your point of view to us? =Could you explain to us your point of view? 6、易錯的動詞：搶劫/偷某人某物：Rob/steal sb. sth (錯誤） 正確的說法：rob sb of sth steal sb from sth.類似的cure sb of illness 治愈某人疾病 rid sb of sth 從-中除去（不好的東西） supply sb with sth 供給某

23、人某物 provide sb with sth 給某人提供某物 accuse sb of sth 控告某人某事 cheat sb of sth 騙取某人某物 inform / advise sb of sth 通知某人某事 remind sb of sth 是某人想起某事 warn sb of sth 警告某人某情況 charge sb with sth 指責(zé)某人某事 五、定語 定語：是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用“的”表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾some，any，every，no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式

24、、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時，則定語通常置后。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。 His father is a doctor.Mr. Green has two sons. The girl under the tree is Kate. The man downstairs couldnt sleep well. I bought a new dictionary. Can you find out the answer to the question？ Would you like something to drink? A barking dog seldom bites. 吠狗很少咬人

25、。A man going to die is always kind-hearted. 人之將死，其言也善。The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? 1、形容詞作定語：Tom is a handsome boy. There is a good boy. The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修飾名詞boy；blue修飾名詞pen.）/2、數(shù)詞作定語相當(dāng)于形容詞：There are two

26、 boys in the room. Two boys need two pens.The two boys are students. 3、代詞或名詞所有格作定語：His boy needs Tom's pen His name is Tom. There are two boys of Toms there. 4、介詞短語作定語：There are two boys of 9,and three of 10. The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.The boy in blue is Tom. 5、名詞作定語：The boy n

27、eeds a ball pen. It is a ball pen. There is only one ball pen.6、副詞作定語：The boy there needs a pen.The best boy here is Tom. 7、不定式作定語：The boy to write this letter needs a pen. The boy to write this letter is Tom. There is nothing to do today. 8、分詞（短語）作定語：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother

28、. The pen bought by her is made in China. There are five boys left. 9、定語從句：The boy you will know is Tom. There are five boys who will play the game. The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. 六、狀語： 狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位于句子

29、兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時放在句首，地點狀語一般須在時間狀語之前；一些表示不確定時間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語通常位于be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，動詞之前。有時狀語在句中的某個位置會引起歧義應(yīng)注意，如The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成“男孩喊教室里的女孩”（此時in the classroom為girl的定語），也可以理解為“男孩在教室里喊女孩”（此時in the classroom為地點狀語），最好寫作“In the classroom,the boy calls the girl. ” 副詞（短語）作狀語：The b

30、oy needs a pen very much.（程度狀語） The boy really needs a pen.（程度狀語） The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen.（時狀） 介詞短語作狀語：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.（地點狀語） Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.(條狀) 分詞（短語）作狀語：He sits there,asking for a pen（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）Having to fi

31、nish his homework,the boy needs a pen.（原因狀語）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.（原因狀語）不定式作狀語：The boy needs a pen to do his homework.（目的狀語）To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business. 名詞作狀語：Come this way! 走這條路！（方向狀語） 英語中的狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞，主要由副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、分詞充當(dāng)，或由連詞引導(dǎo)狀語從句，表示時間、地

32、點、程度、目的、方式，比較、讓步、條件、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨等。 (1) 時間狀語I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. Hearing the news, they felt very excited. Go along this street until you reach the end. (2) 地點狀語 Pandas only live in China. You should put the book where it was. (3) 程度狀語I have quite a lot of work to do. (4)目的狀語Well go to

33、the beach for a picnic this Sunday. He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper. She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. (5)方式狀語We usually go to school on foot. Please do it as I told you. (6)讓步狀語Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy. No matter what happens, I will

34、 never lose heart. (7)條件狀語If you dont work hard, youll fall behind the others. Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better. (8)比較狀語Your watch is not the same as mine. Mike is not as (so) tall as Jack. (9)原因狀語We didnt go to the park because of the bad weather. Im glad to meet you. Being

35、 ill, he didnt go to school. (10)結(jié)果狀語He left early, so that he caught the train. The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. (11)伴隨狀語The doctor hurried off, with a medicine box under his arm. The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students. 七、賓語補(bǔ)足語 賓語補(bǔ)足語主要用來補(bǔ)充說

36、明賓語，與賓語之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系，可由名詞、形容詞、動詞不定式、分詞等充當(dāng)。如： Tom found the climb quite easy. Dont be so formal. Call me Jim. Im finished. Lets go now. You must keep it clean. I have the car waiting. We had the machine repaired. Why dont you have your hair cut? He had his finger cut. I had my watch stolen yester

37、day. I have a lot of work to do.She has plenty of clothes to wear. He made me repeat the story. Rain makes plants grow. 注意：后跟名詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有 call，name，think，make，choose等，后跟形容詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的謂語動詞有 keep，find，get， think， make等。動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，當(dāng)謂語動詞為感官動詞(如 feel，see，hear，notice，watch， observe，listen to，look at等)，使役動詞(

38、如let，have，make等)，動詞不定式不帶to。 八、同位語：同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如：We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批“學(xué)生”）We all are students. / (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的“我們”） 九、獨(dú)立成分：有時句子中會有一些與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨(dú)立成分(注意：區(qū)別于分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))。感嘆詞：oh，hello，aha，ah,等肯定詞：yes否定詞：no稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。插入語：一些句中插入的 I think，I

39、believe等。 如: The story,I think,has never come to the end.情態(tài)詞：表示說話人的語氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語）:perhaps也許，maybe大概，actually實際上，certainly當(dāng)然等。 十、分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語與句子的主語一致! 否則應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。例：錯句：Studying hard,your score will go up.正確：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up.或 (2) If you study hard,your sc

40、ore will go up. 解析： 錯句中分詞studying沒有自帶邏輯主語，則其邏輯主語就是句子的主語，既your score . 顯然做study的應(yīng)是人，不應(yīng)是your score（分?jǐn)?shù)）. 正確句(1)更正了句子的主語,使其與分詞邏輯主語一致( 同為you );正確句(2)則使用條件分句帶出study的主語，(不過已經(jīng)不是分詞結(jié)構(gòu)了)。 分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)常省略being，having been.不過“There being. ”的場合不能省略.如： Game (being) over,he went home. He stands there,book (being) in hand

41、. 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)還可用with、without引導(dǎo)，作狀語或定語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)不但可以用分詞，還可以用不定式、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞或名詞等。如： With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon. The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose. 句子成分練習(xí)題( 一 ) (一). 指出下列句中主語的中心詞（4分， 4分鐘） The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The

42、 useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二) 選出句中謂語的中心詞（10分， 10分鐘） I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. Picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. lo

43、nger C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didn't do his h

44、omework yesterday.A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to? A. give B.did C. w

45、hom D. book (三) 挑出下列句中的賓語（10分，10分鐘） My brother hasn't done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sit

46、ting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is. (四) 挑出下列句中的表語（5分， 5分鐘） The old man was feeling very ti

47、red. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it. (五) 挑出下列句中的定語（6分，6分鐘） They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! (六) 挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語（6分， 6分鐘） She likes the