Alliterationistherecurrenceofinitialconsonantsounds

1、AlliterationistherecurrenceofinitialconsonantsoundsRhetoricalDeviceList2019-2019RHETORICALDEVICESANDPERSUASIVETECHNIQUESActThree,SceneTwoofJuliusCaesarcontainsone(ifnottwo)ofthemostfamousorationseverwrittenforthestage.Friends,Romans,Countrymen,lendmeyourears.declaresAntony,andthenhegoesonwithapowerf

2、ullypersuasivespeechtotheRomanpeople.Inordertounderstandwhyhiswords(indeed,Shakespeareswords)haveremainedinthehumancollectivememoryforsolong,onemustunderstandtheuseofrhetoricandpersuasivetechniqueinthespeech.RhetoricisdefinedasTheartorstudyofusinglanguageeffectivelyandpersuasively;Skillinusinglangua

3、geeffectivelyandpersuasively(MicrosoftBookshelf98).Initsbroadestsense,rhetoricisthetheoryandpracticeofeloquence,whetherspokenorwritten.Spokenrhetoricisoratory.Rhetoricdefinestherulesthatshouldgovernallprosecompositionorspeechdesignedtoinfluencepeoplesjudgmentorfeelings.Inanarrowersense,rhetoriciscon

4、cernedwiththefundamentalprinciplesaccordingtowhichoratoryiscomposed(MicrosoftBookshelf98).Severalrhetoricaldevicescanbeusedtoachieveadesiredeffect.Thekeywordhereis,ofcourse,effect.Itisnotenoughmerelytoidentifythedevices,butrathertoanalyzetheeffectoftheuseofsaiddevices.Belowisalistofcommonrhetoricald

5、evices.Alliterationistherecurrenceofinitialconsonantsounds.Therepetitioncanbejuxtaposed(andthenitisusuallyiniiLedLol.wowords):Ah,whatadeliciousdriy!Yes,Ihavereadthatlittlebundleofperniciousprose,butIhavenocommentlomakeuponi.Donewell,alliterationisasatisfyingsensation.Thistwo-wordalliterationcallsatt

6、entiontothephraseandfixesitinthereadersmind,andsoisusefulforemphasisaswellasart.Often,though,severalwordsnotnexttoeachotherarealliteratedinasentence.Heretheuseismoreartistic.Anaphoraistherepetitionofthesamewordorwordsatthebeginningofsuccessivephrases,clauses,orsentences,commonlyinconjunctionwithclim

7、axandwithparallelism:Tothinkondeathitisamisery,/Tothinkonlifeitisavanity;/Tothinkontheworldverilyitis,/Tothinkthatheremanhathnoperfectbliss.-PeachamRicharddeBuryInbooks1findthedeadasiftheywerealive;inbooks1foreseethingstocome;inbookswarlikeaffairsaresetforth;frombookscomeforththelawsofpeace.-Finally

8、,wemustconsiderwhatpleasantnessofteachingthereisinbooks,howeasy,howsecret!Howsafelywelaybarethepovertyofhumanignorancetobookswithoutfeelinganyshame!-Ibid.Antithesisestablishesaclear,contrastingrelationshipbetweentwoideasbyjoiningthemtogetherorjuxtaposingthem,ofteninparallelstructure.Humarbeingsarein

9、veteratesystematizersandcategorizers,sothemindhasanaturalloveforantithesis,whichcreatesadefiniteandsystematicrelationshipbetweenideas:Toerrishuman;toforgive,divine.-PopeThalshortandi.ripmadealastingandprofoundchangeinHaroIdsoutlook.Thatsonesmallstepforaman,onegiantleapformankind.-NeilArmstrongAntith

10、esiscanconveysomesenseofcomplexityinapersonorideabyadmittingoppositeornearlyoppositetruths:Apophasisassertsoremphasizessomethingbypointedlyseemingtopassover,ignore,ordenyit.Thisdevicehasbothlegitimateandillegitimateuses.Legitimately,awriterusesittocallattentiontosensitiveorinflammatoryfactsorslateme

11、riLswhileheremainsapparentlydetachedfromthem:Wewillnotbringupthematterofthebudgetdeficithere,orhowprogramsliketheoneunderconsiderationhavenearlypushedusintobankruptcy,becauseotherreasonsclearlyenoughshowThoroforcTletnomantalktomeofotherexpedients:oftaxingourabsentees.一ofcuringtheexpensivenessofpride

12、,vanity,idleness,andgamingoflearningtoloveourcountry.-JonathanSwiftApophasisishandyforremindingpeopleofsomethinginapoliteway:Ofcourse,IdonotneedtomentionthatyoushouldbringaNo.2penciltotheexam.Aporiaexpressesdoubtaboutanideaorconclusion.AmongitsseveralusesarethesuggestingofalternaLiveswithoutmakingac

13、onHiiitmenlloeitherorany:Iamnotsurewhethertosidewiththosewhosaythathighertaxesreduceinflationorwiththosewhosaythathighertaxesincreaseinflation,ThaveneverboonabletodecidewhetherIreallyapproveofdresscodes,becauseextremismseemstoreignbothwiththemandwithoutthem.Suchastatementofuncertaintycantieoffapiece

14、ofdiscussionyoudonothavetimetopursue,oritcouldbeginanexaminationoftheissue,andleadyouintoaconclusionresolvingyourdoubt.Aporiacanalsodismissassertionsirrelevanttoyourdiscussionwithouteitherconcedingordenyingthem:1donotknowwhetherthislegislationwillworkallthemiraclespromisedbyitsbackers,butitdoesSCCH1

15、clearthat.TWnotsureabouttheotherreasonsofferedinfavorofthenewfreeway,but1dobelieve.Yes,1knowtheassayreportshowstwentypoundsofgoldpertonofore,andIdonotknowwhattosayaboutthat.WhatIdoknowisthattherichestSouthAfricanminesyieldonlyaboutthreeouncesofgoldperton.Aposiopesis:stoppingabruptlyandleavingastatem

16、entunfinished;sometimesusedtoportraybeingovercomewithemotion.IftheyuseLhaisectionofthedesertTorbombingpractice,therockhunterswill-vcgut.tomaketheteamorIll-Bearwithme,/MyheartisinthecoffintherewithCaesar,/AndImustpausetillitcomebacktome.-MarcAntonyinShakespearesJuliusCaesarApostropheinterruptsthedisc

17、ussionordiscourseandaddressesdirectlyapersonorpersonifiedthing,eitherpresentorabsent.Itsmostcommonpurposeinproseistogiveventtoordisplayintenseemolion,whichcannolongerbeheldback:0valueofwisdomthatfadethnotawaywithtime,virtueeverflourishing,thatcleansethitspossessorfromallvenom!Oheavenlygiftofthedivin

18、ebounty,descendingfromtheFatheroflights,thatthoumayestexalttherationalsoultotheveryheavens!Thouartthecelestialnourishmentoftheintellect.-RicharddeBury0bookswhociloneareliberalandfree,whogivetoallwhoaskofyouandenfranchiseallwhoserveyoufaithfully!-RicharddeBuryApostrophedoesnotappearveryofteninargumen

19、tativewritingbecauseformalargumentisbyitsnaturefairlyrestrainedandintellectualratherthanemotional;butundertherightcircumstancesanapostrophecouldbeuseful:Buiallsuchreasonsnotwithstanding,dearreader,doesnotthecostinlivespersuadeyoubyitselfthatwemustdosomethingimmediatelyaboutthesituation?Epistrophe(al

20、socalledantistrophe)formsthecounterparttoanaphora,becausetherepetitionofthesamewordorwordscomesattheendofsuccessivephrases,clauses,orsentences:Whereafredionsbearrule,therereasonissubdued,honestyissubdued,goodwillissubdued,andallthingselsethatwithstandevil,foreveraresubdued.一WilsonAndallthenighthedid

21、nothingbutweepPnilodeci?sighPhiloclea,andcryoutPhiloclea.-PhilipSidneyYouwillfindwashingbeakershelpfulinpassingthiscourse,usingthegaschromatographdesirableforpassingthiscourse,andstudyinghoursonendessentialtopassingthiscourse.Epistropheisanextremelyemphaticdevicebecauseoftheemphasisplacedonthelastwo

22、rdinaphraseorsentence.Ifyouhaveaconceptyouwishtostressheavily,thenepistrophemightbeagoodconstructiontouse.Thedangerasusualliesinthisdevicestendencytobecometoorhetorical.AnExpletiveisasinglewordorshortphrase,usuallyinterruptingnormalsyntax,usedtolendemphasistothewordsimmediatelyproximatetotheexpletiv

23、e.(Weemphasizethewordsoneachsideofapauseorinterruptioninordertomaintaincon,irn.iilyolIheIhcnghLCornphrc:Bui.Lh己L.kewasnoi.drainedbeforeApril.Butthelakewasnot,infact.,drainedbeforeApril.Expletivesaremostfrequentlyplacednearthebeginningofasentence,whereimportantmaterialhasbeenpieced:Alltruthisnot,inde

24、ed,ofequalimportance;butiflittleviolationsareallowed,everyviolationwillintimebethoughtlittle.-SamuelJohnsonSomeusefulexpletivesincludethefollowing:infact,ofcourse,indeed,Ithink,withoutdoubt,tobesure,naturally,itseems,afterall,forallthat,inbrief,onthewhole,inshort,totellthetruth,inanyevent,clearly,Is

25、uppose,Ihope,atleast,assuredly,certainly,remarkably,importantly,definitely.Informalwriting,avoidtheseandsimilarexpletives:youknow,yousee,huh,getthis.Anditgoeswithoutsayingthatyoushouldavoidtheunprintableones.Hyperbole,thecounterpartofunderstatement,deliberatelyexaggeratesconditionsforemphasisoreffec

26、t.Informalwritingthehyperbolemustbeclearlyintendedasanexaggeration,andshouldbecarefullyrestricted.Thatis,donotexaggerateeverything,buttreathyperbolelikeanexclamationpoint,tobeusedonlyonceayear.Thenitwillbequiteeffectiveasatable-thumpingattentiongetter,introductoryLoyouressayorsomesectionthereof:Ther

27、eareathousandreasonswhymoreresearchisneededonsolarenergy.Oritcanmakeasinglepointveryenthusiastically:1saidrare,notraw.1veseencowshurtworsethanthisgetupandgetwell.Oryoucanexaggerateonethingtoshowhowreallydifferentitisfromsomethingsupposedlysimilartowhichitisbeingcompared:Thisstuffisusedmotoroilcompar

28、edtothecoffeeyoumake,mylove.1fanyonecomestome,anddoesnothatehisownfatherandmotherandwifeandchildrenandbrothersandsisters,yes,andevenhisownlife,hecannotbemydisciple.-Luke14:26(NASB)Hyperboleisthemostoverusedandoverdonerhetoricalfigureinthewholeworld(andthatisnohyperbole);weareasocietyofexcessandexagg

29、eration.Nevertheless,hyperbolestillhasarightfulandusefulplaceinartandletters;justhandleitlikedynamite,anddonotblowupeverythingyoucanfind.Irony-expressionofsomethingthatiscontrarytotheintendedmeaning;thewordssayonethingbutmea.nanother.DramaticVerbalSiluationalMetaphorcomparestwodifferentthingsbyspeak

30、ingofoneintermsoftheother.Unlikeasimileoranalogy,metaphorassertsthatonethingisanotherthing,notjustthatoneislikeanother.Veryfrequentlyametaphorisinvokedbythetobeverb:Afflictionthenisours;/Wearethetreeswhomshakingfastensmore.一GeorgeHerberiThenJesusdeclared,1am廿iebreadoflife.-John6:35Andcomparetheuseof

31、metaphorin6:32-63Thusamindthatisfreefrompassionisaverycitadel;manhasnostrongerfortressinwhichtoseekshelteranddefyeveryassault.Failuretoperceivethisisignorance;buttoperceiveit,andstillnottoseekitsrefuge,ismisfortuneindeed.一也江cusAureliusTheuii向isbutabarrensoil;asoilwhichissoonexhaustedandwillproduceno

32、crop,oronlyone,unlessitbecontinuallyfertilizedandenrichedwithforeignmatter.-JoshuaReynoldsAmetaphornotonlyexplainsbymakingtheabstractorunknownconcreteandfamiliar,butitalsoenlivensbytouchingthereadersimagination.Further,itaffirmsonemoreinterconnectionintheunityofallthingsbyshowingarelationshipbetween

33、thingsseeminglyalientoeachother.Paradoxisastatementthatisself-contradictoryonthesurface,yelseemstoevokeatruthnoneLheiess.Whosoeverloseshislife,shallfindit.Personificationmetaphoricallyrepresentsananimalorinanimateobjectashavinghumanattributes-attributesofform,character,feelings,behavior,andsooilIdea

34、sandabstractionscanalsobepersonified.Theshipbegantocreakandprotestasitstruggledagainsttherisingsea.WeboughtthishouseinsteadoftheoneonMaplebecausethisoneismorefriendly.Thiscoffeeisstrongenoughtogetupandwalkaway.Rhetoricalquestion(erotesis)differsfromhypophorainthatitisnotansweredbythewriter,becauseit

35、sanswerisobviousorobviouslydesired,andusuallyjustayesorno.Itisusedforeffect,emphasis,orprovocation,orfordrawingaconclusionarystatementfromthefactsathand.Buthowcanweexpecttoenjoythescenerywhenthesceneryconsistsentirelyofgarishbillboards?一,Forifwelosetheabilitytoperceiveourfaults,whatisthegoodofliving

36、on?-短utusAureiiLisIsJusticethentobeconsideredmerelyaword?Orisitwhateverresultsfromthebarteringbetweenattorneys?Simileisacomparisonbetweentwodifferentthingsthatresembleeachotherinatleastoneway.Informalprosethesimileisadevicebothofartandexplanation,comparinganunfamiliarthingtosomefamiliarthing(anobjec

37、t,event,process,etc.)knowntothereader.Whenyoucompareanountoanolu%ihesimileisusuallyimroduceclbvlike:1seeFtrmen,buttheylookliketrees,walking.-8：21Aftersuchlongexposuretothedirectsun,theleavesofthehouseplantlookedlikepiecesofovercookedbacon.Thesoulinthebodyislikeabirdinacage.Oftenthesimile-theobjectorcircumstancesofimaginativeidentity(call