國際商務(wù)英語復(fù)習(xí)要點

1、國際商務(wù)英語學(xué)科考試復(fù)習(xí)要點Lesson 1 International Business商務(wù)術(shù)語：FDI GDP BOT patent copyright value chain franchising (紫色書10-11頁) 考點：國際商務(wù)貿(mào)易的主要類型（major types of international business） ATrade（貿(mào)易）： a. commodity trade (商品貿(mào)易,也叫有形貿(mào)易visible trade ) b. service trade (服務(wù)貿(mào)易, 也叫無形貿(mào)易invisible trade) B. Investment (投資): a. fo

2、reign direct investment (FDI 外國直接投資) b. portfolio investment (證券投資) C. Other types (其他類型): a. licensing and franchising (國際許可與特許經(jīng)營) b. management contract and contract manufacturing (管理合同和承包生產(chǎn)) 翻譯練習(xí):1. 隨著經(jīng)濟全球化的發(fā)展,無形貿(mào)易即使在發(fā)展中國家的國際貿(mào)易中所占的比例也逐漸增大With the development of economic globalization, invisible t

3、rade accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries2. BOT是 “交鑰匙”工程的一種流行的變通形式BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market商務(wù)術(shù)語:GNP PPP ( purchasing power parity 購買力平價) Staple goods (大路貨) creditor country ( 債權(quán)國) (紫

4、色書25頁) 考點:國民生產(chǎn)總值和國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 (GNP 和GDP)GNP: refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economyGDP: refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita income (人均收入): It is c

5、alculated by dividing its national income by its populationTriad and Quad (三方組合和四方組合): A. United States B. Western Europe C. Japan D. Canada 翻譯練習(xí):1. 國民生產(chǎn)總值和國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值體現(xiàn)了一個國家的全部收入,在衡量國民收入方面可以互換使用。GNP and GDP indicate a countrys total income. They can be used interchangeably to measure the level of its na

6、tional income.2. 歐盟作為三方組合的一個分支，在使我們的市場多元化方面起著相當(dāng)重要的作用EU, as one leg of Triad, plays an important role in the respect of diversifying our market Lesson 3 Regional Economic Integration商務(wù)術(shù)語: tariff rates(關(guān)稅率) settlement (協(xié)議) cartel (卡特爾) free trade area NAFTA(North American Free Trade Agreement北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定)

7、 紫色書41頁 考點:1. 地區(qū)一體化的主要目標(biāo) (Major objectives of regional integration)To better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, at the same time possibly put up barriers to economic activities with non-members 2. 地區(qū)經(jīng)濟一體化的四個層次( Four levels of regional economic inte

8、gration)A. Free trade area (自由貿(mào)易區(qū))-經(jīng)濟一體化程度低,內(nèi)部團(tuán)結(jié),但各成員對外采用各自的貿(mào)易政策B. Customs Union (關(guān)稅同盟)-所有成員對外都實行相同的貿(mào)易政策C. Common market (共同市場)-共同的對外政策,生產(chǎn)要素也在各成員國間流動D. Economic union( 經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟)-經(jīng)濟一體化程度最高, 共同的對外政策,生產(chǎn)要素也 . 在各成員國間流動, 統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)各國在經(jīng)濟金融領(lǐng)域的 國內(nèi)政策,統(tǒng)一貨幣 3. 掌握EU (歐洲聯(lián)盟) , APEC(亞太經(jīng)濟合作組織). OPEC (石油輸出國組織) 翻譯練習(xí):1. 共同市場具有使商

9、品, 服務(wù),勞動力甚至資本,技術(shù)在各成員國之間自由流通的特點.The common market is characterized by the free flow of capital and technology besides goods, services and labor.2. 歐盟是一個機構(gòu)齊全的實體,其歷史可以追溯到1952年.The European Union is a full-fledged entity, whose history dates back to 1952. Lesson 4 Economic Globalization商務(wù)術(shù)語:Shareholders

10、（股東）， board of directors（董事會）， parent company（母公司）， affiliate（子公司）， day-to-day running（日常管理）， multinational corporation（跨國公司）， home country（母公司所在國）， host country（東道國）紫色書63-64頁 考點：1 經(jīng)濟全球化的基本特征和優(yōu)劣勢：A Basic feature：a. free flow of commodity，capital， technology，service and information b. optimized alloc

11、ation of resources（資源優(yōu)化配置）B. Advantages and negative impacts:Advantages: a. new impetus and opportunities to world economic development b. mutual benefits from economic boomsNegative impacts: a. make countries more vulnerable to the adverse events across the global b. not balanced benefits 3. 跨國公司 (

12、multinational corporations)A. organization-parent and affiliates (組織-母公司與子公司)B. features: a. enormous size b. wide geographical spread (廣闊的地域分布) c. needs ,goals and roles (需要, 目標(biāo)和作用): profits, securityC. four types: a. multi-domestic corporation b. global corporation c. transnational corporation d.

13、world company 4. 翻譯:a. 經(jīng)濟全球化使得各國經(jīng)濟更容易受到全球各地不利事件的傷害。Economic globalization is making the various economies more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.b. 安全對任何一個跨國企業(yè)而言都極為重要,因為沒有安全,跨國企業(yè)組織的生存便無法保證。Security is extremely important to any MNE because without it, an MNEs survival can never be as

14、sured. Lesson 5-6 International Trade (1) (2)商務(wù)術(shù)語: services(勞務(wù)), primary commodities(初級產(chǎn)品), absolute advantage(絕對利益), comparative advantage(比較利益), quota(配額), customs union(關(guān)稅同盟), ad valorem duty(從價稅), specific duties(從量稅), drawback(退稅), MFN(最惠國待遇), non-tariff barrier(非關(guān)稅壁壘).紫色書: 90頁 110頁 考點:1. 國際貿(mào)易的

15、定義(definition):It refers to the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another2. 國際貿(mào)易的兩個緣由( Two reasons for international trade)a. the uneven distribution of natural resources among countriesb. international specialization(國際專業(yè)化)3. 國際專門化的兩個理論(Two theories for i

16、nternational specialization)a. The theory of absolute advantage(絕對利益理論):a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land, and labour)b. The theory of comparative advantage(相對對利益理論):Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production

17、 of producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade. 4. 關(guān)稅壁壘和非關(guān)稅壁壘( tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers)a. tariff barriers: export duty(進(jìn)口稅), import duty(出口稅), -specific duties 從量稅 ad valorem duty. 從價稅 Compound duty 混合稅b. non-tariff barriers: quotas-the most comm

18、on form of non-tariff barriers 5. 翻譯練習(xí)a. 比較優(yōu)勢理論已成為現(xiàn)代國際貿(mào)易思想的基石Comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international tradeb關(guān)稅壁壘是限制貿(mào)易最常見的形式 Tariff barriers are the most common forms of trade restriction. Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000商務(wù)術(shù)語：EDI (電子數(shù)據(jù)交換)，customers clearance (結(jié)關(guān))，di

19、spatch (發(fā)運)，ICC（國際商會）Roll-on-roll-off(滾裝滾卸), incoterms (國際貿(mào)易通則)，F(xiàn)OB(起運港船上交貨價)， CFR (成本加運費價)，CIF (成本加運費加保險費價) 紫色書132-133頁 考點:1.國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則的必要性和目的 The necessity and purpose of having IncotermsThe purpose of INCOTERMS is to provide a set of international rules for the most commonly used trade terms in f

20、oreign trade and avoid uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries.3. 三個最常用術(shù)語 (The three most commonly used terms)FOB: Free on Board 裝運港船上交貨CFR: Cost and Freight 成本加運費CIR: Cost, Insurance and Freight 成本,保險費,加運費 翻譯練習(xí):a. 折扣是指賣方按照商品的原價給買方以一定比率的價格減讓Discount means that

21、 sellers offer to buyers a certain percentage of reduction on the original price.b. 買賣雙方在制定合同時,如果有理解一致的具體規(guī)則可供參照,他們就肯定能簡單可靠地確定各自的責(zé)任If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to, they can be sure of defining their respective responsib

22、ilities simply and safely. Lesson 8 Business Contract商務(wù)術(shù)語:Inquiry(詢盤,詢價), quotation(報價單), validity period(有效期), offer(發(fā)盤), counter-offer(還盤), offeree(收盤人), sales confirmation(銷售確認(rèn)書), Consignment(寄售), fore majeure(不可抗力), business line(業(yè)務(wù)范圍), contract proper(合同正文), article number(貨號).紫書150-151頁 考點:1.合

23、同的定義(definition)A contract is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties 2.談判過程及簽定合同(the process of negotiation and the conclusion of the contract)inquiry-àquotation-> offer and acceptance-àcounter-offer 3.合同的種類(The types of contracts)a. sales contractb.pu

24、rchase contractc.sales confirmation 4. 合同的構(gòu)成(the setting up of a contract)a. the title (合同名稱)b. the contract proper(合同正文)c. The signature of the contracting parties(締約雙方簽字)d. The stipulations on the back of the contract(合同背面的規(guī)定) 翻譯練習(xí):a. 在實盤情況下,我們通常保留有效期三天 In case of firm offers, we usually keep our

25、offers open for three days Lesson 9 Modes of Trade商務(wù)術(shù)語:Counter trade(對銷貿(mào)易), hyperinflation(極度通貨膨脹), Reichstock（德國國家銀行），protectionism（貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義），Clearing system(票據(jù)交換制度), net positions(凈頭寸), compensation trade(補償貿(mào)易), barter(易貨貿(mào)易), counter purchase(互購貿(mào)易)Buyback(回購貿(mào)易), centrally planned economies(中央計劃經(jīng)濟國家)

26、, processing trade(加工貿(mào)易), consignment(寄售貿(mào)易), leasing trade(租賃貿(mào)易)，aution(競賣拍賣), agency(代理) 174-175頁 考點：1.對銷貿(mào)易的主要優(yōu)點(major advantages of counter trade)a. helping to deal with foreign exchange shortagesb. promoting exportsc, reducing uncertainty regarding export receiptsd.bypassing international price a

27、greemente. helping countries with debt problems to import goods 3. 對銷貿(mào)易的缺點(the drawbacks of counter trade)a. very risky business (conceal the real prices and costs of transactions)b. Companies may suffer losses because they could not get rid of products of poor qualityc. a form of proctectionism 翻譯練

28、習(xí)a. “互相捆綁”是易貨貿(mào)易,回購貿(mào)易和互惠貿(mào)易的共同特征“Bundling” is the feature common to barter, counter purchase and buyback. b. 作為一種捆綁貿(mào)易,對銷貿(mào)易一般是在成熟市場經(jīng)濟國家和市場機制不完善的國家間發(fā)生的貿(mào)易As a type of bundled trade, counter trade generally takes place between mature market economies and economies with imperfect market institution. Lesson

29、10 International Payment商務(wù)詞匯: debtor(債務(wù)人), debit(收方/借方), financial standing(財務(wù)狀況), credit worthiness(信譽), periodic payment(分期付款), cash in advance(預(yù)付現(xiàn)金),usance draft(遠(yuǎn)期匯票), documentary draft(跟單匯票), clean draft(光票), documentary collection(跟單托收), D/P(付款交單), D/A(承兌交單).194-195頁 考點:1. 國際貿(mào)易支付的復(fù)雜性(the compl

30、exity of payment in international trade):Mutual trust is hard to build. Both the exporter and the importer face various political risks, commercial risks etc. 2. 在一定條件下的兩種支付方法:a. cash in advance or partial cash in advance (預(yù)付現(xiàn)金和部分預(yù)付現(xiàn)金) b.open account(記賬交易) 3. 匯票(the draft/ bill of exchange)a. defini

31、tion: an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the futureb. sign draft and usance draft (即期匯票和遠(yuǎn)期匯票)c. clean draft (光票:匯票不附單據(jù)) and documentary draft (跟單匯票:隨同匯票一起的有相關(guān)的單據(jù),如提單,發(fā)票,保險單) 4. 跟單拖收 (documentary collection)a. D/P: 付款交單: doc

32、uments will not be released to the importer until payment is effectedb. D/A: 承兌交單: documents handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter 翻譯練習(xí):a. 許多國際交易是通過匯票支付的,匯票是對銀行或顧客的支付命令A(yù) lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft that

33、is an order to a bank or a customer to payb. 即期匯票要求受票人見到匯票后立即付款A(yù) sight draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee. Lesson11-12 Credit (1),(2)商務(wù)術(shù)語:Applicant (申請人), opening bank(開證行), corresponding bank(關(guān)系行), advising bank(通知行), confirming bank(保兌行). Reimburse(付款), unit price(單價),

34、 partial shipment(分批裝運). Clean credit(光票信用證), revocable credit(可撤消信用證), irrevocable credit(不可撤消信用證). Maturity(到期日,償還日), capital turnover(資金周轉(zhuǎn)率), face value(面值), discount(貼現(xiàn)), deferred payment(延期付款), revolving credit(循環(huán)信用證). 紫色書220頁 345頁 考點:1.信用證獨特的具有代表性的特征 The bilateral security雙邊保證 2.信用證的相關(guān)當(dāng)事人及其在信用

35、證業(yè)務(wù)中的作用-聯(lián)系淘寶的例子 A. the applicant (開證) B. the opening bank(開證行) C. the advising bank(通知行) D. the negotiating bank(議付行) E. the confirming bank(保兌行) 4. 信用證的局限性(limitation)a. inability to provide absolute securityb. being more expensive than other forms of payment 翻譯練習(xí)1. 信用證的目的是通過銀行信譽為國際支付提供便利The object

36、ive of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by means of the creditworthness of the bank.2. 信用證極大地方便并促進(jìn)了國際貿(mào)易,然而它并不能給締約雙方提供絕對安全The letter of credit has greatly facilitated and promoted international trade. However, it can not provide absolute security for the contracting parties. Lesson13 Maj

37、or Documents Required in World Trade商務(wù)術(shù)語:Documents(單據(jù)), take delivery of (提貨), bill of lading(提單). Consignee(收獲人), air bill(空運提單), cargo receipt(鐵路運單), commercial invoice(商業(yè)發(fā)票), certificate of quality(品質(zhì)證書). Insurance policy(保險單) 紫色書上269頁 考點:1,主要單據(jù) (major types of documents)a. commercial invoice 商業(yè)發(fā)

38、票b. packing list 裝相單c. the bill of lading 提單d.insurance policy and insurance certificate 保險單和保險證書e.various certificate 其它各種證書 翻譯練習(xí):1. 提單的簽發(fā)日期絕不能晚于信用證所規(guī)定的時間The date when the bill of lading is issued can by no means be later than that stipulated in the credit 2. 貨物一裝上船,請即電告收發(fā)人You are requested to noti

39、fy the consignee by cable as soon as the goods are shipped. Lesson14 International Transportation商務(wù)術(shù)語:Finished products (制成品), deregulation(撤消管制規(guī)定), productivity(生產(chǎn)率), cost economies(成本節(jié)約), intermediate products(中間產(chǎn)品), natural product provinces(產(chǎn)品自然領(lǐng)域), Inventory(存貨,庫存), freight transportation(貨物運輸)

40、 紫色書292頁 考點:1.五種主要運輸方式 The five major modes of transportation Water ,rail, truck, pipeline, and air 2.改變運輸業(yè)的四大因素 The four factors that are substantially changing transportationa. transportation deregulationb. just-in-time inventory systemsc. competition based on high level of customer serviced. glob

41、alization of business 翻譯練習(xí):a.在當(dāng)前市場競爭十分激烈的情況下,出口商必須加快貨運,以快取勝At a time when competition is fierce, exporters can beat their competitors by speeding up shipment. b.運輸對工業(yè)社會的發(fā)展和運行起著至關(guān)重要的作用Transportation is fundamental to the development and operation of an industrial society. Lesson15-16 Insurance (1), (

42、2)商務(wù)術(shù)語:Insured(保戶), Insurer(承保人), margin(保險金), underwriter(保險商), pool(共同款項), cargo insurance(運輸保險), marine insurance(海上保險), indemnity(賠償), ruin(損失), insurable interests(可保險權(quán)), principle of utmost faith(最大誠信原則), forwarding charge(遠(yuǎn)期費用) 紫色書 307,322頁 考點:1.保險的定義(definition)It can be defined as a social

43、device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk 2.保險的三個主要原則(Three main principles of insurance)a. insurable interestb. utmost good faithc. indemnity兩個輔助原則(two sub-principle of insurance)a. contribution

44、b. suborgation 翻譯練習(xí):a. 貨物保險通常有火險, 海上保險和意外事故保險 Cargo insurance includes fire, marine and accident insurance.b. 沒有可保利益的保險合同是無效的。而任何根據(jù)這類合同提出的所賠都不會受理An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained Lesson 17 The International

45、 Monetary System and Exchange Rate商務(wù)術(shù)語：Change of rate（匯率），gold standard（金本位），reserve currency（儲備貨幣）， clean float（自由浮動），dirty float（有干預(yù)浮動），discount（貼現(xiàn)），medial rate（中間價） 考點：1匯率（exchange rate）Afixed exchange rateB flexible exchange rateC major factors influencing exchange rate： a international balance

46、of payment b.inflation erest rateD. Common measures for intervention in exchange rate a. buying or selling foreign currency b. raising or lowering discount rate c. foreign exchange control 翻譯練習(xí): 盡管國際收支賬面平衡,但在有錯誤與遺漏項目時,差額是非常龐大的,每一項都會有盈余或赤字,如果在3年或5年期間盈余抵消了虧損.則仍然認(rèn)為國際收支是平衡的。While the balance of pay

47、ment is always in accounting balance，the odds are astronomical that it would be so without the statistical discrepancy item. There would be a surplus or a deficit in almost every case, but the balance of payment would nevertheless be considered in equilibrium if over three-to-five year period the surpluses more or less canceled out the deficits. 從18-20課,商務(wù)術(shù)語請參照紫色書上每課后面的商務(wù)詞匯復(fù)習(xí),記一些常見的 Lesson 18 Int