西文工具檢索10語(yǔ)文詞典

1、了解語(yǔ)言文字的信息lThere are 6,800 known languages spoken in the 191 countries of the world. 2,261 have writing systems (the others are only spoken)l語(yǔ)文詞典是匯集詞語(yǔ)（或詞語(yǔ)的某些成分），根據(jù)一定的編纂目的加以處理，通常按字順排列，供人們查考的工具書。l能夠提供詞語(yǔ)的拼寫，讀音，含義，用法，音節(jié)劃分，派生詞，詞源，同義（反義）詞，縮略語(yǔ)，方言俚語(yǔ)等。l語(yǔ)文詞典解釋詞語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言方面的知識(shí)或本身的意義，說(shuō)明其語(yǔ)法和修辭特征。l知識(shí)詞典提供詞語(yǔ)科學(xué)方面的知識(shí)，注重詞語(yǔ)的科協(xié)

2、含義，或解釋?？祁I(lǐng)域內(nèi)的語(yǔ)詞所代表的事物和概念，作一定廣度和深度的敘述。lAcquisition, lacquisition department lDescriptionlDictionary: An alphabetic list of the words of a language, with their accepted meaninglLexicon:特指古代語(yǔ)文的詞典; A vocabulary, not necessarily in alphabetical order, with definitions or explanations for all termlGlossary

3、：詞匯表；難字或術(shù)語(yǔ)匯編,?？圃~典lThesaurus:同義詞詞典，分類詞匯匯編l一般情況下，用戶自己可以使用語(yǔ)文詞典來(lái)得到需求答案l參考咨詢?nèi)藛T主要職責(zé)是了解各種語(yǔ)文詞典的內(nèi)容和特點(diǎn)，掌握如何配備此類工具書，及恰當(dāng)?shù)赝扑]給用戶使用l規(guī)范派（prescriptive school）：形成于18世紀(jì)中期，強(qiáng)調(diào)詞典編纂者的責(zé)任在于揚(yáng)棄語(yǔ)言中不妥和謬誤之處，以捍衛(wèi)語(yǔ)言的純潔性。強(qiáng)調(diào)選詞穩(wěn)妥。釋義精當(dāng)，防止俚語(yǔ)、行話污染語(yǔ)言；語(yǔ)詞的定義和用法應(yīng)以傳統(tǒng)的、歷史的規(guī)范為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，保持語(yǔ)言的穩(wěn)定性，反對(duì)隨意改變?cè)~義和用法。l代表：約翰遜詞典l描述派（descriptive school）：20世紀(jì)初出現(xiàn)，反映當(dāng)

4、代語(yǔ)言和文化發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)。語(yǔ)言是社會(huì)的產(chǎn)物，經(jīng)常處于變動(dòng)之中，一切用法都是相對(duì)的，約定俗成是語(yǔ)言正確性的前提。詞典編纂者的責(zé)任不是充當(dāng)語(yǔ)言的評(píng)判者，而是應(yīng)當(dāng)忠實(shí)地記錄語(yǔ)言；反對(duì)重視文字記載而輕視口語(yǔ)。詞典應(yīng)減少告誡性標(biāo)簽的使用。只司記錄，不予規(guī)范。l代表：韋氏三版l足本和按歷史原則編纂的詞典采用描述派原則較為適宜l各種學(xué)生詞典宜采用規(guī)范派原則l復(fù)本（較多）l電子資源的組織利用lCollins Electronic English Dictionary & Thesaurus(1995 ed.)lIt contains the full text of the printed Collin

5、s English Dictionary and the Collins Thesaurus with definitions, information on pronunciation, etymology and usage for 190,000 words linked to 275,000 synonyms which are grouped by parts of speech, or meaning. lSubject coverage: English languagelyourD provides the most comprehensive and authoritativ

6、e portal for language and language-related products and services on the web with more than 1800 dictionaries with more than 250 languages。More than 1,500,000 people a month visit YDClD - Search for one word across multiple dictionaries.lhttp:/ and bilingual dictionaries)，多語(yǔ)詞典l按詞典的規(guī)模：足本unabridged ，半足

7、本semi-abridged ，節(jié)本abridged ，袖珍本pocketl節(jié)本通稱案桌詞典或大學(xué)版詞典college dictionary ，collegiate dictionary l足本詞典Unabridged dictionary，是指所收詞條在26萬(wàn)以上，為某種語(yǔ)言全面提供詞的釋文、拼寫、讀音、派生詞、音節(jié)劃分等方面的資料。大多為語(yǔ)言研究者和專家使用，讀者群較小，數(shù)量少。lH316/W396.3a Websters third new international dictionary of the English language, unabridged l二版收詞60萬(wàn)，1500

8、1934年，規(guī)范原則，權(quán)威的表述者，修辭標(biāo)識(shí)多告誡性l三版收詞45 萬(wàn)，刪除廢舊詞25萬(wàn)，增加新詞10萬(wàn)，17551960年，描述原則，有單詞注音達(dá)26種，例證引自當(dāng)代文獻(xiàn)，縱容的代表作。修辭標(biāo)識(shí)只使用substandard和nonstandard。lColloquial (colloq)derogatory (derog)lSlang (sl)emotive (emot)lIlliterate euphemistic （euphem)lErroneousformallRarehumorous (hum)lVulgar (vulg)ironical (ironic)lDialect (dial

9、)sold uselDatedl定期修訂以增加新詞l9000 words, supplement to Websters third new international dictionary l12000 words, supplement to Websters third new international dictionary lUnlimited access to the complete text of Websters Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged the largest and most comprehensive

10、 dictionary produced in North America. Dozens of search options direct you to just the right word from more than 470,000 entries. Perform basic searches for definitions (or exact words from known definitions through the Reverse Dictionary function), as well as etymologies, rhymes, and puzzle answers

11、. Build and execute complex searches utilizing a wide variety of options.http:/www.m- entry found for hello. Main Entry: hello Pronunciation: h&-lO, he-Function: nounInflected Form(s): plural hellosEtymology: alteration of holloDate: 1889: an expression or gesture of greeting - used interjection

12、ally in greeting, in answering the telephone, or to express surprise lOne entry found for Internet. Main Entry: Internet Pronunciation: in-t&r-netFunction: nounDate: 1986: an electronic communications network that connects computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world

13、 lThe Random House unabridged dictionary:32萬(wàn)詞，300頁(yè)附錄，編纂原則介于規(guī)范與描述之間l G/H316/R159.2The Random House dictionary of the English language lFunk and Wagnalls new standard dictionary of the english languagel名稱：college dictionary ，collegiate dictionary， desk dictionaryl以收基本詞匯為主，中等規(guī)模，1218萬(wàn)之間，科技詞匯比例較大，注意收錄新詞，

14、修訂容易，內(nèi)容新穎及時(shí)，釋義側(cè)重常用義，通常是單卷本，使用方便，價(jià)格較低。lThe American Heritage dictionary of the English language lOver 90,000 entries feature 10,000 new words and senses, 70,000 audio word pronunciations, 900 full-page color illustrations, language notes and word-root appendixes.Rogets International Thesaurus of Engl

15、ish Words and Phrases C. O. Sylvester Mawson Peter Rogets classic structure coupled with Mawsons modernization becomes even more user-friendly on B with 85,000 hyperlinked cross-referencesthus fulfilling their goal of “each word being related to its neighbors and each part to the whole.” Additionall

16、y, over 2,900 proverbs and quotations from classic and modern authors illustrate the 1,000-plus entries.//lH316/M551a10Merriam-Websters collegiate dictionarylG/H316/W396/cg3Websters New World dictionary of American English lG/H316/C748.8The

17、 Concise Oxford dictionary of current English lH316/C355aChambers 20th century dictionary lH316/C692.5aCollins English dictionary lH316/L863eLongman dictionary of the English language l節(jié)本詞典的一種，收詞量在節(jié)本詞典的一種，收詞量在5萬(wàn)左右，通萬(wàn)左右，通常為規(guī)范派。常為規(guī)范派。lZ371.2/W893 (v.1)The World book dictionary lG/H316/H783a4Oxford adv

18、anced learners dictionary of current English （OALD）l詞典中義項(xiàng)的排列有三種方式：l按歷史順序l按使用頻率l無(wú)固定方式l按歷史原則編纂的詞典規(guī)模較大，不僅包括某種語(yǔ)言在歷史各個(gè)時(shí)期有文獻(xiàn)可據(jù)的全部詞語(yǔ)，而且對(duì)每個(gè)詞都全面追溯并描述其演變的歷史。The Oxford English dictionary 2nd ed. / prepared by J.A. Simpson and E.S.C. WeinerOxford University Press, 1989. 20 v. ; 31 cm. http:/ lhttp:/ dictionary

19、 of American English on historical principlesOEDl收錄12世紀(jì)中以來(lái)見(jiàn)于文獻(xiàn)記載的幾乎全部英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)，包括只出現(xiàn)一次的罕見(jiàn)詞、現(xiàn)代書面和口語(yǔ)中的普通詞匯、主要專業(yè)詞匯、方言、俚語(yǔ)和科技用語(yǔ)。通過(guò)定義和例證追溯英語(yǔ)發(fā)展的歷史。l描述派原則，供學(xué)術(shù)研究用工具書。l規(guī)模巨大，內(nèi)容博大精深，集世界英語(yǔ)之大成。The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Online contains the complete text of the 20-volume Second Edition of the printed Oxford En

20、glish Dictionary, first published in 1989. The Dictionary presents the English vocabulary from the time of earliest records down to the present day, giving all the relevant facts concerning their form, sense history, pronunciation and etymology. It embraces the standard language of literature and co

21、nversation, technical vocabulary, dialectal usage and slang.lmeaning, history, and pronunciation of over half a million wordsl 2011，20卷，包括60萬(wàn)詞條，300多萬(wàn)例證。lNumber of words in entire text: 59 millionlLongest entry in Dictionary: the verb set with over 430 senses consisting of approximately 60,000 words

22、or 326,000 characterslWeight of text: 62.6 kiloslNumber of entries: 291,500lNumber of main entries: 231,100lNumber of main entries for obsolete words: 47,100lNumber of main entries for spurious words: 240lNumber of main entries for non-naturalized words: 12,200lLongest entry in Dictionary: the verb

23、set with over 430 senses consisting of approximately 60,000 words or 326,000 characterslNumber of cross-reference entries: 60,400lNumber of cross-references within entries: 580,600lNumber of word forms defined and/or illustrated: 615,100lNumber of pronunciations: 139,900lNumber of etymologies: 219,8

24、00lNumber of quotations: 2,436,600lMost frequently quoted work (in various full and partial version, and translations): Bible (est. 25,000 quotations)lMost frequently quoted single author: Shakespeare (approx. 33,300 quotations)lMost frequently quoted single work of Shakespeare: Hamlet (almost 1,600

25、 quotations)lPercentage of quotations by centuries: 20th century 20 per cent 19th century 31 18th century 11 17th century 16 16th century 10 15th century 4.5 14th century 3.5 13th century 1 1st to 12th centuries 1 Undated (see note) 0.51.縮略語(yǔ)詞典（abbreviation）2.詞源詞典（etymology）3.方言俚語(yǔ)詞典(dialect and slang

26、)4.用法詞典(usage)5.同義（反義）詞詞典(synonymy/antonym)6.讀音詞典(pronunciation)lAcronym ：Its a special type of abbreviation, made up from the initial letters of the words of a phrase。首字母拼音詞lInitialism：姓氏首字母lAbbreviation：縮寫詞lAcronyms, initialisms & abbreviations dictionary（Gale Research Company ）http:/ Internet

27、 Acronym ServerSearching for the Meaning of L.I.F.E. since 1988http:/acronyms.silmaril.ie/cgi-bin/uncgi/acronymsl詞源詞典：追溯詞典淵源，解釋詞的原始意義、形式、用法及其演變的詞典。l詞源學(xué)etymology ：研究詞的產(chǎn)生、消亡過(guò)程，探討詞匯變化的規(guī)律，借以探索人類文明和文化的發(fā)展歷史。lH313-62/26英語(yǔ)詞源手冊(cè) = English etymology handbook lH313.9-61/2Oxford concise dictionary of English ety

28、mology = 牛津英語(yǔ)詞源詞典 lBoth emblem and its synonym symbol trace back to the Greek verb ballein, meaning to throw. Emblem arose from emballein, meaning to insert, while symbol comes from symballein, Greek for to throw together. lH313.3/17 lContemporary American slang and useful expressions lH313.3/P258s8

29、aA concise dictionary of slang and unconventional English lH313.3-61/N42cNew dictionary of American slang lG/H313.3-61/L584The Random House thesaurus of slang lH317-61/D561 (v.1)Dictionary of American regional English lHe was mad for it. we couldnt get him to stop dancinglMegabucks:A huge quantity o

30、f money.lmy left foot! :Exclam. A dismissive exclamation of denial or rejection.l shit (!) ：1. Faeces. 2. An act of defecation. 3. A contemptible person. 4. Rubbish, nonsense. lMa-sheen: Pronounced like machine,this refers to someone who excessively drinks, smokes, and flirts.Anickname given to Char

31、lie Sheen in his heyday.Example: Albert: Hey Isaw Rich smoking a cigar, drinking a Guinness, and talking to this finelady!Paul: Yeah, he is a ma-sheen.l通過(guò)分析句法中容易出錯(cuò)的問(wèn)題來(lái)說(shuō)明一些難懂的語(yǔ)法和句法規(guī)則，確定在詞匯、語(yǔ)法等方面的使用規(guī)范。lA dictionary of modern english usagelHarper dictionary of contemporary usagelWebsters new dictionary

32、 of synonymslRogets international thesauruslBernsteins reverse dictionarylRogets II: The New Thesaurus lThird Edition lContaining 35,000 synonyms and over 250,000 cross-references in an easy-to-use format, this thesaurus features succinct word definitions and an innovative hyperlinked category index

33、.http:/www.m- l表示感情的特殊的數(shù)字符號(hào)、諧稱、俗表示感情的特殊的數(shù)字符號(hào)、諧稱、俗稱稱 lemoticonsl2B or not 2BlNetLingo is an online dictionary about the Internet. It contains thousands of words and definitions that describe the technology and community of the World Wide Web http:/ International Dictionary of Idioms :This new referen

34、ce book contains around 7000 idioms current in British, American and Australian English today lPhrase Finder :A list of the meanings and origins of over a thousand phrases, sayings, quotes and cliches in English.uk/成語(yǔ)lsomeone who keeps something that they do not really want in order to prevent anyone else from having it lStop being such a dog in the manger and let your sister ride your bike if youre not using it.lThe British have a dog-in-the-manger attitude to the island, no longer needing it themselves, but wanting to deny it to