化學與應用化學專業(yè)英語命名

1、Nomenclature of Chemical substanceNomenclature of Hydrocarbon International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) The IUPAC name of an alkane with an unbranched chain of carbon atoms consists of two parts: a prefix that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain; the ending that indicat

2、es the species Nomenclature of Hydrocarbon Prefixs used in the IUPAC system to indicate one to 20 carbon atoms in a chain Prefix number of carbon atoms Prefix number of carbon atoms Meth 1 Undec 11 Eth 2 Dodec 12 Prop 3 Tridec 13 But 4 Tetradec 14 Pent 5 Pentadec 15 Hex 6 Hexadec 16 Hept 7 heptadec

3、17 Oct 8 Octadec 18 Non 9 Nonadec 19 Dec 10 Eicos 20 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbon 烷烴（烷烴（Alkanes）：）：-ane 甲烷methane, 乙烷ethane, 己烷hexane 烷烴基（烷基烷烴基（烷基alkyl） 方法：刪去方法：刪去-ane，加上，加上-yl； 如甲基：methyl； 乙基：ethyl； 正丁基：n-butyl ； 異丙基：iso-propyl; (n-: normol, 正；iso-：異；neo-：新) 命名原則命名原則 alphabetical order 3-ethyl-3-met

4、hyl-pentane 表示相同的基團數(shù) 3,3-dimethyl-pentane ( 2:di-, 3:tri- , 4:tetre-, 5:penta-; 6:hexa-.) 在字母序中不考慮表示數(shù)字的字. Nomenclature of Hydrocarbon 烯烴烯烴 (Alkenes)：-ene 乙烯ethene；丙稀propene；戊烯pentene. 雙鍵的位置：2-pentene；2-methyl-2-pentene. 1,3丁二烯1,3-butadiene 烯烴基（alkylene） 乙烯基：vinyl 氯乙烯vinyl chloride 炔烴炔烴(Alkynes)：-yne

5、 乙炔ethyne 丙炔propyne; 4-甲基-2-己炔4-methyl-2-hexyne Nomenclature of Derivative 醇（醇（Alcohols）：）：-ol 乙醇ethanol, 異丙醇iso-propanol, HOCH2CH2OH: 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol); CH3CH(OH)CH2OH: 1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol); HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH: 1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol).醚（醚（Ethers）烷烴為母鏈，烷氧基為取代基(OR)， 烷

6、氧基的命名：數(shù)字前綴加oxy, 如甲氧基：methoxy; 乙氧基ethoxy; C-C-C-O-C-C-C-Cpropoxybutane.氧兩邊的烷基為取代基，醚作母鏈： 丙基丁基醚propyl butyl ether特例： 乙醚 CH3CH2OCH2CH3: diethyl ether, ethyl ether, etherNomenclature of Derivative 胺（胺（Amines）以胺為母體amine; 乙胺ethylamine;丙胺propylamine以胺為取代基：amino-；乙胺aminoethane; 丙胺aminopropane (CH3)2CHCH2CH2N

7、H21-amino-3-methylbutane (isopentylamine) CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2NHCH3N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentane NH2(CH2)6NH2 1,6-diaminohexane (hexamethylenediamino)如有幾個取代基，胺基作amino-；4-胺基苯酚4-aminophenol.苯胺：aniline；-氯-苯胺4-chloroaniline (p-chloroaniline)四甲基氫氧化銨：Tetramethylammonium hydroxide三甲基戊基碘化銨trimethylpentyla

8、mmonium iodideNomenclature of Derivative 醛（醛（Aldehydes）：）：-al CH3CH2CHO: propanal; (CH3)2CHCH2CHO: 3-methylbutanal; CH3CH2CH(CH3)CHO: 2-methylbutanal 苯甲醛苯甲醛benzaldehyde（俗名）俗名）不飽和醛：不飽和醛：-enalH2C=CH-CHO: propenal CHO-CH=(CH3)CCH2CH2CH=C(CH3)CHO 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal. 酮（酮（Ketones）酮作母體）酮作母體: -one

9、丙酮2-propanone； 4-甲基-3-己酮4-methyl-3-hexanone -甲基-環(huán)己酮2-methyl-cyclohexanone Nomenclature of Derivative 羧酸羧酸(Carboxylic acid)飽和酸：-anoic acid 甲酸methanoic acid (俗名：formic acid); 乙酸ethanoic acid (俗名：acetic acid) 3-甲基-丁酸3-methyl-butanoic acid不飽和酸： -enoic acid 丙烯酸2-propenoic acid; 3-苯基-2-丙烯酸3-phenyl-2-prope

10、noic acid 5-羥基-己酸 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid 5-羰基-己酸5-oxo-hexanoic acid二羧酸：-dioic acid 檸檬酸2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid (citric acid)酸酐（酸酐（Acid anhydrides）: oic anhydride乙酸酐ethanoic anhydride (acetic anhydride)Nomenclature of Derivative The order of precedence of serval functional groupFunct

11、ional group Suffix if higher precedence Prefix if lower precedence -COOH -oic -CHO -al oxo- -CO- -one oxo- -OH -ol hydroxyl- -NH2 -amine amin- -SH -thiol Decreasing precedence mercapto- 3-羰基-丁醇3-hydroxy-butanone5-hydroxyhexanoic acid苯甲酸benzoic acid Nomenclature of Derivative 酯（酯（Esters）The examples

12、of derivation of names of estersStructural formula Alkyl group attached to oxygen Name of carboxylic acid Name of ester CH3CO2C2H5 ethyl ethanoic acid (acetic acid) ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) C6H5COOCH(CH3) 2 isopropyl benzoic acid isopropyl benzoate (CH2COOC2H5)2 diethyl butanedioic acid dieth

13、yl butanedioate 酰鹵（酰鹵（Acid halides） -oyl乙酰氯：CH3COCl ethanoyl chloride (acetyl chloride)苯甲酰溴：benzoyl bromide （benzene）酰胺：乙酰胺：acetamideNomenclature of Derivative 酯（酯（Esters）The examples of derivation of names of estersStructural formula Alkyl group attached to oxygen Name of carboxylic acid Name of es

14、ter CH3CO2C2H5 ethyl ethanoic acid (acetic acid) ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) C6H5COOCH(CH3) 2 isopropyl benzoic acid isopropyl benzoate (CH2COOC2H5)2 diethyl butanedioic acid diethyl butanedioate 酰鹵（酰鹵（Acid halides） -oyl乙酰氯：CH3COCl ethanoyl chloride (acetyl chloride)苯甲酰溴：benzoyl bromide （benzene

15、）酰胺：乙酰胺：acetamideUnit Two Inorganic ChemistryLesson One The Nomenclature of Inorganic CompoundsPrefixesNumber of Atomsmono- or mon-1di-2tri-3tetra- or tetr-4penta- or pent-5hexa-6hepta-7octa-8nona-9deca-10Unit Two Inorganic ChemistryLesson One The Nomenclature of Inorganic CompoundsNaming Binary Com

16、pounds of Nonmetals 氧化物： oxide (oxygen); 氮化物： nitride (nitrogen) ；五氧化二磷：diphosphoric pentoxide;氧化二氮： dinitrogen oxide五氧化二氮： dinitrogen pentoxide鹵化物鹵化物 氯化物: chloride (chlorine) 氟化物：fluoride (fluorine) 溴化物：bromide (bromine) 碘化物：iodide (iodine) ClO4-perchlorate ion ClO3-chlorate ionClO2-chlorite ionClO

17、-hypochlorite ionUnit Two Inorganic ChemistryLesson One The Nomenclature of Inorganic CompoundsNaming Ionic CompoundsIonic compounds are composed of cations and anions.陽離子（陽離子（Names of Cations）Na+, sodium ion; Fe2+ and Fe3+, iron (II) ion and iron (III) ion, rescpectively.銅離子copper (II) ion, copper

18、(I) ion;陰離子（陰離子（Names of anions）F- fluoride; Cl- chloride; Br- bromide; I- iodide; N-3 nitride； O= oxide含氧陰離子：-ate 硝酸根離子NO3-nitrate； 亞硝酸根離子NO2nitrite； 硫酸根離子SO42- sulfate；亞硫酸根離子SO32- sulfite.含氫陰離子：加上hydrogen HS- hydrogen sulfide ion HCO3- hydrogen carbonate ion Nomenclature of inorganic substances鹵素含

19、氧酸根陰離子：鹵素含氧酸根陰離子： 高氯酸ClO4perchlorate；氯酸ClO3chlorate 亞氯酸 ClO2chlorite； 次氯酸ClO hypochlorite-化物：化物：-ide 氧化物：oxide (oxygen); 氮化物：nitride (nitrogen) ；氧化鈣: calcium oxide 氯化物chloride (chlorine) CaCl2calcium chloride氟化物fluoride (fluorine) CaF2 calcium fluoride溴化物bromide (bromine) CaBr2 calcium bromide碘化物iod

20、ide (iodine) CaI2 calcium iodideNomenclature of inorganic substances鹵素含氧酸根陰離子：鹵素含氧酸根陰離子： 高氯酸ClO4perchlorate；氯酸ClO3chlorate 亞氯酸 ClO2chlorite； 次氯酸ClO hypochloriteChlorateClO3-BromateBrO3-IodateIO3-NitrateNO3-PhosphatePO43-SulfateSO42-CarbonateCO32-Unit Two Inorganic Chemistry含氧酸根陰離子：含氧酸根陰離子： Special a

21、nionsCrO42-ChromateCr2O72-DichromateMnO4-PermanganateC2H3O2-AcetateCN-CyanideOH-HydroxideO22-PeroxideNomenclature of inorganic substances Naming Inorganic AcidsMonatomic anionsCl-chlorideS2-sulfideP3-phosphideF-fluoridePolyatomic ionsNH4+ammoniumH3O+hydr-oxoniumNO3-nitrateNO2-nitriteClO-hypochlorite

22、ClO2-chloriteClO3-chlorateClO4-perchlorateSO32-sulfiteSO42-sulfateHSO3-bisulfiteHCO3-bicarbonateCO32-carbonatePO43-phosphateHPO42-hydrogen phosphateH2PO4-dihydrogen phosphateCrO42-chromateCr2O72-dichromateBO33-orthoborateAsO43-arsenateC2O42-oxalateCN-cyanideSCN-thiocyanateMnO4-permanganateNomenclatu

23、re of inorganic substances離子化合物的命名離子化合物的命名 （Names of ionic compounds） CuSO4 5H2O copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate The number of cations and anions per formula need not be included in the compound name because anions have characteristic charges, and the charge of the cation has already been establish

24、ed by its name. There are as many cations and anions as needed to get a neutral compound with the lowest possible integral subscripts. Nomenclature of inorganic substancesNaming Inorganic Acids Replace the -ate ending of an anion with “-ic acid” or replace the -ite ending with “-ous acid.” If the an

25、ion ends in -ide, add the prefix hydro- and change the ending to “-ic acid.”Naming Acid Salts The anions of acid salt are named with the word “hydrogen” placed before the name of the normal anion. HSO4- is the hydrogen sulfate ion. To denote two atoms, the prefix di- is used. HPO42- is the hydrogen

26、phosphate ion, while H2PO4- is the dihydrogen phosphate ion. In an older naming system, the prefix bi- was used instead of the word hydrogen when one of two hydrogen atoms was replaced. Thus, HCO3- was called the bicarbonate ion instead of the more modern name, hydrogen carbonate ion.Nomenclature of

27、 inorganic substancesNomenclature of inorganic substances Naming Hydrates Some stable ionic compounds are capable of bonding to a certain number of molecules of water per formula unit. Thus, copper (II) sulfate forms the stable CuSO45H2O, with five molecules of water per CuSO4 unit. This type of com

28、pound is called a hydrate. The name of the compound is the name of the anhydrous (without water) compound with a designation for the number of water molecules appended. Thus, CuSO45H2O is called copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. The 5 multiples everything after it until the next centered dot or the e

29、nd of the formula. Thus, included in CuSO45H2O are ten H atoms and nine O atoms (five from the water and four in the sulfate ion).International Union Of Pure And Applied Chemistry -IUPAC 無機化學命名法無機化學命名法 IUPAC 2005年推薦 (Nomenclature of InorganicChemistry IUPACRecommendations 2005)IUPACNomenclature of I

30、norganic Chemistry, commonly referred to by chemists as the Red Book, is a collection of recommendations on inorganic chemical nomenclature published at irregular intervals by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The last full edition was published in 2005, in both paper and electronic versions.A revision of the Red Book was therefore initiated in 1998. This revised Red Book will supersede not only the 1990 Red Book but also, where appropriate, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry II -Reco