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1、句子的交際功能句子的交際功能分類分類陳述句陳述句疑問句疑問句祈使句祈使句感嘆句感嘆句中考命題規(guī)律命題規(guī)律否定陳述句 10%疑問句 45%祈使句 10%感嘆句 35%否定陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述事實或看法的句子稱為陳述句。陳述句又可分為肯定句和否定句,分別陳述肯定和否定的事實或看法??隙ㄐ问椒穸ㄐ问疥愂鼍?主語:句子的主體,表示句子所說的是誰或是什么。主語一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞或從句等來充當。 謂語:與主語密切相關(guān)的動作或狀態(tài),是對主語的敘述。用來說明主語“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么樣”。謂語由動詞來充當。 1、簡單謂語:由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成 2、復(fù)合謂語:一般由兩個部分

2、構(gòu)成。如:“助動 詞+實義動詞”“情態(tài)動詞+實義動詞“系表結(jié)構(gòu)”等。我們怎么在v的地盤變否定句呢?vvvvvsmile、look、cry、play、buyrun、jump、swim、fly、eattake、sing、dance、watch.(行為動詞)(行為動詞)小學(xué)階段主要有:小學(xué)階段主要有:am、is、are(be動詞)動詞)do/does+not+not通過上面的圖畫你知道了嗎?一個句子要變成否定句,要在動詞(謂語)部分作變化哦!那么我們的句子的否定是不是只有2種變化呢?小心啦!還有can “能、會、可以” ,這一類的情態(tài)動詞,它們常常出現(xiàn)在前4種以行為動詞為謂語的句型!vvvvsmil

3、e、look、cry、play、buyrun、jump、swim、fly、eattake、sing、dance、watch.(行為動詞)(行為動詞)can/may.+not所以,我們知道了,五大基本句型里有3種變否定句的形式!實義動詞的否定 情態(tài)動詞can的否定Be動詞的否定陳述句的否定形式1、如果句子的謂語含有be動詞(am, is, are, was, were)、 助動詞(will, shall, would, should, have, has, had) 情態(tài)動詞(can, may, must等),其否定形式是在它們之后構(gòu)成。2、如果句子的謂語是實義動詞,其否定形式是由“do/doe

4、s/did+not+動詞原形”構(gòu)成。3、no, never, hardly, seldom, little, few等也可以構(gòu)成陳述句的否定形式??隙ň?變 否定句 1、含有some, something, somebody的肯定句變?yōu)榉穸ň鋾r,應(yīng)把這些詞分別改為any, anything, anybody. 2、含有always是我肯定句變?yōu)榉穸ň鋾r,必須把always換成never. 3、含有both, all, everything, everyone(everybody)的肯定句變?yōu)榉穸ň鋾r,必須把這些詞分別改為neither, none, nothing, no one(nobody

5、). 4、當陳述句是“I think(認為)/believe(相信).+賓語從句”時,若否定賓語從句,習慣上要將否定前移到主句的謂語動詞think/believe等前。即“I dont think/believe.+賓語從句”。EXERCISEEXERCISE: :將肯定陳述句變?yōu)榉穸愂鼍?.Some of us have finished it already.2.I told somebody something.3.I can understand both of these two questions.4.There is someone doing research in this

6、 field.5.I have quite a lot to do in the morning. Some of us have not finished it yet. I didnt tell anybody anything. I cannot understand either of these two questions There isnt anybody doing research in this field. I never have much to do in the morning.一般疑問句我們已經(jīng)了解了,也知道怎樣把句子變?yōu)?!同學(xué)們在這個過程中老師一直強調(diào)有一個很重

7、要的東西叫什么呢它在句子中處于什么樣的地位呢?這個很重要的東東叫你記住了嗎?謂語可以:區(qū)分句型變否定還可以變問句哦! lets go!今天我們要學(xué)習一個新的東西問句之什么是一般疑問句呢?回憶一下你在學(xué)校所學(xué)的關(guān)于提問的句子,你能發(fā)現(xiàn)什么? (主謂) (主謂賓) (主謂賓賓補) (主謂間賓直賓) (主謂表)如果我們把謂語V提到開頭會出現(xiàn)什么呢?句子就會以下面的形式開頭vvvvvsmile、look、cry、play、buyrun、jump、swim、fly、eattake、sing、dance、watch.(行為動詞)(行為動詞)小學(xué)階段主要有:小學(xué)階段主要有:am、is、are(be動詞)動詞

8、)但是但是. .句子不可以行為動詞開頭,不然就會天下大亂,它們都需要助動詞do/does的幫忙!除了以be動詞和助動詞開頭,我們在學(xué)習否定句時還提到過,句子里會出現(xiàn)等vvvvsmile、look、cry、play、buyrun、jump、swim、fly、eattake、sing、dance、watch.(行為動詞)(行為動詞)can/may. s因此,我們的一般疑問句就會是這樣:以以be動詞、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞開頭;動詞、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞開頭;(為什么會以它們開頭?)(為什么會以它們開頭?) (am、is、 are、 was、 were) (do、does、 did、 have、 had) (

9、can、must、will、may等)特殊疑問句什么是特殊疑問句?它和一般疑問句有什么異同?觀察下面中文句子!他 喜歡 在家 晚上 玩游戲 一個小時誰在哪里什么時候做什么多長時間He likes to play game one hour at home at nightDoes he like to play game one hour at home at night?How long does he like to play game at home at night?When does he like to play game one hour at home?Where does h

10、e like to play game one hour at night?What does he like at home at night?who likes to play game one hour at home at night?他 喜歡 在家 晚上 玩游戲 一個小時對比我們之前學(xué)習的,它們都是以什么開頭的? (am、is、 are、 was、 were) (do、does、 did、 have、 had) (can、must、will、may等)所以,我們來總結(jié)一下吧!1、對句子的某個部分提問!2、以wh-詞開頭!這是它顯著的兩個特點喲! 該選什么呢?用什么語序 該怎么回答注意

11、:要聯(lián)系一般疑問句的特殊疑問詞+助動詞動詞+主語+動詞原形+其他?eg: What do I do?特殊疑問詞+情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞+主語+動詞原形+其他?eg: What can I do for you?特殊疑問詞特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句一般疑問句語序?語序?特殊疑問句有語序: 1、特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句一般疑問句語序語序(對非主語提問) 2、特殊疑問詞+陳述語序(對主語提問)特殊疑問詞+be動詞+主語+其他?eg: Why are you so happy?選擇疑問句劉健亮劉健亮 09061020220906102022 短短的大學(xué)四年就要過去了,不想和短短的大學(xué)四年就要過去了,不想和大學(xué)說再

12、見。珍惜校園自由的生活,但是大學(xué)說再見。珍惜校園自由的生活,但是必須要走向社會,小劉加油!必須要走向社會,小劉加油!概念:選擇疑問句是說話人提出兩種或兩種以上的情況,詢問對方選擇哪一種。構(gòu)成:選擇疑問句中的選項用or連接。朗讀:語調(diào)一般是第一種或前幾種選擇用升調(diào),最后一種選擇用降調(diào)?;卮鸺白⒁馐马棧夯卮饡r選擇一種,不可用yes或者no作答。類型:一般選擇疑問句特殊選擇疑問句劉健亮劉健亮 09061020220906102022 短短的大學(xué)四年就要過去了,不想和短短的大學(xué)四年就要過去了,不想和大學(xué)說再見。珍惜校園自由的生活,但是大學(xué)說再見。珍惜校園自由的生活,但是必須要走向社會,小劉加油!必須要

13、走向社會,小劉加油!結(jié)構(gòu):一般疑問句+AorB?例: Are you a worker or a doctor? Im a doctor.(句意:你是一個工人還是一個醫(yī)生?我是一位醫(yī)生。) Is it a pen or a pencil? Its a pen.(句意:這是一支鋼筆還是一支鉛筆?這是一支鋼筆。)劉健亮劉健亮 09061020220906102022 短短的大學(xué)四年就要過去了,不想和短短的大學(xué)四年就要過去了,不想和大學(xué)說再見。珍惜校園自由的生活,但是大學(xué)說再見。珍惜校園自由的生活,但是必須要走向社會,小劉加油!必須要走向社會,小劉加油!結(jié)構(gòu):which+一般疑問句?例: which

14、 occupation do you prefer? worker or a doctor? doctor.(句意:哪種職業(yè)你更喜歡? 醫(yī)生。) which do you like best? pen or a pencil? pen.(句意:你更喜歡哪一個?鋼筆。)反義疑問句結(jié)構(gòu):陳述句 “?” You are from America, arent you? 陳述句簡略疑問句陳述句肯定句否定句否定疑問句肯定疑問句動詞主語?Be動詞情態(tài)動詞助動詞人稱代詞(主格)簡略問句如果是否定式,not應(yīng)與be,do,will等系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞縮寫 動詞主語?Be動詞情態(tài)動詞助動詞人稱代詞(主格)

15、簡略問句如果是否定式,not應(yīng)與be,do,will等系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞縮寫 在祈使句的反義疑問句后統(tǒng)一用 will you? 當祈使句以lets 開頭時,疑問句用shall we。1. Speak louder, _? 3. Lets go home,_? 2. Dont be late, _? 注意:如果以let us 開頭,疑問句部分仍然用 will you Let us sing a song for you, ? 陳述部分是I am 或 Im 時,疑問部分用 arent I. I am having an English lesson, _. 賓語從句中,以主句為準, 但如果主

16、語是第一人稱I 或者We且謂語動詞是think, believe, guess, suppose 時, 以從句為準. 2. Heneversaidhe was a good student,_? 4. I dont believe he studies harder, ?3. I think you are right, _ ?1. You told them Tom wouldnt come,_? everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anybody, no one, nobody等時,疑問部分的主語用 they或he;Everybody knows

17、 the answer, ?或 ? these,those時,疑問部分主語用 theyThis is your book, ? Everything here is good, ?this, that時,疑問部分的主語用 it; everything, something, nothing, anything 時,疑問部分用 it These are your friends, ? Lets sum up the several different kinds of theDisjunctive Questions. 一、問句部分與陳述部分主語不一致的情況:陳述部分主語 疑問部分主語 例句 t

18、his或 that it This is your mother, isnt it ? these或those they These are books, are they? something everything等 it Nothing is serious, is it ? they/he Everyone knows this,dont they?/ doesnt he?somebodyeveryone等_陳述部分主語 疑問部分主語 例句 no one ;noneneither , either they / heNo one came , did they? each of he /

19、 theyEach of the boys has a football, hasnt he? None of it None of the milk is left, is it ?Lets do some exercises1.Mary has two brothers, _ _?2.He hasnt a lot of time, _ _?3.They all had a good time, _ _?4.We have to get up early, _ _?doesnt shehas he didnt theydont we*Lets do some exercises5.We ha

20、d better go right now,_ _?6. He cant be a doctor, _ _?7. He must be happy, _ _?8. He needs help, _ _?hadnt weis heisnt he doesnt he*Lets sum up the several different kinds of theDisjunctive Questions. 二、問句部分和陳述部分謂語不一致的的情況:陳述部分謂語 疑問部分謂語 例句 has (有) have 或do Mary has two brothers, doesnt she / hasnt sh

21、e? have(有的否定形式)與陳述部分一致He hasnt some time, has he ?have(不做有講) do They had a good time, didnt they? have to do We have to get up, dont we? had better hadWe had better go right now, hadnt we?陳述部分謂語 疑問部分謂語 例句 cant (不可能)表推測 cant 后面的動詞He cant be a doctor, is he? must 表推測 must后的動詞He must be happy, isnt it?

22、實義動詞 need doHe needs to do some sports, doesnt he?Lets do some exercises1. He is hardly able to swim, _ _?2.There is little ink in your pen, _ _?3. The chair is uncomfortable, _ _?4.He has nothing to say, _ _? is he is there isnt it does he*Lets sum up the several different kinds of theDisjunctive Q

23、uestions. 三、問句的肯定或否定問題: hardly ,never, few,little, none,nothing, neither, nobody等 肯定 形式He have never been to Japan, have he?含有un,im,dis-等否定前綴及l(fā)ess-等后綴的派生詞 否定 形式Its unfair, isnt it?1). Im your friend, _ _?2). There arent any books on the desk, _ _?3). Turn off the light, _ _?4). Dont make a noise, _

24、_?arent I are there will you will you Lets do some exercises * *Lets do some exercises6. Lets go for a walk, _ _?7. Let us do it by themselves, _ _?8. He says that I did it,_ _? shall we will you 5. Let him come in, _ _? will youdoesnt he*Lets do some exercises9. I dont think Mary is coming tomorrow

25、, _ _?10. She thinks she can get there on time, _ _? is shedoesnt she*Lets sum up the several different kinds of theDisjunctive Questions. 四、一些特殊的附加疑問句:四、一些特殊的附加疑問句: I am arent I Im your friend, arent I?There be be thereThere is a book on the desk, isnt there?肯定的祈使句 will you wont youCome here , will

26、 you?否定的祈使句 will youDont make a noise , will you? let us,let me let +第三人稱 will youLet us do it, will you? lets shall weLets go for a walk, shall we?主從復(fù)合句與主句謂 語一致He says I did it , doesnt he?I think/believe/suppose等與從句謂語一致I dont think Mary is coming tomorrow, is she? he /she/ it + think/ believe等與主句謂

27、 語一致She thinks she can get there on time, doesnt she?五、反意問句的回答五、反意問句的回答:1、- You didnt go to his birthday party last night, did you? -_ , though I wasnt busy.A.Yes, I did B. No, I didnt C.Yes, I didnt D. No, I didB. No, I didnt2. You have no classes on Saturday, do you?A. , we doB. , we dont YesNo1.

28、Some plants never come out, _ _?2. We have to get there at eight tomorrow , _ _?3.Youd better read it by yourself, _ _?4. He must be a doctor, _ _?5. Everything is ready, _ _?6. Everyone knows the answer,_ _?7. I dont think he is bright,_ _?8. She believe she can do it better,_ _?9. Dont do that aga

29、in,_ _?Do some exercises: do they dont we hadnt you isnt he isnt itdont they is he doesnt she will you10. Lets go and listen to the music,_ _?11. Let us wait for you in the reading room, _ _?12.There is not be any trouble,_ _?13. Im as tall as your sister,_ _? shall we will you is there arent I祈使句思考

30、:假如我們把五大基本句型的頭砍思考:假如我們把五大基本句型的頭砍掉,會出現(xiàn)什么?掉,會出現(xiàn)什么? (主謂) (主謂賓) (主謂賓賓補) (主謂間賓直賓) (主謂表) 句子的靈魂句子的靈魂 句子會以V,也就是動詞開頭啦 用于表達意愿、命令、請求、勸告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句,祈使句最常用于表達命令,因此在學(xué)校文法中也常稱為命令句。祈使句因?qū)ο螅粗髡Z)是第二人稱(you),所以通常都省略。祈使句的動詞都為一般現(xiàn)在時,句末則使用句號或感嘆號來表示結(jié)束,讀時用降調(diào)。Go and wash your hands. (去洗你的手。命令)Be quiet, please.(Please be qui

31、et.)(請安靜。請求)Be kind to our sister. (對姊妹要和善。勸告)Watch your steps. (走路小心。警告)Look out!Danger?。ㄐ⌒?!危險!強烈警告)Keep off the grass. (勿踐草坪。禁止)No parking. (禁止停車。禁止)No eating or drinking. (禁止吃喝。禁止) No littering. (禁止亂扔垃圾。禁止)祈使句也常把主語“You”表達出來,使對方聽起來覺得柔和些,例如:You go and tell him, Chris. (克立斯去告訴他。)表現(xiàn)形式: 肯定句1Do型(即:動詞原形

32、(+賓語)+其它成分)。如:Please have a seat here. 請這邊坐。有的祈使句在意思明確的情況下,動詞可省略。如:This way, please. = Go this way, please. 請這邊走。2Be型(即:Be + 表語(名詞或形容詞)+其它成分)。如:Be a good boy! 要做一個好孩子! 3Let型(即:Let + 賓語+ 動詞原形+ 其它成分)。如:Let me help you. 讓我來幫你。表現(xiàn)形式: 否定句1Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加dont構(gòu)成:如:Dont forget me! 不要忘記我!Dont be late for sc

33、hool! 上學(xué)不要遲到!是系表結(jié)構(gòu)也就是沒有行為動詞但是有形容詞的那種使用Dont be 有行為動詞的就不能這么用,只能用Dont 2Let型的否定式有兩種:“Dont + let +賓語+ 動詞原形+ 其它成分”和“Let +賓語+ not + 動詞原形+ 其它成分”。如:Dont let him go. / Let him not go. 別讓他走。3有些可用no開頭,用來表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoking! 禁止吸煙!No fishing! 禁止釣魚!練習將下列漢語翻譯成英語。1. 請照看好您的包。_. 2. 讓我們?nèi)W(xué)校吧!_! 3. 親愛的,高興點兒!_! 4. 不要把書

34、放這兒。_. 5. 不要讓貓進來。_. 6.禁止吸煙。_! Key: 1Please look after your bag. 2Lets go to school. 3Be glad, dear 4Dont put the book here . 5Dont let the cat come in / Let the cat not come in . 6No smoking!Guessing GameTurn leftTurn leftTurn rightTurn rightWalk on the zebra crossing!Dont smokeDont smokeNo smokingN

35、o smokingDont play footballDont park your car!Dont eatDont pick the flowers! Go upstairs! Go downstairs!感嘆句感嘆句的構(gòu)成 感嘆部分感嘆部分 + 陳述部分陳述部分How +形容詞形容詞/ 副詞副詞What + (a an)+形容詞形容詞 + 名詞名詞主語主語+ +謂語謂語注意:注意:陳述部分陳述部分可以省略,可以省略,感嘆部分感嘆部分不可以省略!不可以省略!例句 How silly you are! 你真傻! How beautiful it is! 多美?。?How well the cl

36、othes fit!這衣服多合身啊! How wet and cold the weather is! 雨這么大,天又那么冷! What a nice day it is!多好的天氣?。?What fine weather it is!多好的天氣??! What beautiful flowers they are!多美的花啊! 省略后的感嘆句 How silly! (你)真傻! How beautiful! 多美??! How well !(這衣服)多合身??! How wet and cold!雨這么大,天又那么冷! What a nice day!多好的天氣?。?What fine weath

37、er !多好的天氣??! What beautiful flowers! 多美的花??! 1. It is a long story. 2.This book is interesting. 一斷一斷 二看二看 三加三加 四換四換whathowWhat a long story it is!How interesting this book is!1.What + a/an + (形容詞 )+ 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + (主語 + 謂語)!” What a clever boy (he is)!(他是)多么聰明的孩子呀! 2.What + 形容詞 + 不可數(shù)名詞 /復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+ (主語 + 謂語)! What fine weather (it is)! What beautiful flowers (they are)! What fun!多好玩呀! 1. How + 形容詞 + a/an +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + (主語 + 謂語) +!How clever a boy he is!他多么聰

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