英語語法系統(tǒng)解析記憶更方便

1、.英語語法系統(tǒng)解析 記憶更方便 5英語語法系統(tǒng)解析(記憶更方便)！5 7.11不定式的特殊句型tooto1)tooto太以至于He is too excited to speak.他太激動了，說不出話來。-Can Ihelp you?需要我?guī)兔?-Well,I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it,but thank you all the same.不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。2)如在too前有否定詞，則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定，too后那個詞表達一種委婉含義，意為"不太"。It'

2、;s never too late to mend.(諺語)改過不嫌晚。3)當too前面有only,all,but時，意思是：非常等于very。I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高興能幫助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。7.12不定式的特殊句型so as to 1)表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。

3、Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點進去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2)so kind as to-勞駕Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點了。"Why not+動詞原形"表達向某人提出建議，翻譯為："為什么不?""干嗎不?"例如：Why not take aholiday?干嗎不去度假?7.14不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)時態(tài)語態(tài)主動被動一般式to do to be done進行式to be doing完成式to have done to

4、have been done完成進行式to have been doing 1)現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.=I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再見到你。2)完成時：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught acold.3)進行時：表示動作正在進行，與謂語動

5、詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成進行時：She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.7.15動名詞與不定式1)動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：動名詞表達的是：狀態(tài)，性質，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的不定式表達的是：目的，結果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的2)接不定式或動名詞，意義相同。3)動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11組：1 stop to do stop doing 2forget to do forget doing 3remember to do re

6、member doing 4regret to do regret doing 5cease to do cease doing 6try to do try doing 7go on to do go on doing 8afraid to do afraid doing 9interested to do interested doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/start to do begin/start doing 8.1 stop doing/to do stop to do停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。

7、They stop to smoke acigarette.他們停下來，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了。典型例題She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on abig rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應選擇"stop to do sth.停下來去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing s

8、th.不正確。8.2 forget doing/to do forget to do忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘記做過某事。(已做)The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關了。(沒有做關燈的動作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘記他已經(jīng)關了燈了。(已做過關燈的動作)Don't forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來。(to come動作未做)典型例題-The light in the office i

9、s still on.-Oh，I forgot_.A.turning it off B.turn it off C.to turn it off D.having turned it off答案：C。由the light is still on可知燈亮著，即關燈的動作沒有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關上了，而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。8.3 remember doing/to do remember to do記得去做某事(未做)remember doing記得做過某事(已做)Remember to go to the p

10、ost office after school.記著放學后去趟郵局。Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?8.4 regret doing/to do regret to do對要做的事遺憾。(未做)regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this,but Ihave no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒有辦法。I don't regret telling her what Ithought.我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。典型例題-You

11、 were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.-Well,now Iregret _that.A.to do B.to be doing C.to have done D.having done答案：D。regret having done sth.對已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth.對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到后悔，因此選D。8.5 cease doing/to do cease to do長時間，甚至永遠停做某事。cease doing短時停止做某事，以后還會接著做。That departmen

12、t has ceased to exist forever.那個部門已不復存在。The girls ceased chatting for amoment when their teacher passed by.姑娘們在老師走過時，停了會聊天。8.6 try doing/to do try to do努力，企圖做某事。try doing試驗，試著做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。8.7 go on doing/to do go o

13、n to do做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing繼續(xù)做原來做的事。After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完數(shù)學后，他接著去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完這個練習后，接著做其他的練習8.8 be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為"怕"；be afraid of doing擔心出現(xiàn)doi

14、ng的狀況、結果。doing是客觀上造成的，意為"生怕，恐怕"。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by asnake.她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。8.9 be interested doing/to do interested to do對做某事感興趣，想了解某

15、事。interested in doing對某種想法感興趣，doing通常為想法。I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that?我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎?(一種想法)8.10 mean to doing/to do mean to do打算、想mean doing意味著I mean to go,but my father would not allow me

16、to.我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.贈加工資意味著增加購買力。8.11 begin(start)doing/to do begin/start to do sth begin/start doing sth.1)談及一項長期活動或開始一種習慣時，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano?你幾歲時開始彈鋼琴?2)begin,start用進行時時，后面動詞用不定式to do Iwas beginning to ge

17、t angry。我開始生起氣來。3)在attempt,intend,begin,start后接know,understand,realize這類動詞時，常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth。我開始明白真相。4)物作主語時It began to melt.8.12感官動詞+doing/to do感官動詞see,watch,observe,notice,look at,hear,listen to,smell,taste,feel+do表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing表示動作的連續(xù)性，進行性I saw him work in the garde

18、n yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調(diào)"我看見了"這個事實)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強調(diào)"我見他正干活"這個動作)昨天我見他正在花園里干活。典型例題1)They knew her very well.They had seen her _up from childhood.A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow答案：A。因題意為，他們看著她長大，因此強調(diào)的是成長的過程，而非正在長的動作，因此用see sb do sth的句型。2)The

19、missing boy was last seen _near the river.A.playing B.to be playing C.play D.to play答案A.本題強調(diào)其動作，正在河邊玩，應此用see sb.doing sth句型。9.1分詞作定語分詞前置We can see the rising sun.我們可以看到東升的旭日He is aretired worker.他是位退休的工人分詞后置(i分詞詞組；ii個別分詞如given,left；iii修飾不定代詞something等)There was agirl sitting there.有個女孩坐在那里This is th

20、e question given.這是所給的問題There is nothing interesting.沒有有趣的東西過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動關系，相當于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.典型例題1)The first textbook _for teaching English as aforeign language came out in

21、 the 16th century.A.have written B.to be written C.being written D.written答案D.書與寫作是被動關系，應用過去分詞做定語表被動，相當于定語從句which is written 2)What's the language _in Germany?A.speaking B.spoken C.be spoken D.to speak答案B.主語language與謂語動詞之間有被動的含義。spoken是動詞speak的過去分詞形式，在句中作定語，修飾主語language,spoken與language有被動關系。該句可以

22、理解為：What's the language(which is)spoken in German?9.2分詞作狀語As Ididn't receive any letter from him,I gave him acall.-Not receiving any letter from him,I gave him acall.由于沒有收到他的信，我給他打了電話。If more attention was given,the trees could have grown better.-Given more attention，the trees could have gro

23、wn better.假如多給些照顧，那些樹會長得更好。典型例題1)_ some officials,Napoleon inspected his army.A.Followed B.Followed by C.Being followed D.Having been followed答案B.Napoleon與follow之間有被動的含義。being followed除表達被動之外，還有動作正在進行之意。followed by(被跟隨)。本題可改為：With some officials following,Napoleon inspected his army.2)There was ater

24、rible noise _the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed答案B.由于聲音在閃電后，因此為聲跟隨著光，聲音為跟隨的發(fā)出者，為主動。用現(xiàn)在分詞。3)_,liquids can be changed into gases.A.Heating B.To be heated C.Heated D.Heat答案C.本題要選一分詞作為狀語?，F(xiàn)在分詞表主動，正在進行的；過去分詞表被動的，已經(jīng)完成的。對于液體來說是加熱的受動者，是被動的，因而選C。它相當于一個狀語從句When i

25、t is heated，注意：選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，關鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作是主句的主語發(fā)出，分詞就選用現(xiàn)在分詞，反之就用過去分詞。(Being)used for along time,the book looks old.由于用了很長時間，這本書看上去很舊。Using the book,I find it useful.在使用的過程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。9.3連詞+分詞(短語)有時為使分詞短語與主句關系更清楚，可在分詞前加連詞。連詞有：when，while，if though，after,before,as.但分詞的主語和主句的主語必須為同一個，如：While waiting t

26、here,he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.waiting和saw的主語相同。9.4分詞作補語通常在感官動詞和使役動詞之后，如：I found my car missing.我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的車不見了。I'll have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。9.5分詞作表語現(xiàn)在分詞：表示主動，正在進行過去分詞：表示被動，已經(jīng)完成She looked tired with cooking.她由于忙著做飯，看上去有些疲倦。He remained standing beside the table.他依然站在桌旁。

27、9.6分詞作插入語其結構是固定的，意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。generally speaking一般說來talking of(speaking of)說道strictly speaking嚴格的說judging from從判斷all things considered從整體來看taking all things into consideration全面看來Judging from his face,he must be ill.從他的臉色看，他一定是病了。Generally speaking,dogs can run faster than pigs.總的來說，狗比豬跑得快。(speaki

28、ng并不是dogs的動作)9.7分詞的時態(tài)1)與主語動詞同時，Hearing the news,he jumped with joy.聽到這一消息，他高興得手舞足蹈。Arriving there,they found the boy dead.剛一到那兒，他們就發(fā)現(xiàn)那男孩死了。典型例題The secretary worked late into the night,_a long speech for the president.A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing答案B.此處沒有連詞，不能選D，否則出現(xiàn)了兩個謂語動詞worke

29、d和was preparing。只能在B，C中選一個。又因前后兩個動作同時發(fā)生，且與主語為主動關系，應用現(xiàn)在分詞。2)先于主動詞While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg.在花園里散步時他傷了腿。分詞作時間狀語，如果先與主動詞的動作，且強調(diào)先后，要用having done。Having finished his homework,he went out.=As he had finished his homework,he went out.做完作業(yè)后，他出去了。典型例題_ areply,he decided to write again.A.Not

30、 receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received答案C.本題考查分詞的時態(tài)與分詞的否定式。根據(jù)題意判斷，分詞的動作(接信)發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作(決心再寫信)之前，因此用分詞的完成式。分詞的否定式的構成為not+分詞，故選C。該句可理解為：Because he had not received areply,he decided to write again.9.8分詞的語態(tài)1)通常，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，過去分詞表示被動，例如：He is the man giving you the money.(=who

31、 gave you)他就是給你錢的那個人。He is the man stopped by the car.(=who was stopped by)他就是那個被車攔住的人。2)不及物動詞的過去分詞表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生gone,fallen,retired,grown-up,escaped,faded,returned例：a well-read person.一個讀過許多書的人a much-travelled may一個去過許多地方的人a burnt-out match燒完了的火柴10.1獨立主格(一)：獨立主格結構的構成：名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞；名詞(代詞)+形容詞；名詞(代詞)+副詞

32、；名詞(代詞)+不定式；名詞(代詞)+介詞短語構成。(二)獨立主格結構的特點：1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。2)名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞等是主謂關系。3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。舉例：The test finished,we began our holiday.=When the test was finished,we began our holiday.考試結束了，我們開始放假。The president assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.=After the p

33、resident was assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.總統(tǒng)被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting,we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。This done,we went home.工作完成后，我們才回家。The meeting gone over,everyone tired to go home earlier.會議結束后，每個人都想早點回家。He came into the room,his ears red with co

34、ld.他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。He came out of the library,a large book under his arm.他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館10.2 With的復合結構作獨立主格表伴隨時，既可用分詞的獨立結構，也可用with的復合結構。with+名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語舉例：He stood there,his hand raised.=He stood there,with his hand raise.典型例題The murder was brought in,with his hands _behind his back

35、。A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tied D.tied答案D.with+名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語結構。當分詞表示伴隨狀況時，其主語常常用with來引導。由于本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動關系，因此用過去分詞，選D.注意：1)獨立主格結構使用介詞的問題：當介詞是in時，其前后的兩個名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞)，也不用復數(shù)。但with的復合結構不受此限制A robber burst into the room,knife in hand.(hand前不能加his)。2)當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時，及

36、物動詞用現(xiàn)在分詞，不及物動詞用過去分詞。He lay there,his teeth set,his hand clenched,his eyes looking straight up.典型例題：Weather_,we'll go out for awalk.A permitted Bpermitting Cpermits Dfor permitting答案B.本題中沒有連詞，它不是復合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗號，且we小寫，可知其不是兩個簡單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨立主格或with的復合結構。據(jù)此判斷，本句中使用的是獨立結構，其結構為：名詞+分詞。由于permit在這里翻譯為

37、'天氣允許'，表主動，應用現(xiàn)在分詞，故選B。如果不會判斷獨立結構作狀語的形式，不妨將句子改為條件句，例如本句改為If weather permits,we'll go out for awalk.然后將if去掉，再將謂語動詞改為非謂語動詞即可。11.動詞的時態(tài)11.1一般現(xiàn)在時的用法1)經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語：every,sometimes,at,on Sunday Ileave home for school at 7every morning.2)客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。The earth moves around the

38、 sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3)表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before afall.驕者必敗。注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4)現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。I don't want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比較：Now Iput the sugar in the cup.I am doin

39、g my homework now.第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時，用于操作演示或指導說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back.第二句中的now是進行時的標志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時。11.2一般過去時的用法1)在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。時間狀語有：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。Where did you go just now?2)表示在過去一段時間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作。

40、When Iwas achild,I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were given awarm welcome.3)句型：It is time for sb.to do sth"到時間了""該了"It is time sb.did sth."時間已遲了""早該了"It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺了。It is time you we

41、nt to bed.你早該睡覺了。would(had)rather sb.did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'I'd rather you came tomorrow.4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。I thought you might have some.我以為你想要一些。比較：一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復存在。Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義：她已不在人間。)Christine has been an invalid all her l

42、ife.(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)注意：用過去時表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。1)動詞want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2)情態(tài)動詞could,would.Could you lend me you

43、r bike?11.3 used to/be used to used to+do："過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful.Scarf used to take awalk.(過去常常散步)be used to+doing：對已感到習慣，或"習慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動名詞。He is used to avegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking awalk.(現(xiàn)在習慣于散步)典型例題-Your phone number again?I _quite catch it.-It's 69568442.A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't答案A.本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語，但從語意上看出，在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發(fā)生在過去，因此應用過去時。11.4一般將來時1)shall用于第一人稱，常被will所代替。will在陳述句中用于