


版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)
文檔簡介
1、TheEnneagram(alsosometimescalledEnneagon)isanine-pointedgeometricfigure.ThetermderivesfromtwoGreekwords-ennea(nine)andgrammos(somethingwrittenordrawn).TheintroductionoftheEnneagramfigureiscreditedto,whointroduceditinhisteachingsasauniversalsymbolwhichdisplaysthefundamentalcosmiclaws.Gurdjieffdidnotd
2、isclosewherethefigureoriginallycamefrombesidesclaimingthatitwastheemblemofsecretsocieties.TheEnneagramfigureisnowusedforvariouspurposesinanumberofdifferentteachingsystems.InmorerecentyearsthefigurehasmostlycomeintoprominencebecauseofitsusewithwhatisoftencalledtheEnneagramofPersonality.Thefundamental
3、conceptsoftheEnneagramofPersonalityareattributedtoOscarIchazo.The3stellationisofanenneagonraEnneagramsshownassequentialstellationsInanenneagramisaregularnine-sided,usingthesamepointsastheregularbutconnectedinfixedsteps.Ithastwoforms:9/2and9/4connectingevery2ndandevery4thpointsrespectively.Thereisals
4、oastarfigure,9/3,madefromtheregularenneagonpointsbutconnectedasacompoundofthreeequilateraltrianglesThemodernuseoftheEnneagramfigureisgenerallycreditedtoandhisteachingtradition.HisteachingsconcerningthefigureandwhatitrepresentsdoesnothaveanydirectconnectiontothelaterteachingsbyOscarIchazoandotherscon
5、cerningego-fixationsorpersonalitytypes.Theenneagramfigureisacirclewithninepoints.Inscribedwithinthecircleisatriangletakinginpoints9,3and6.Theinscribedfigureresemblingaweblinkstheothersixpointsinacyclicfigure1-4-2-8-5-7.Therulesofthemagicnumbercanbeappliedtotheenneagram'sexplanationsofprocesses.A
6、ccordingtoGurdjieff,theenneagramisthesymbolofthe"lawofseven"and"thelawofthree"combined(thetwofundamentallawswhichgoverntheuniverse),andthereforetheenneagramcanbeusedtodescribeanynaturalwholephenomenon,cosmos,processinlife,oranyotherpieceofknowledge.Abasicexampleofthepossibleusage
7、oftheenneagramisthatitcanbeusedtoillustrateGurdjieff'sconceptoftheevolutionofthethreetypesof'food'necessaryforaman:ordinaryfood,airandimpressions.Eachpointontheenneagraminthiscasewouldrepresentthestageandthepossibilityoffurtherevolutionoffoodatacertainstageinthehumanbody.Mostprocessesont
8、heenneagramarerepresentedthroughoctaveswherethepointsserveasthenotes;aconceptwhichisderivedfromGurdjieff'sideaofthelawofseven.Inanoctavethedevelopingprocesscomestoacriticalpoint(oneofthetrianglepoints)atwhichhelpfromoutsideisneededforittorightlycontinue.Thisconceptisbestillustratedonthekeysofthe
9、pianowhereeverywhitekeywouldrepresentanenneagramwebpoint.Theadjacentwhitekeyswhicharemissingablackkey(halfnote)inbetweenrepresenttheenneagramwebpointswhichhaveatrianglepointinbetween.Inorderthatthispointwouldpassontothenext,anexternalpushisrequired.Intheenneagramaprocessisdepictedasgoingrightaroundt
10、hecirclebeginningat9(theendingpointofapreviousprocess).Theprocesscancontinueuntilitreachespoint3.Atpointthreeanexternalaidisneededinorderthattheprocesscontinues.Ifitdoesn'treceivethe'help',theprocesswillstopevolvingandwilldevolvebackintotheformfromwhichitevolved.Theprocesscontinuesuntilp
11、oint6,andlater9,whereasimilar"push"isneeded.Iftheprocesspassespoint9,theinitialprocesswillend,whilegivingbirthtoanewone.ThelineofdevelopmentassociatedwiththeFourthWaydevelopedfromthewritingsofGurdjieff'sstudents-principally,and.TheydevelopedGurdjieff'sideasandlefttheirown|accounts.
12、ThereisanextensivebibliographydevotedtotheGurdjieff-Ouspenskytradition.AGurdjiefffoundationexistswhichclaimsanauthoritybasedonalineofsuccessiondirectlythroughMrGurdjieff.ThefoundationpreservesGurdjieff'smusicandmovementsandcontinuesitsownworkwiththeEnneagramfigure.Theenneagramasastructuredproces
13、swasstudiedbyandhisassociates.BennettshowedhowitappliedtosomethingasmundaneasarestaurantaswellastosomethingasspiritualastheBeatitudes.Itiscurrentlybeingusedtoexplicatetheideaofself-organizationinmanagement.TheEnneagramofPersonalityisderivedfrom(establishedinU.S.Court970F.2d1067,1075.2ndCircuit,1992)
14、partialunderstandingsoftheinsightsofOscarIchazo.,theBolivian-bornfounderofthe(establishedin1968).NoevidencehasappearedbeforeIchazo'sofferingsforusingtheEnneagramfigurewithconceptssuchas"egofixations"or"personalitytypes"orindeedinanywaywhereeachpointisdescribedinawaythatcanbev
15、iewedasatypology.AllhistoricaldocumentationofthiskindofterminologyappearsonlyafterIchazo'soriginalteachings.Ichazoclaimsthatsometimeinthe1950shereceivedinsightintohowcertainmechanisticandrepetitivethoughtandbehaviorpatternscanbeunderstoodinconnectionwiththeEnneagramfigureandwithwhathecalledTrial
16、ecticlogicaspartofacompleteandintegratedmodelofthehumanpsyche.ThepurposeofIchazo'steachingswastohelppeopletranscendtheiridentificationwith-andthesufferingcausedby-theirownmechanisticthoughtandbehaviorpatterns.Thetheorywasfoundeduponthebasicpremisethatalllifeseekstocontinueandperpetuateitselfandt
17、hehumanpsychemustfollowthesamecommonlawsofrealityassuch.Fromthis,Ichazodefinedthreebasichumaninstinctsforsurvival(Conservation,RelationsandAdaptation)andtwopolesofattractiontoself-perpetuation(SexualandSpiritual).Withabaselineofapsycheinastateofunityasaprototypicalmodel,theFixationsweredefinedasaber
18、rationsfromthisbaseline,muchastheDSMisanobservationallybasedtoolforrecognizingpersonalitydisorders.Infact,IchazohasrelatedtheFixationswiththeDSMcategoriestoshowthatFixationsaretheprecursortomentalillness.EachFixationisdiagnosedfromtheparticularexperienceofpsychologicaltraumaachildsufferswhenthechild
19、'sexpectationsarenotmetineachrespectiveInstinct.Sinceachildiscompletelyself-centeredinitsexpectations,itisinevitablethatthechildwillexperiencedisappointmentofexpectationviewedbythechildasamatterofoneofthethreefundamentalattitudes(attracted,unattractedordisinterestedaretheonlypossibleattitudes),a
20、ndthusexperiencetraumaandbegintoformmechanisticthoughtandbehaviorpatternsinanattempttoprotectitselffromexperiencingarecurrenceofthetrauma.Thisbasic,irrefutableunderstandingofthreefundamentalInstinctsandthreepossibleattitudesalongwiththeunderstandingthatahumanbeingcanbeinastateofunity,analyzedwithTri
21、alecticlogicformsasolidfoundationuponwhichthetheoryofFixationsisbased.Assuch,thetheoryofegoFixationshasaparticularfoundationwhichcanbetested.Theideaof"PersonalityTypes"isaninventionofintuitionwithoutanyparticularfoundationbeyondthetheoryofegoFixations,andassuchcanbeinterpretedtomeanwhateve
22、ranyoftheEnneagramofPersonalityproponentschoosesittomeanwhenevertheychoosetosointerpretit.Thusweunderstandwhythereisnospecific,solidagreementamongthevariousproponentsof"Personality"assomethingobjectiveandanythingmorethanapropositiontoobfuscatehumansuffering.Byunderstandingone'sFixation
23、sandthroughselfobservation,theholdonthemind,andsufferingcausedbytheFixations,isreducedandeventranscended.TherewasneveranintentionorpurposeinIchazo'soriginalworktousethisknowledgetoreinforceormanipulatewhatisessentiallyasourceofhumansuffering.ThereforealmostalllaterinterpretationsoftheEnneagramof
24、PersonalityareviewedbyIchazoasunfoundedandthereforemisguidedandpsychologicallyharmfulaswellasspirituallyharmful(inthesenseofcomingtoseeone'sprocessassuch)inlightofhisoriginalintentions.Inotherwords,theEnneagramMovementcanbeconsidered,inmostcases,toactuallybepromotingthestrengtheningofthebasisfor
25、thepersonalitydisorderswefindexpositionsofintheDSM.Fromthe1970sIchazo'spartialandmisunderstoodEnneagramteachingswereadaptedanddevelopedbyanumberofothers,firstbytheChilean-bornpsychiatrist,whowasamemberofatrainingprograminArica,ChilewithIchazoforsomemonthsin1969.Naranjotaughthisunderstandingofthe
26、EnneagramofPersonalitytoanumberofhisAmericanstudents,includingsomeJesuitpriestswhothentaughtittoseminarians.ItisbelievedbyEnneagramtheoriststhatthepointsoftheEnneagramfigureindicateanumberofwaysinwhichnineprincipalego-archetypalformsortypesofhumanpersonality(alsooftencalled"Enneatypes")are
27、psychologicallyconnected.Theseninetypesareoftengivennamesthatindicatesomeoftheirmoredistinctivelytypicalcharacteristics.Suchnamesareinsufficienttocapturethecomplexitiesandnuancesofthetypeswhichrequirestudyandobservationtounderstandindepth.SomebriefdescriptionsoftheEnneatypesareasfollows:Reformer,Cri
28、tic,Perfectionist-Thistypefocusesonintegrity.Onescanbewise,discerningandinspiringintheirquestforthetruth.Theyalsotendtodissociatethemselvesfromtheirflawsorwhattheybelieveareflaws(suchasnegativeemotions)andcanbecomehypocriticalandhyper-criticalofothers,seekingtheillusionofvirtuetohidetheirownvices.Th
29、eOne'sgreatestfearistobeflawedandtheirultimategoalisperfection.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"OnesisAngerandtheir"holyidea"oressenceisHolyPerfection.UnderstressOnesexpressqualitiesofFoursandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofSevens.:Helper,Giver,Caretaker-Twos,attheirbest,arecompassionate,tho
30、ughtfulandastonishinglygenerous;theycanalsobepronetobehavior,clinginessandmanipulation.Twoswant,aboveall,tobelovedandneededandfearbeingunworthyoflove.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"ofTwosisPrideandtheir"holyidea"oressenceisHolyWill.UnderstressTwosexpressqualitiesofEightsandwhenrelaxe
31、dqualitiesofFours.:Achiever,Performer,Succeeder-Highlyadaptableandchangeable.Somewalktheworldwithconfidenceandunstintingauthenticity;otherswearaseriesofpublicmasks,actingthewaytheythinkwillbringthemapprovalandlosingtrackoftheirtrueself.Threesaremotivatedbytheneedtosucceedandtobeseenassuccessful.Thec
32、orresponding"deadlysin"ofThreesisDeceitandtheir"holyidea"oressenceisHolyLaw.UnderstressThreesexpressqualitiesofNinesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofSixes.:Romantic,Individualist,Artist-Drivenbyadesiretounderstandthemselvesandfindaplaceintheworldtheyoftenfearthattheyhavenoidentityorperso
33、nalsignificance.Foursembraceindividualismandareoftenprofoundlycreativeandintuitive.However,theyhaveahabitofwithdrawingtointernalize,searchingdesperatelyinsidethemselvesforsomethingtheyneverfindandcreatingaspiralofdepression.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"ofFoursisEnvyandtheir"holyidea&quo
34、t;oressenceisHolyOrigin.UnderstressFoursexpressqualitiesofTwosandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofOnes.:Observer,Thinker,Investigator-Fivesaremotivatedbythedesiretounderstandtheworldaroundthem,specificallyintermsoffacts.Believingtheyareonlyworthwhattheycontribute,Fiveshavelearnedtowithdraw,towatchwithkeeneyesa
35、ndspeakonlywhentheycanshaketheworldwiththeirobservations.Sometimestheydojustthat.However,someFivesareknowntowithdrawfromtheworld,becomingreclusivehermitsandfendingoffsocialcontactwithabrasivecynicism.Fivesfearincompetencyoruselessnessandwanttobecapableandknowledgeableaboveallelse.Thecorresponding&qu
36、ot;deadlysin"oftheFiveisandtheir"holyidea"oressenceisHolyOmniscience.UnderstressFivesexpressqualitiesofSevensandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofEights.:Loyalist,Devil'sAdvocate,Defender-Sixeslongforstabilityaboveallelse.Theyexhibitunwaveringloyaltyandresponsibility,butoncebetrayed,theyaresl
37、owtotrustagain.Theyarepronetoextremeanxietyandbehavior.Theirgreatestfearistolacksupportandguidance.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"oftheSixisCowardiceandtheir"holyidea"oressenceisHolyFaithandStrength.UnderstressSixesexpressqualitiesofThreesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofNines.Therearetwokin
38、dsofSixes-phobicandcounterphobic.PhobicSixeshaveatendencytorunorhidefromthingstheyfearwhilecounterphobicSixesaremorelikelytoconfronttheirfears.:Enthusiast,Adventurer,Materialist,Epicure-Sevensareadventurous,andbusywithmanyactivitieswithalltheenergyandenthusiasmofthe.Attheirbesttheyembracelifeforitsv
39、ariedjoysandwondersandtrulyliveinthemoment;butattheirworsttheydashfranticallyfromonenewexperiencetoanother,tooscaredofdisappointmenttoactuallyenjoythemselves.Sevensfearbeingunabletoprovideforthemselvesortoexperiencelifeinallofitsrichness.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"ofSevensisGluttonyandthei
40、r"holyidea"oressenceisHolyWisdom".UnderstressSevensexpressqualitiesofOnesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofFives.:Leader,Protector,Challenger-Eightsvaluepersonalstrengthandtheydesiretobepowerfulandincontrol.Theyconcernthemselveswithself-preservation.Theyarenaturalleaders,whocanbeeitherfriendly
41、andcharitableordictatoriallymanipulative,ruthless,andwillingtodestroyanythingintheirway.Eightsseekcontrolovertheirownlivesanddestinies,andfearbeingharmedorcontrolledbyothers.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"oftheEightisLustandtheir"holyidea"oressenceisHolyTruth.UnderstressEightsexpress
42、qualitiesofFivesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofTwos.:Mediator,Peacemaker,Preservationist-Ninesareruledbytheirempathy.Attheirbesttheyareperceptive,receptive,gentle,calmingandatpeacewiththeworld.Ontheotherhand,theyprefertodissociatefromconflicts;theyindifferentlygoalongwithothers'wishes,orsimplywithdraw
43、,actingviainaction.Theyfeartheconflictcausedbytheirabilitytosimultaneouslyunderstandopposingpointsofviewandseekpeaceofmindaboveallelse.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"oftheNineisSlothandtheir"holyidea"oressenceisHolyLove.UnderstressNinesexpressqualitiesofSixesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesof
44、Threes.Whilstaperson'sEnneatypeisdeterminedbyonlyoneoftheego-fixations,theirpersonalitycharacteristicsarealsoinfluencedandmodifiedindifferentwaysbyalloftheothereightfixationsaswell.MostEnneagramteachersandtheoristsbelievethatoneoftheprincipalkindsofinfluenceandmodificationcomefromthetwopointsone
45、ithersideoftheirEnneatype.Thesetwopointsareknownasthe'Wings'.Observationseemstoindicate,forexample,thatOneswilltendtomanifestsomecharacteristicsofbothNinesandTwos.SomeEnneagramtheoristsbelievethatoneoftheWingswillalwayshaveamoredominantinfluenceonanindividual'spersonality,whileothersbeli
46、evethateitherWingcanbedominantatanyparticulartimedependingontheperson'scircumstancesanddevelopment.ThisaspectofEnneagramtheorywasoriginallysuggestedbyClaudioNaranjoandthenfurtherdevelopedbysomeoftheJesuitteachers.Thelinesofthetriangleandhexagonarebelievedtoindicatepsychologicaldynamicsbetweenthe
47、pointsconnecteddependingonwhetherapersonisinamorestressedorsecureandrelaxedstate.Thereforetheconnectingpointsonthelinesareusuallycalledthe'StressPoints'and'SecurityPoints'.InDonRiso'steachingstheselinesarealsocalledthe'DirectionsofIntegration'andthe'DirectionsofDisint
48、egration'ashebelievesthatthesecuritypointsalsoindicatesthe'direction'towardsgreaterpsychologicalwellbeingandthestresspointstowardspsychologicalbreakdown.Themoretraditionalunderstandingofthestressandsecuritypointsisthatwhenpeopleareinamoresecureorrelaxedstatetheywilltendtoexpressaspectsof
49、the'security'or'integration'typeassociatedwiththeirmaintypeandaspectsoftheotherdirectionwhenstressed.RelaxedorsecureOnes,forinstance,willtendtomanifestsomemorepositiveaspectsoftheSevenpersonalitytype,Onestendingtobehighlyself-inhibitorywhereasSevensgivethemselvespermissiontoenjoythem
50、oment.Ontheotherhand,stressedOneswillexpresssomemorenegativeaspectsoftheFourpersonality,particularlytheobsessiveintrospection;theyalsoshareacertainamountofself-loathingandself-inhibition.Anotheremergingbeliefabouttheseconnectionsbetweenpointsisthatpeoplemayaccessandexpressthepositiveandnegativeaspec
51、tsofbothpointsdependingontheirparticularcircumstances.TheconnectingpointsareoftenindicatedonEnneagramfiguresbytheuseofarrowsandaresometimesalsocalled'ArrowPoints'.Thesequenceofstresspointsis1-4-2-8-5-7-1forthehexagonand9-6-3-9forthetriangle.Thesecuritypointssequenceisintheoppositedirection(1
52、-7-5-8-2-4-1and9-3-6-9).Thesesequencesarefoundintherepeatingdecimalsresultingfromdivisionby7and3,respectively,bothofthosenumbersbeingimportantto'ssystem.(1/7=0.1428571.;1/3=0.3333.,2/3=0.6666.,3/3=0.9999.).Eachtypealsohasthreemaininstinctualsubtypes-theSelf-Preservation,SexualandSocialsubtypes.B
53、ecauseeachpointisdifferent,itmaybeperceivedashavingatendencytowardonesubtypeoranother.Itrequireskeenobservationandunderstandingtodiscoveraperson'stendencytowardaparticularsubtype.?Self-Preservationsubtypespaymostattentiontophysicalsurvivalneeds.?Sexualsubtypesfocusmostonintimacyandone-to-onerela
54、tionships.?Socialsubtypescaremostaboutothers,ingroupsandcommunities.Theseareverysimilartothe"needareas"ofthe-Binstrument,called"Inclusion""Control"and"Affection",exceptthatthescoreineachareacarriesequalweightintheperson'soveralpersonality,andthereisno"
55、;tendency"towardsoneoranother.TheEnneagramtypeshavealsobeenmappedto's"ThreeTrends"(MovingTowards,Against,Awayfrom),intwodimensionsof"SurfaceDirection"and"DeepDirection"(whichalsoroughlyparallelFIRO's"Expressed"and"Wanted"behavior).Eachty
56、peonthesurfacemovesoneway,butunderneathcanmoveadifferentway.Thisthendeterminestheirbehavioranditsmotivations.SevenoftheEnneagramtypescanbecorrelatedwiththetraditional.Twoadditional'sins','deceit'and'fear',arealsoincluded.?One,SurfaceDirectionDeepDirectionJAgainst(confronting)
57、0Away(withdrawing)+Towards(embracing)+Towards(ApprovalSeeking)3960Away(IdealSeeking)147Against(PowerSeeking)852asthefrustrationthatcomesfromOnesworkinghardtodothingsrightwhiletherestoftheworlddoesn'tcareaboutdoingthingsrightandnotappreciatingthesacrificesandeffortsOneshavemade.?Two-,asself-infla
58、tionoftheego,inthesenseofTwosseeingthemselvesasindispensabletoothersandtohavingnoneedswhilstalsobeingneededbyothers.?Three,inthemisrepresentationofselfbymarketingandpresentinganimagevaluedbyothersratherthanpresentinganauthenticself.?FourofsomeoneelseremindsFoursthattheycanneverbewhatanotherpersonis,
59、reawakeningtheirsenseofself-defectiveness.?Five-,asthehoardingofresourcesinanattempttominimizetheirneedsinthefaceofaworldthattakesmorethanitgives;thusisolatingFivesfromtheworld.?Six,oftenintheformofageneralizedanxietythatcan'tfindanactualsourceoffear.Sixesmaywronglyidentifyasourceoffearthroughpr
60、ojection,possiblyseeingenemiesanddangerswheretherearenone.?Seven-,notinthesenseofeatingtoomuchbut,rather,ofsamplingeverythingtheworldhastooffer(breadth)andnottakingthetimeforricherexperience(depth).?Eight,inthesenseofwantingmoreofwhatEightsfindstimulating,toapointbeyondwhichmostpeoplewouldfeeloverwh
61、elmedandstop.?Nine-,orlazinessindiscoveringapersonalagendaandinsteadchoosingthelessproblematicstrategyofjustgoingalongwithotherpeople'sagendas.BecauseofdifferencesamongteachersintheirunderstandingofthepersonalitycharacteristicsoftheninetypesandmoretheoreticalaspectsofEnneagramdynamicssomeskepticsarguethatmoreresearchneedstobedonetotesttheEnneagramasanempiricallyvalidtypology.Whileso
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 中藥藥知識培訓(xùn)課件
- 2025年學(xué)前班上課禮儀課件打造未來領(lǐng)袖人才
- 三農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口市場開拓指南
- 2025年平頂山貨運(yùn)從業(yè)資格證模擬考試系統(tǒng)
- 廠房裝修安裝合同
- 露天煤礦安全生產(chǎn)技術(shù)露天煤礦安全管理培訓(xùn)
- 食品加工工藝與安全知識詳解
- 建筑工程合同管理規(guī)定
- 委托服務(wù)合同合同
- 高并發(fā)環(huán)境下日志記錄優(yōu)化
- 口腔診所藥品管理制度
- 中醫(yī)子午流注十二時辰養(yǎng)生法
- 養(yǎng)老院風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管控手冊
- 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)田字格帶拼音模板空白A4直接打印
- 小學(xué)語文 部編版 六年級下冊 第二單元 習(xí)作《寫作品梗概》
- 4.7 數(shù)學(xué)建模活動:生長規(guī)律的描述教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
- 余杭區(qū)住宅房屋裝修備案申請表
- 住宅建筑工程施工重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)應(yīng)對措施方案
- 中醫(yī)婦科病證診斷療效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
- 護(hù)士職業(yè)素養(yǎng)課件
- 專業(yè)醫(yī)院lovo常用文件產(chǎn)品介紹customer presentation
評論
0/150
提交評論