高中英語必修四unit1learningaboutlanguage知識講解

1、高中英語必修四Unit1Learningaboutlanguage1 Find the word or phrase from the previous pages of this unit for each of these meanings.1. _ close connection that people have with each other.2. _ home made in a tree usually for a bird.bondnestDiscovering useful words and expressions 3. _ organization with a spec

2、ial purpose, especially for research or teaching4. _ (of thoughts, questions, etc) to fill ones mind. 5. _ the period of time when someone is a childinstitutecrowd inchildhood6. _ giving opinions openly and honestly7. _ to move away from a place; to leave8. _ happiness and health of people; money pa

3、id by the government9. _ task that requires a lot of time and effort.outspokenmove offwelfareproject2 Fill in the chart with the proper verb or noun form.verbnounverbnounachieveconnectbehaviourorganizebehaveachievementconnectionorganizationverbnounverbnounobservationinspirationspecializeargumentadve

4、rtisementpermitspecialistadvertiseobservearguepermissioninspireKey for Exercise 3:1. observed 2. worthwhile 3. argue 4. respectSubject verb agreement GrammarThe boy _ diving.They _ diving.Both Jack and Tim _ diving.All of them _ diving.Neither Jack nor Tim _ walking.isareareisareFinish the following

5、 exercises.The team _ some good players. (have)The team _ handsome. (be)hasareThe singer and dancer _ on the stage.isA knife and fork _ used to have meals.isBob Bob _ a worker.isMike Mike and Bob _ workers.areBoth Mike and Bob _workers.areNeither Mike nor Bob _a teacher.isNeither of them _(know) how

6、 to teach English. knows/knowNone of them _ (know) how to teach English. knows/knowNeither of the rabbits _ handsome. Neither dog _ big. Neither of them _ big. isis/areNeither rabbit _ handsome. isis/are主主謂謂一一致致主謂一致是指謂語在人稱和數(shù)上必須主謂一致是指謂語在人稱和數(shù)上必須和主語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。這是英語和主語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。這是英語語法中必須遵循的基本規(guī)則。主謂一致語法中必須遵

7、循的基本規(guī)則。主謂一致主要有以下幾種情況：主要有以下幾種情況：二、意義一致原則二、意義一致原則三、就近原則三、就近原則一、語法一致原則一、語法一致原則一、語法一致一、語法一致主語為單數(shù)形式主語為單數(shù)形式, 謂語動詞也用單數(shù)形式謂語動詞也用單數(shù)形式; 主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式, 謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。e.g. I often help him and he often helps me. We often help each other.不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞作主語作主語, 謂語動詞用謂語動詞用單數(shù)單數(shù)；可數(shù)名詞的可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語形式作主語, 謂語動詞謂語動詞

8、用用復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)。二、意義一致二、意義一致主語形式雖為單數(shù)主語形式雖為單數(shù), 但意義為復(fù)數(shù)但意義為復(fù)數(shù), 謂語謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)動詞用復(fù)數(shù); 主語形式為復(fù)數(shù)主語形式為復(fù)數(shù), 而意義而意義為單數(shù)為單數(shù), 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：The crowd were surrounding the government official.人群包圍了這位政府官員。人群包圍了這位政府官員。Maths is hard to learn.數(shù)學(xué)難學(xué)。數(shù)學(xué)難學(xué)。三、就近原則三、就近原則就近原則即謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式就近原則即謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最取決于最靠近它的主語?？拷闹髡Z。There is a

9、pen and two pencils on the desk. 桌子上有一支鋼筆和兩支鉛筆。桌子上有一支鋼筆和兩支鉛筆。注意注意: 1. and連接兩個或兩個以上單數(shù)連接兩個或兩個以上單數(shù)名詞或代詞作主語時名詞或代詞作主語時, 謂語動詞有以下謂語動詞有以下兩種情況兩種情況: 1) and連接兩個或兩個以上連接兩個或兩個以上不同不同的人或的人或 物作主語時物作主語時, 謂語動詞用謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)。如：。如：He and I are both students of this school.Time and tide wait for no man. 歲月不饒人。歲月不饒人。2) 如果連接兩個

10、或兩個以上的并列結(jié)構(gòu)如果連接兩個或兩個以上的并列結(jié)構(gòu)是指是指同一個人或物同一個人或物, 或指同一概念時或指同一概念時, 謂語動詞謂語動詞用用單數(shù)單數(shù), 這時這時and后面的名詞前不加冠詞。后面的名詞前不加冠詞。如如: 表整體概念的并列結(jié)構(gòu)表整體概念的并列結(jié)構(gòu)bread and butter knife and forkiron and steel law and order配套事物：配套事物：a watch and chain a needle and thread The knife and fork is on the desk.刀叉放在桌子上。刀叉放在桌子上。2.主語后面帶有主語后面帶有

11、with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except, including, but 等引導(dǎo)的短語時等引導(dǎo)的短語時, 謂語動詞必須謂語動詞必須與前面的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。與前面的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。e.g. The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees in the garden. 老師和同學(xué)們正在花園里種樹。老師和同學(xué)們正在花園里種樹。E-mail, as well as the telephones, _ pl

12、ayingan important part in daily communication.is3. 如果主語是不定式如果主語是不定式, 動詞動詞-ing形式或形式或主語從句時主語從句時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。謂語動詞用單數(shù)。What he is doing seems very important.他正在做什么看起來很重要。他正在做什么看起來很重要。Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福。為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福。4. 用連接的并列主語被用連接的并列主語被each, every 或或no修飾時修飾時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。謂語動詞用

13、單數(shù)。Every boy and every girl in the class is diligent. 班里的每個男孩女孩都很用功。班里的每個男孩女孩都很用功。5. each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語動用單數(shù)。謂語動用單數(shù)。復(fù)數(shù)代詞復(fù)數(shù)代詞+ each, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 Each of us has something to say. We each have something to say.我們每個人都有些話要說。我們每個人都有些話要說。6. 不定代詞不定代詞 all, more, some, any, none等等作主語時作主語時, 謂語動詞視情況而定?？?/p>

14、用謂語動詞視情況而定?？捎脝螖?shù)單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù); 但當(dāng)它指代不可數(shù)名詞但當(dāng)它指代不可數(shù)名詞時看作單數(shù)時看作單數(shù), 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。謂語動詞用單數(shù)。vAll the apples are rotten. vAll the apple is rotten. vNone of us are /is perfect. vNone of the money is left. 7. 復(fù)合不定代詞復(fù)合不定代詞作主語時作主語時, 謂語動詞謂語動詞 用用單數(shù)單數(shù)。 Someone is calling you. 有人叫你。有人叫你。 Nothing is found in the room. 在屋里

15、找不到什么東西。在屋里找不到什么東西。8. 名詞如名詞如trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時等作主語時, 謂語動詞必須用謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù); 而形復(fù)義單的名詞如而形復(fù)義單的名詞如news, 以以-ics結(jié)尾的結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如學(xué)科名稱如physics, politics, 國名如國名如the United States; 報紙名如報紙名如the New Times; 書名如書名如Great Expectations遠(yuǎn)大前程遠(yuǎn)大前程,以及以及the United Nations作主語時作主語時, 謂語動詞謂語動詞用用單數(shù)單數(shù)。 如：

16、如：vThe scissors are sharp.vNo news is good news.vGreat Expectations was written by Charles Dickens in 1860.9. 集體名詞作主語集體名詞作主語, 謂語動詞可用單數(shù)，謂語動詞可用單數(shù)， 也可用復(fù)數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù), 主要由句子的意思決定。主要由句子的意思決定。 強調(diào)強調(diào)整體整體時用時用單數(shù)單數(shù), 強調(diào)強調(diào)整體中的個體整體中的個體 的用的用復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)。這類名詞有這類名詞有people, family, class, population, crowd, team, ground等。等。nHis fam

17、ily is going out. 他們?nèi)乙獬觥Ｋ麄內(nèi)乙獬?。nHis family are all music lovers. 他們?nèi)叶际且魳窅酆谜?。他們?nèi)叶际且魳窅酆谜摺?0. 有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同, 作主語時作主語時, 謂語動詞由上下文決定。這類名詞有謂語動詞由上下文決定。這類名詞有 means, deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, fish等。如：等。如：nNot every means is useful. 并非每種方法都有效。并非每種方法都有效。nNot all means are useful. 并非所有的方法都有效。

18、并非所有的方法都有效。11. 表示表示一類人一類人的的 “the +形容詞形容詞(分詞分詞)”作主語時作主語時, 謂語動詞用謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)。nThe sick in the accident have been taken to the hospital.nThe lost have been found.12. 表示表示時間、金錢、距離、度量時間、金錢、距離、度量等名詞等名詞作主語時作主語時, 不管單復(fù)數(shù)形式不管單復(fù)數(shù)形式, 其謂語動詞其謂語動詞用用單數(shù)單數(shù)。如：。如：nThirty years is not a long time. 30年的時間并不長。年的時間并不長。nTwo hou

19、rs is enough for me to finish the work.兩個小時對我來說完成兩個小時對我來說完成 這項工作足夠了。這項工作足夠了。13. the rest of, half of, majority of, part of, a lot of, lots of, one of, a number of, a plenty of, percent of 以及以及分?jǐn)?shù)詞分?jǐn)?shù)詞等作等作主語時主語時, 謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于后面謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于后面名詞的數(shù)名詞的數(shù), 即即就近原則就近原則。如：。如：A part of the students have arrived.A

20、part of the apple has been eaten by the mouse.14. 在表存在的在表存在的there be 句式句式中中, 主語是主語是兩個或多個并列名詞兩個或多個并列名詞(短語短語), be的形式的形式與與最近最近的一個名詞的一個名詞(短語短語)保持一致。保持一致。 There is a pen, two pencils and several books on the desk.=There are two pencils, a pen and several books on the desk.=There are several books, a pen

21、and two pencils on the desk.15. 由由here, there等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中, 若主語不止一個時若主語不止一個時, 謂語動詞與謂語動詞與最近最近的的主語保持一致。如：主語保持一致。如：nHere comes the bus.nHere is a pen and two books for you.16. 用連詞用連詞 or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also等連接并列主語時，等連接并列主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)與最近的主語保持一致。如：謂語動詞應(yīng)與最近的主語保持一致。如：nNeither you nor I am

22、 wrong. Neither I nor you are wrong.nNot only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music. Not only the teacher but also the students enjoy listening to the music.用所給動詞的正確形式填空。用所給動詞的正確形式填空。1. He as well as his two friends _ (be) going for a picnic this Saturday.2. According to th

23、e report, three hours of outdoor exercise a week _ (be) good for ones health.isis3. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, _ (visit) a museum when the earthquake struck.4. 70 percent of the students in our class _ (be) girls.5. Most of his time _ (spend) on computer games in the past.was

24、 visiting arewas spent6. The football team _ (be) made up of 22 players and the team _ (be) very young.7. Every man and every woman _ (ask) to help when the earthquake broke out.8. Either he or you _ (be) interested in playing football in our class.was askedareare is9. At present the police _ (look)

25、 for the lost boy whose trousers _ (be) blue.10. Physics _ (be) difficult to learn and every means _ (try) to improve it.are lookingisare has been tried One or two days _ enough to see the city A. is B. are C. am D. be2. Neither my wife nor I myself _ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind

26、A. is B. are C. am D. beChoose the best answer. A C 3. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another A. is B. are C. am D. be4. Not the teacher, but the students _ looking forward to seeing the film A. is B. are C. am D. beB B 5. Nobody but Betty and Mary _ late f

27、or class yesterday A. was B. were C. has been D. have been6. A woman with some children _ soon A. is coming B. are coming C. has come D. have comeA A 7. No one except my parents _ anything about this. A. know B.knows C. is known D. are known8. The teacher as well as the students _ the book already A. has read B. have read C. are reading D. is reading9. All but one _ in the accident A. was killed B. were killed C. will be killed D. are killed B B A 10. When and where to build the new factory _ yet. A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not been decided D. have not decided11. T