Unit_2---翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和過程

1、1Criteria and Process of Business English Translation2 He listened to the striking of Big Ben, making every quarter of an hour, and reckoned out how long it left till the City woke again.A. 他聆聽著議院塔上的大鐘的當(dāng)當(dāng)鐘聲，每過一刻鐘便做個(gè)記號(hào)，心里盤算著還得待多久城市才能蘇醒過來。B. 國(guó)會(huì)大廈塔樓上的那口大本鐘每一刻鐘就敲響一次，他諦聽著那當(dāng)當(dāng)?shù)溺娐?，盤算著再過多久這座城市方能蘇醒過來。Warm-up

2、activity:3 Patrick was on the carpet for crashing a company car that he hadnt even asked permission to use.帕特里克未經(jīng)允許就使用了公司的車并將車撞壞了，他因此站到了地毯上。A.帕特里克未經(jīng)允許就使用了公司的車并將車撞壞了，他因此受到了訓(xùn)斥。4 I have to open the door and go in before everyone. A: 我只好當(dāng)著大家的面推門進(jìn)去。 B.我沒法，只好硬著頭皮推門進(jìn)去。5 Today great trains run on electricit

3、y. Electricity lights the streets of towns and villages. Science uses it everyday.A. 今天，大型火車由電驅(qū)動(dòng)。城鄉(xiāng)街道用電照明。人們進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究也時(shí)刻離不開電。B. 今天，大型火車由電驅(qū)動(dòng)。城鄉(xiāng)街道用電照明。科學(xué)天天用電。6 In consequence of the infectious disease, almost all the restaurants suffer from complete absence of customers.A.由于受傳染病的影響，大多數(shù)飯店完全沒有客人。B.受傳染病的影響，

4、大多數(shù)飯店門可羅雀。7 Theories of the Chinese scholars 嚴(yán)復(fù)“信、達(dá)、雅” faithfulness expressiveness elegance 8劉重德劉重德 “信、達(dá)、切信、達(dá)、切”信信 (faithfulness) to be faithful to the content of the original;保全原文意義保全原文意義達(dá)達(dá) (expressiveness) to be as expressive as the original;譯文通順易懂譯文通順易懂 切切 (closeness) to be as close to the origin

5、al style as possible切合原文風(fēng)格切合原文風(fēng)格 9魯迅先生的魯迅先生的“兼顧兩面兼顧兩面”論論 “寧信不順” “凡是翻譯，必須兼顧著兩面，一當(dāng)然力求其易解，一則保存著原作的豐姿。”10傅雷：神似傅雷：神似similarity in spirit “形似神似形似神似” “以效果而論，翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫一樣，所求的不再形似而在神似 -高老頭重譯序11錢鐘書錢鐘書:“化境化境” “入化境界入化境界” 錢鐘書的“化境”(perfection; sublimation; consummation) 說： -譯作被比作原作的“投胎轉(zhuǎn)世”（the transmigration of souls

6、）12Other scholars theories茅盾-“忠實(shí)”、“通順”準(zhǔn)則林語堂-“忠實(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、通順標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、美好標(biāo)準(zhǔn)” “忠、順、美”張培基-忠實(shí)faithfulness,通順smoothness瞿秋白-信順統(tǒng)一13余光中余光中“變通變通的藝術(shù)的藝術(shù)” “翻譯如婚姻，是一種兩相妥協(xié)的藝術(shù)。譬如英文譯成中文，既不能西風(fēng)壓倒東風(fēng)，變成洋腔洋調(diào)的中文，也不許東風(fēng)壓倒西風(fēng)，變成油腔滑調(diào)的中文，則東西之間勢(shì)必相互妥協(xié)，以求兩全之計(jì)。至于妥協(xié)到什么程度，以及哪一方應(yīng)該多讓一步，神而明之，變通之道，就要看每一位譯者自己的修養(yǎng)了。”14英國(guó)歷史學(xué)教授泰特勒（英國(guó)歷史學(xué)教授泰特勒（A. F. Tytler）1

7、8世紀(jì)提出的翻譯三原則世紀(jì)提出的翻譯三原則：That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 譯文應(yīng)完整地再現(xiàn)原文的思想內(nèi)容That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 譯文風(fēng)格、筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文的性質(zhì)相同That the translation should have all the ease of the original

8、 composition. 譯文應(yīng)像原文一樣流暢自然15literal translation VS liberal translationLiteral translation直譯直譯： 翻譯時(shí)盡量保證原作的語言形式，包括用詞，句子結(jié)構(gòu)，比喻手段等，要求語言流暢易懂Liberal translation意譯意譯： 從意義出來，只要求原文大意表達(dá)出來，不注意細(xì)節(jié)，譯文自然流暢即可。16Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evap

9、orate.literal trans.：砸鏡子不能使丑八怪變漂亮，也不能使社會(huì)問題煙消云散。Revised: 就像砸鏡子不能讓人變美，這樣的做法并不能解決實(shí)際社會(huì)問題。I want to hit the sack and get some Zs.free rendering活譯：我要去睡會(huì)覺。18literal translation哪些句子應(yīng)該直譯哪些句子應(yīng)該直譯 用詞與結(jié)構(gòu)相似 【詞語用法、詞序排列、句式結(jié)構(gòu)等各方面相似】This issue is very important 這個(gè)問題非常重要。 19A scientist who does research in economic p

10、sychology and who wants to predict the way which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior.從事經(jīng)濟(jì)心理學(xué)研究并想預(yù)測(cè)消費(fèi)者如何花錢的科學(xué)家必須研究消費(fèi)行為。20Free translation It is raining cats and dogs. 天上下貓和狗。 大雨滂沱大雨滂沱 21Flexible way is required.Some old people are oppressed by the fear of deathliteral trans有

11、些老年人受到死亡的恐懼的壓迫。liberal trans.有些老年人因怕死而惶恐不安。 22 He must obtain data both on the resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending literal:他必須獲取有關(guān)消費(fèi)者的財(cái)力以及能夠鼓勵(lì)或打消花錢積極性的動(dòng)機(jī)兩方面的信息。Liberal: 他必須獲取有關(guān)信息，諸如消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)能力以及能夠鼓勵(lì)或打消花錢積極性的動(dòng)機(jī)等。 23有些句子可以直譯，也可以意譯，有些句子可以直譯，也可以意譯，但

12、效果未必相同。但效果未必相同。Just as dark clouds cant hide the sun so no lies can cover up the fact直譯：正如烏云遮不住太陽，謊言也同樣掩蓋不了事實(shí)。意譯：事實(shí)是無法掩蓋的。24It is natural to wonder who could possibly need such precision 直譯：人們自然會(huì)奇怪有誰會(huì)需要這種精確的時(shí)間。 意譯：恐怕沒人會(huì)需要這種精確。25Key points in literal translation* *理解原文詞語在上下文中的確切含義理解原文詞語在上下文中的確切含義* *注

13、意一詞多義和注意一詞多義和詞多譯這種現(xiàn)象詞多譯這種現(xiàn)象 “看” see? Look？watch?看書，看報(bào) read看孩子 look after看朋友 meet a friend逛街隨便看看 window shopping26He bit off more than he could chew when he agreed to do it all by himself. 硬譯：當(dāng)他同意完全一個(gè)人做它時(shí)，他咬下了多于他能咀嚼的。 改譯：當(dāng)他同意完全由他一個(gè)人來做這件事時(shí)，他就是在承攬一件自己力所不及的事情。27 I have read your articles, I expected to

14、meet an older man 硬譯：我讀過你的文章，我期望見到一位更老的人。 改譯：我讀過你的文章，想不我讀過你的文章，想不到你這么年輕。到你這么年輕。28The followings should be noticed laugh off ones head 笑掉腦袋? 笑掉牙齒笑掉牙齒neither fish nor fowl 非魚非鳥? 不倫不類不倫不類, 不三不四不三不四 29Listening to classical music is my cup of tea. 聽古典音樂是我的一杯茶? 古典音樂我最愛聽古典音樂我最愛聽touch and go 碰完了就走? 一觸即發(fā)一觸即

15、發(fā)at sixes and sevens 六六七七? 亂七八糟亂七八糟30有些成語可在譯入語中找到意思基本對(duì)有些成語可在譯入語中找到意思基本對(duì)等的成語，盡管使用這個(gè)成語就是了，等的成語，盡管使用這個(gè)成語就是了，不必再去照字面翻譯，以免不倫不類。不必再去照字面翻譯，以免不倫不類。(1)Birds of a feather flock together 物以類聚。(2)Great men are apt to have short memories 貴人多忘事。31(3)Agues come on horse back, but go away on foot 病來如山倒，病去如抽絲。(4)Not

16、hing can be made out of nothing 巧婦難為無米之炊。(5)It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest 家丑不可外揚(yáng)。32Two aspects of translation process:The source-language-oriented principle 以譯出語為取向的原則 【比較傾向于literal translation】 He always lives ahead of his salary.他總是生活在他的工資之前？他的生活開銷總是超過他的工資收入。他總是入不敷出。332）The target-lang

17、uage-oriented principle 以譯入語為取向的原則以譯入語為取向的原則【比較傾向于liberal translation】 He wanted to learn, to know, to teach.原譯: 他渴望博學(xué)廣聞，喜歡追根求源，并且好為人師。改譯：他想學(xué)習(xí)，增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)，也愿意把自己的知識(shí)教給別人。342. 同時(shí)考慮作者和讀者的翻譯原則同時(shí)考慮作者和讀者的翻譯原則符號(hào)學(xué)的翻譯原則：“意義相符，功能相似” correspondence in meaning & similarity in function353.從美學(xué)角度提出的翻譯原則從美學(xué)角度提出的翻譯原則許淵沖的“三

18、美說”：音美、形美、意美美國(guó)意向派詩人龐德Ezra Pound36春曉春曉 A Spring Morning春眠不覺曉，處處聞啼鳥。夜來風(fēng)雨聲，花落知多少。This morn of spring in bed Im lying,Not woke up till I hear birds crying.After one night of wind and showers,How many are the fallen flowers!37Meanings ： 指稱意義 designative meaning 言內(nèi)意義 linguistic meaning 語用意義 pragmatic mean

19、ing38A. 指稱意義指稱意義 / 認(rèn)知意義認(rèn)知意義 -是詞語、句子和篇章反映的客觀世界，指詞與所指客體、思想或行為之間的直接關(guān)系。 Look, thats the sun. He looked at the blue sky. No smoking.39 B. 言內(nèi)意義言內(nèi)意義-是詞語成分之間、句子成分之間和篇章成分之間的關(guān)系所反映的意義，在語音、詞匯、句子和篇章等層次均有體現(xiàn)。 40千山鳥飛絕，萬徑人蹤滅。 （柳宗元：江雪）Rhythming 押韻From hill to hill no bird in flight, From path to path no man in sight.

20、41 *詩中有畫，畫中有詩。（漢字回環(huán)修辭格） There is poetry in the paintings, and there are paintings in the poetry. *人無千日好,花無百樣紅。（對(duì)偶） Man cannot be always fortunate; flowers do not last forever. 42C. Pragmatic meaning語用意義語用意義： -指語言符號(hào)與使用者的關(guān)系，即 蘊(yùn)涵意義 connotative meaning, 聯(lián)想意義 associative meaning 象征意義 symbolic meaning 漢語的

21、稱呼也含語用意義 章校長(zhǎng) President Zhang 李大嫂 Mrs. Li 43Principle of translation-Faithfulness忠實(shí)是翻譯的首要問題I was with my father on a business-and-pleasure trip.I. 我和父親這次旅行，既為了公事，也為了游玩。II. 我和父親一起出來，既是出差，也是游玩。44 From there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beau

22、tiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.I. 從那里，我可以看見下面整個(gè)山谷，那田野、河流和村莊。這一切非常美麗，見到后使我心里充滿了渴望。II. 從這里望下去，整個(gè)山谷一覽無遺，只見那田野、河流和村莊，全都美不勝收，真叫我心馳神往。 45Translation criteria for Business English 商務(wù)英語文本翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)商務(wù)英語文本翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Practical situation asks for specific criteria of translationStyles of business English

23、: 公文體、廣告體、論說體、契約體、應(yīng)用體等。46Advertising：persuasive function勸購功能相似勸購功能相似譯文應(yīng)當(dāng)于原文有大致相同的宣傳效果、信息傳遞功能和移情感召功能。e.g. We take no pride in prejudice. （Times泰晤士報(bào)廣告詞）I. 對(duì)于你的偏見，我們沒有傲慢。II. 對(duì)于有失偏頗的報(bào)道，我們并不引以為豪。另譯法：正義的力量，輿論的導(dǎo)向47香港康樂及文化事務(wù)署： Quality Services for Quality Life 凝聚新動(dòng)力 文康展新姿九廣鐵路公司： The Way Ahead 九鐵動(dòng)力 拓新領(lǐng)域 48Bu

24、siness Pragmatic materials商務(wù)應(yīng)用文翻譯：商務(wù)應(yīng)用文翻譯：約定俗成，入鄉(xiāng)隨俗約定俗成，入鄉(xiāng)隨俗包括：項(xiàng)目招商通告、營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照、招投標(biāo)文件、請(qǐng)柬等。譯者應(yīng)盡可能的參考相關(guān)文譯者應(yīng)盡可能的參考相關(guān)文件的英語原文，參照他們件的英語原文，參照他們的內(nèi)容、格式和文字來翻的內(nèi)容、格式和文字來翻譯。譯。49invitationThe Deputy Prime Minister of Australiaand Minister for Overseas TradeDr. J. F. CairnsRequests the Pleasure of Your Companyat a Banq

25、uetOn Tuesday, 11 October, 2007from 12:30 to 1:30pmIn Hall Three of the Beijing Exhibition CenterTo Mark the Opening of the Australian ExhibitionR.S.V.P.Tel: 010-2345678950 謹(jǐn)定于謹(jǐn)定于20072007年年1010月月1111日（星期二）日（星期二）1212時(shí)半到時(shí)半到1 1時(shí)半假座北京展覽館時(shí)半假座北京展覽館3 3號(hào)大號(hào)大廳舉行宴會(huì)，慶祝澳大利亞展覽會(huì)開廳舉行宴會(huì)，慶祝澳大利亞展覽會(huì)開展。展。 敬請(qǐng)光臨敬請(qǐng)光臨 澳大利亞副

26、總理 兼海外貿(mào)易部長(zhǎng) 杰 弗 凱恩斯博士（請(qǐng)賜復(fù)）51Translating business correspondence事實(shí)準(zhǔn)確，禮貌得體事實(shí)準(zhǔn)確，禮貌得體1、準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)原文的事實(shí)信息2、貼切再現(xiàn)原文的禮貌語氣3、符合公函問題的語言特征52Translating business contracts準(zhǔn)確完整，通順得體準(zhǔn)確完整，通順得體1、用詞準(zhǔn)確，譯文完整用詞準(zhǔn)確，譯文完整 The date of receipt issued by the transportation department concerned shall be regarded as the date of the del

27、ivery of goods. 由有關(guān)的運(yùn)輸機(jī)構(gòu)所開具收據(jù)的日期即被視為交貨日期。Revised: 由由承運(yùn)的運(yùn)輸機(jī)構(gòu)所開具收據(jù)的所開具收據(jù)的日期即被視為交貨日期。日期即被視為交貨日期。54Payment: By irrevocable L/C at sight to reach the sellers 30 days before the time of shipment.I.支付：不可撤銷的即期信用證裝船前30天開到賣方。II. 支付：買方應(yīng)當(dāng)在裝船前30天將不可撤銷的即期信用證開到賣方。552、行文通順，條理清楚、行文通順，條理清楚 The Buyer shall make a clai

28、m against the Seller (including replacement of the goods) by the further inspection certificate and all the expenses incurred therefrom shall be borne by the Seller.I. 如果買方向賣方提出索賠（包括換貨）并出具相應(yīng)的檢驗(yàn)證明，賣方將支付全部費(fèi)用。 The Buyer shall make a claim against the Seller (including replacement of the goods) by the f

29、urther inspection certificate and all the expenses incurred therefrom shall be borne by the Seller.II. 買方須憑復(fù)檢證明書向賣方提出索賠（包括換貨），由此引起的全部費(fèi)用將由賣方負(fù)擔(dān)。573、符合契約的文體特點(diǎn)、符合契約的文體特點(diǎn) The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties. 仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)的裁決具有最終效力，雙方必須遵照?qǐng)?zhí)行。58The Process of Translation Understanding (comprehe

30、nsion)ExpressingProof-reading59UnderstandingTaking the following factors into consideration:(1) Type of writing(2) Theme(3) Forms of literature(4) Style(5) Emotions(6) Context of situation and so on 60examplesCannot Beat the Real Things. (Coca Cola) 不能打敗真正的商品？不能打敗真正的商品？ 擋不住的誘惑61 This company is an i

31、nternational marketing company specializing in fertilizers, chemicals, cocoa, pesticides, coal, agricultural products and many others. 這家公司是一個(gè)國(guó)際營(yíng)銷公司，專營(yíng)化肥、化工產(chǎn)品、可可、殺蟲藥、煤炭、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品以及其他產(chǎn)品。 Marketing怎么能專營(yíng)產(chǎn)品？此句中marketing=trading,Revised: 國(guó)際貿(mào)易公司62In understanding：purpose of writing or speakingWhat is the purpos

32、e or implied attitude of the editors in the following heading? A. Police Shoot Rioting Blacks B. Rioting Blacks Shot by Police C. Rioting Blacks Shot63A translator should be good at analyzing words in the contextSophisticated man 老于世故的人Sophisticated woman 狡黠的女人Sophisticated columnist 老練的專欄作家Sophisti

33、cated electronic device 高度精密的電子裝置Sophisticated weapon 尖端武器64A good translator should be good at analyzing the style of writing1.My dear grandparent has joined the heavenly choir. （formal) 吾祖父升天矣！2. My dear grandfather has passed away. (less formal) 我親愛的祖父已經(jīng)過世了。3. My grandfather has died. (less forma

34、l than the previous one) 我祖父死了。4. My old man has just kicked the bucket. （informal) 我家老頭翹辮子了。66Good at using translating strategies“Will you come to see me some time, William?” “AujourDui,” I said. “威廉，你什么時(shí)候來看我們呀？” “今天今天就去就去”，我，我用法語用法語回答?；卮稹?(用增詞法amplification)67 As we obtained a clean B/L, you will

35、 see that the goods were shipped in good order. We suggest, therefore, that you lodge your claim with it. 由于我們獲得了清潔提單，所以你們將明白貨物在裝運(yùn)是狀況良好，且被安放得井井有條。由此看來，我們建議你們可以向該輪船公司提出索賠。 As we obtained a clean B/L, you will see that the goods were shipped in good order. We suggest, therefore, that you lodge your cl

36、aim with it. 改譯：我方已獲得清潔提單一張，貴方我方已獲得清潔提單一張，貴方諒必清楚貨物裝船時(shí)狀況良好，因此建諒必清楚貨物裝船時(shí)狀況良好，因此建議貴方可依此向該輪船公司提出索賠。議貴方可依此向該輪船公司提出索賠。69 It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea. 清晨，初升的太陽照著平靜的海面，微波蕩漾，閃耀著金色的光芒。70Avoid: Translationese 翻譯腔-指譯文不符合漢語語法和表達(dá)習(xí)慣，指譯文不符合漢語語法和表達(dá)習(xí)慣，詰屈聱牙，晦澀難懂。詰屈聱牙，

37、晦澀難懂。 Over-representation & Under-representationTo appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium. 為了解渴，讀者比以前越飲越深，直到陷入了昏迷狀態(tài)。 改譯改譯：讀者為了滿足自己的渴望，越讀越想讀，直到進(jìn)入了如癡如醉的狀態(tài)。72The process of comprehensionComprehension on single sentence 詞語意義-根據(jù)原句的主題內(nèi)容、詞匯

38、的詞性、搭配關(guān)系以及詞義的引申或褒貶等來確定 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每個(gè)人的生活都有甜有苦。 73B. 邏輯關(guān)系邏輯關(guān)系 Logic relation Laser, its creation being thought to be one of todays wonders, is nothing more than a light that differs from ordinary lights. 雖然激光器的發(fā)明被認(rèn)為是當(dāng)代奇跡之一，其實(shí)激光只是一種光，只不過與普通光有所不同而已。 74C. 上下文關(guān)系上下文關(guān)系 Context A p

39、oliceman is coming. 警察來了。 Whats the implied meanings of this sentence when it is said by a man who loses his way or a thief?75D. Cultural Background Everyone on my farm knows that he or she must sing for his (or her) supper. 在我的農(nóng)場(chǎng)里工作的人都明白，他/她必須干活才能有飯吃。 76E. 專業(yè)知識(shí)專業(yè)知識(shí) specialist Dont buy a stock just

40、because short interest is high and you are counting on making a killingby killing the short-sellers.不要僅僅因?yàn)榭疹^利率高，而且你指望大發(fā)利市（吃掉賣空者）而去購買一種股票。 77空頭是投資者和股票商認(rèn)為現(xiàn)時(shí)股價(jià)空頭是投資者和股票商認(rèn)為現(xiàn)時(shí)股價(jià)雖然較高，但對(duì)股市前景看壞，預(yù)雖然較高，但對(duì)股市前景看壞，預(yù)計(jì)股價(jià)將會(huì)下跌，于是把借來的股計(jì)股價(jià)將會(huì)下跌，于是把借來的股票及時(shí)賣出，待股價(jià)跌至某一價(jià)位票及時(shí)賣出，待股價(jià)跌至某一價(jià)位時(shí)再買進(jìn)，以獲取差額收益。時(shí)再買進(jìn)，以獲取差額收益。 78翻譯的表達(dá)過程可分

41、為三個(gè)步驟：翻譯的表達(dá)過程可分為三個(gè)步驟：一稿初譯，忠實(shí)為主一稿初譯，忠實(shí)為主： (2) 二稿核對(duì)，注重邏輯：二稿核對(duì)，注重邏輯： (3) 三稿定局，潤(rùn)色文字：三稿定局，潤(rùn)色文字：譯文的表達(dá)應(yīng)遵循下述原則：忠實(shí)于原文、邏輯清晰、語言規(guī)范和注重謀篇79ABe faithful to the SL 忠實(shí)于原文忠實(shí)于原文: The new secretary was rude to the workers, but when she talks to the boss, butter wouldnt melt in her mouth. 原譯：這位新秘書對(duì)工人態(tài)度很粗魯，可是跟老板談話時(shí)，黃油含在她

42、嘴里也不化。Revised: 這位新秘書對(duì)工人態(tài)度很粗魯，可是跟老板談話時(shí)卻滿口的奉承話滿口的奉承話。 80BClear logic 邏輯清晰邏輯清晰 With 2% of the worlds population, we are the worlds fifth largest trading nation. 雖然我們的人口僅占全球的2，但我們卻是世界第五大貿(mào)易國(guó)。81C語言規(guī)范語言規(guī)范 英語重形合，句法比較刻板，主、從句之間要使用連接詞。而漢語重意合，主、從句靠意義貫穿，不用或少用連接詞。 The temptation was so great that those who were w

43、atching from the sidelines also rushed to the tulip markets. 一些原來持旁觀態(tài)度的人再也經(jīng)受不一些原來持旁觀態(tài)度的人再也經(jīng)受不住如此巨大的誘惑，紛紛加入到郁金住如此巨大的誘惑，紛紛加入到郁金香生意的行列中來。香生意的行列中來。83tips 適當(dāng)使用一些文言文詞語，特別是適當(dāng)使用一些文言文詞語，特別是成語，不僅可以使譯文的語言風(fēng)格符合成語，不僅可以使譯文的語言風(fēng)格符合原文的文體或?qū)I(yè)特點(diǎn)，而且可以收到原文的文體或?qū)I(yè)特點(diǎn)，而且可以收到傳神達(dá)意、畫龍點(diǎn)睛的效果。傳神達(dá)意、畫龍點(diǎn)睛的效果。 It seems to be more lones

44、ome in the mountains when birds are singing. 鳥鳴山更幽。 84Key points in the step of expressing1）正確處理忠實(shí)與通順的關(guān)系）正確處理忠實(shí)與通順的關(guān)系85They have become, through marketing, word of mouth, and demonstrable reliability, the common pants of America. 通過市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷，口頭宣傳，以及憑借顯而易見的可靠性，牛仔褲已成為美國(guó)的尋常褲裝。改譯：通過市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷，口口相傳，以及憑借顯而易見的可靠性，牛仔褲

45、已成為美國(guó)的尋常褲裝。86analysisThe cold weather frosted up the track last night.I. 昨晚寒冷的天氣使跑道上結(jié)了霜。II. 昨晚天氣寒冷，跑道上結(jié)了霜。87Proof-readingTwo times of proof-reading after translation對(duì)照原文校對(duì)，檢查有無疏漏、誤譯的地方脫離原文審校，檢查有無生硬拗口的地方Accurate, natural, economical88Exercises Improve the following translationI will teach him to dece

46、ive others. 我要教他去欺騙別人。2. This thesis leaves much to be desired. 這篇文章有很多地方讓人喜歡。893. A measure of calm gave signs of returning after the flood subsided. 洪水退了以后，恢復(fù)了平靜的標(biāo)志。4. “Its a gloomy thing, however, to talk about ones own past, with the day breaking. Turn me in some other direction before I go.” “不

47、過，在天亮?xí)r談個(gè)人的往事，真掃興。在我離開之前，把我轉(zhuǎn)到別的方向吧。”91Improve the following translation1.In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 門口放著至少有十二把各種顏色和尺寸的雨傘2. The study had three windows, set with little, old-fashioned panes of glass, each with a crack across it. 書房有三個(gè)窗戶，每個(gè)窗戶上都嵌有帶有裂痕的老式的小塊玻璃。923. The brokers hour is not only crowded, but minutes and seconds are hanging to all the straps and packing both front and rear platforms. 經(jīng)紀(jì)人的時(shí)間不但是擁擠的，而且分分秒秒都掛在所有的皮帶上，包裝在前后的月臺(tái)上。4.