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1、含而不露的Metaphor (隱喻)2、含而不露的 Metaphor (隱喻)Metaphor (漢譯名為 隱喻"或暗喻”),也是一種比喻,它不用比喻詞,直接把甲事物(喻體)當(dāng)作乙 事物(本體)來(lái)描述,其比喻關(guān)系隱含在句意中,從而更生動(dòng)、更深刻地說(shuō)明事理,增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的表現(xiàn)力。Webster' s New World Dictionary 的解釋是:"a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, inwhich a word or phrase or dinarily and primarily used of
2、 one thing is applied to another這個(gè)解釋的意思是說(shuō),隱喻是一種隱含著比喻的修辭格,他通常的基本用法是,表述某一事物的詞或短語(yǔ)被用來(lái)表述另外的 一種事物。由于比喻是隱含的,決定了它的本體與喻體的關(guān)系必然十分緊密。與 simile相比較,不但不需 要as, like之類的比喻詞,有時(shí)甚至可以連本體也不出現(xiàn)?;谶@種情況,有些詞典或著作常常對(duì)metaphor和 simile 同時(shí)論述, 稱之為 濃縮的明喻 (a compressed or condensed simile )“。如 A Dictionary of Literary Terms 對(duì) Metaphor 的
3、定義就是如止匕, “Metaphor: A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit. "下面用實(shí)例對(duì)這兩種修辭格做一比較:1a. Life is like an isthmus between two eternities. (simile)生活像永恒的生死兩端之間的峽道。(明喻)1b. Life
4、is an isthmus between two eternities. (metaphor)生活是永恒的生死兩端之間的峽道。(隱喻)2a. Happiness is like sunshine : it is made up of very little beams. (simile)幸福像陽(yáng)光,它由非常細(xì)小的光速構(gòu)成。(明喻)2b. The sunshine of life is made up of very little beams. (metaphor)幸福的陽(yáng)光由非常細(xì)小的光速構(gòu)成。(隱喻)Metaphor在英語(yǔ)里運(yùn)用極為廣泛、頻繁。請(qǐng)看下面幾例:Police work on i
5、nner city streets is a domestic Vietnam , a dangerous no-win struggle fought by confused, misdirected and unappreciated troops.(Gordon Witkin )市中心貧民區(qū)的治安工作是一場(chǎng)國(guó)內(nèi)的越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),有一支思想混亂、指揮失靈、無(wú)人賞識(shí)的部隊(duì)進(jìn)行 的一場(chǎng)危險(xiǎn)的,只輸不贏的斗爭(zhēng)。這是一例典型的隱喻。人們對(duì)警方的工作(本體)可能了解不深,但在美國(guó)人們對(duì)越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)(喻體) 則是體會(huì)的既具體又痛切。本體,喻體同時(shí)出現(xiàn),通過(guò)三個(gè)相似點(diǎn)(confused, misdirected
6、,unappreciated ), 痛陳警察的不平和苦衷,可望引起公眾對(duì)警察的同情和理解。文中 Vietnam指the Vietnam War 。For years her cries of“fish for sale " were in vain. She had no home, no family, no frienand herlife was a basket of unsold fish.(Humphrey Hawksley )多年來(lái),她 賣魚啦”的叫喊聲全然白費(fèi)。她無(wú)家可歸,無(wú)夫無(wú)子,無(wú)親無(wú)友一一她的生活就是一籃沒(méi)賣出去的魚。把賣魚婦的生活比喻成一籃沒(méi)有賣出的魚,激起人
7、們對(duì)賣魚婦的無(wú)限同情。This century man has started to look into the working of that other universe which is inside himself the human brain .(Isaac Asimov: What Is Intelligence, Anyway)本世紀(jì)人類已經(jīng)開始研究自身內(nèi)部的的另外一個(gè)宇宙的活動(dòng)了,這另外一個(gè)宇宙就是人腦。作者用隱喻向讀者表明:入腦”就是一個(gè) 宇宙”,它奧秘?zé)o窮,有待人類進(jìn)一步研究探索。While most of us are only too ready to apply t
8、o others the cold wind of criticism , we are somewhat reluctant to give our fellow the warm sunshine of praise .(Janet Grham: The Profits of Praise )我們大多數(shù)人動(dòng)不動(dòng)就對(duì)別人刮起批評(píng)的寒風(fēng),不知為什么卻不愿意把表?yè)P(yáng)的溫暖陽(yáng)光給予我們的同 伴。此句把太多的批評(píng)比喻為冷風(fēng)”,把表?yè)P(yáng)比喻為 溫暖的陽(yáng)光”,本體和喻體的關(guān)系由of含蓄表達(dá),者B是喻體在前,本體在后。Benedick: Would you buy her, that you inquire
9、after her?Claudio: Can the world buy such a jewel ?(William Shakespeare: Much Ado about Nothing)培尼狄克:您這樣問(wèn)起她,是不是要把她買下來(lái)?克勞狄?jiàn)W:全世界所有的財(cái)富,可以買得到這樣一塊美玉嗎?這個(gè)例子中本體和比喻詞都沒(méi)有,直接由喻體jewel代替本體her ( Beatrice )Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested (Francisco Bacon :
10、Of Study )一些書淺嘗即可,另一些書卻要囪冏吞下,只有少數(shù)的書才值得咀嚼和消化。此句的本體是book,喻體無(wú)疑應(yīng)當(dāng)是food ,因?yàn)橹挥惺澄锊拍鼙?淺嘗“,吞下”,或者被 咀嚼”,消 化”。但是作喻體的food 一詞卻沒(méi)有出現(xiàn),喻體之意則折射隱含在有關(guān)進(jìn)食的幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞之中。Iago: How poor are they that have not patient! What would did ever heal but by degrees?(William Shakespeare: Othello )伊阿古:沒(méi)有耐性的人多么可憐!什么傷口不是慢慢地平復(fù)起來(lái)的?Beware of li
11、ttle expenses. A small leak will sink a great ship.(Benjamin Franklin )當(dāng)心小筆的費(fèi)用。小漏不堵也會(huì)沉大船。以上兩例不是用詞或短語(yǔ)而是用句子進(jìn)行比喻,前一句為本體,后一句為喻體。1、Metaphor 的結(jié)構(gòu)英語(yǔ)Metaphor的運(yùn)用格式靈活多樣,它可體現(xiàn)在任何句子成分上,如主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或狀 語(yǔ)。在表達(dá)上它可以是一個(gè)單詞、一個(gè)詞組、一個(gè)句子,甚至是一個(gè)段落。常見(jiàn)的有以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu):1)用to be連接本體(the tenor)和喻體(the vehicle ),喻體一般體現(xiàn)在句子的表語(yǔ)部分。這是 metaphor最基本
12、的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama.(Helen Keller: Three Day to See)對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),四季的奇麗變幼猶如一出動(dòng)人心弦永無(wú)完結(jié)的戲劇。在這個(gè)句子中pageant是本體,drama是喻體,用is將二者連接起來(lái)。其結(jié)構(gòu)的核心就是Thepageant is a drama.下面的例句也是如此:Macbeth :Out, out, brief candle !Life is but a walking shadow,(William Shakespeare: Macbeth )麥
13、克白:熄滅了吧,熄滅了吧,短促的燭光!人生不過(guò)是一個(gè)行走的影子,All the world ' s a stageAnd all the men and women merely players .大千世界是個(gè)舞臺(tái),所有男男女女不外是個(gè)角色。Money is a bottomless sea , in which honour, conscience, and truth may be drowned.金錢是無(wú)底的海洋,榮譽(yù)、良心和真理都可以淹沒(méi)在其中。Habit is a cable ; every day we weave thread, and soon we cannot br
14、eak it.習(xí)慣是纜索,每天我們都編上一條線,不久我們便扯不斷了。2)用of連接喻體和本體,這是metaphor另一結(jié)構(gòu),其中的介詞of表示同位關(guān)系。I fall upon the thorns of life ! I bleed!我落入生活的荊棘中,我淌血!His eyes came out of his head like a prawn' s, and once more his moustache foamed up againstisbreakwater of a nose.(G. H. Vallins: Best English )他的眼睛像對(duì)蝦一樣鼓出來(lái),胡子再一次泡沫
15、似地向上翹起,抵住他那防波堤般的鼻子。The Dutchman was six-foot, a great red-faced, hot-tempered treckox of a man.(Doris Lessing: In Pursuit of the English)那荷蘭人身高六尺,大塊頭,紅臉膛 ,急脾氣,簡(jiǎn)直是一條拉車的公牛。句中的of連接喻體treck-ox 和本體a man。這個(gè) metaphor 的實(shí)質(zhì)就是 A man is a treckox. 下列例 句也是如此。He nodded toward the corner to where the giant stood, h
16、is thick arms crossed on hishogshead of achest.(Richard Connell: The Most Dangerous Game )他朝那彪形大漢站著的墻點(diǎn)了點(diǎn)頭。大漢那粗壯的胳膊交叉在他那大桶似的胸前。3)用動(dòng)詞或形容詞表示比喻no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U. S. history.(John Scopes: The Trial That Rocked the World
17、)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有料想到,尤其是我,更沒(méi)有想到我的案子會(huì)越搞越大,以至成了美國(guó)歷史上最聞名的審判之dogs.The street around the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands selling hot(Ibid.)(Ibid.)在紅磚砌成的三層樓法院周圍的街道上,突然擺滿東倒西歪的攤位,出售熱狗He thundered in his sonorous organ tones.他大發(fā)雷霆地怒吼。以上都是動(dòng)詞型的隱喻。would snowball (滾雪球)是把 案件"比喻為 雪球"spr
18、outed (萌發(fā)出)是把 法 庭周圍的街道”比喻成 樹木";thundered (怒吼)是把人的 聲音”當(dāng)作雷鳴”來(lái)描寫。再例如:A modern Japanese woman, they say, instead of trying to enrich her inner self, is in a mad scrambleto ape anything that is new and foreign fashions, cosmetics, hairdos, rock-and-roll.(Peiko Hatsumi: Japanese Women )他們說(shuō),現(xiàn)代日本婦女,不是努
19、力豐富自我的精神,而是拼命模仿新的洋的事物一一時(shí)裝,化妝品,發(fā)式,搖擺舞。下面3例都是形容詞型的隱喻:He has the microwave smile that warms another person without heat.(Time, October 29, 1979)他又一種微波式的微笑,能不加熱就能使別人溫暖。I have got one of my Sahara thirsts on tonight.(O. Henry: The Clarion Call)今晚我又覺(jué)得像撒哈拉沙漠那樣干渴。By this hour the volcanic fires of his natur
20、e had burnt down, and having drunk no great quantity as yet he was inclined to acquiesce.(Thomas Hardy)到這時(shí)候,他天性中那種暴烈的火焰已經(jīng)燃燒殆盡,酒還喝得不多,他就打算加以默認(rèn)了。形容詞型的隱喻,喻體和本體的關(guān)系表現(xiàn)為修飾語(yǔ)和中心詞的關(guān)系。microwave smile是用微波來(lái)喻微笑,表示既溫暖又不灼熱。其它也是如此。2、Metaphor的設(shè)喻方法每一巧妙而令人難忘的比喻都來(lái)自生活的實(shí)踐和作者豐富的想象。盡管metaphor有千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn),但在本體和喻體的關(guān)系方面,也就是metaphor的設(shè)
21、喻方法,歸納起來(lái)大致有以下三種。1)以一種形象具體的事物去比喻另一形象具體的事物?!癗ow what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts alone are wanted in life.The speaker, and the school master, and the third grown person presents, all backed a little, and swept with their eyes the inclined plane of little vessels then
22、 and there arranged in order, ready to gave imperial gallons of facts poured into until they well full to the brim.(Charles Dickens: Hard Times)我說(shuō),我所要的就是事實(shí)。對(duì)這些男學(xué)生和女學(xué)生只教給他們事實(shí)。事實(shí)才是生活中所需要的唯 一的東西?!蹦俏恢v話的人,校長(zhǎng)和在場(chǎng)的第三位成年人都稍稍向后退了一步,用眼睛掃視當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)匕锤甙R排列的小瓶小罐,也就是對(duì)這些小瓶小罐,他們準(zhǔn)備用許多皇家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)加侖的事實(shí)加以灌注,直到灌滿為止。此例以小瓶小罐”(vessels)
23、喻男女學(xué)生。The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure .(Thomas Jefferson)自由之樹常以愛(ài)國(guó)志士和暴君的血來(lái)澆灌,這些鮮血是自由之樹的天然肥料。此例以肥料"(manure)喻革命志士與暴君之血。Books are the ever-burning lamps and accumulated wisdom.(Stephen Butler Leacock )好書乃積累智慧的長(zhǎng)
24、明燈。此例把書籍喻為長(zhǎng)明燈”。2)用形象具體的事物,比喻抽象的事物或概念。It ' s the same with Negro in America. That shoe . the white man ' s system has pinched and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it has almost destroyed him.美國(guó)黑人的情況也是這樣。白人制度這只鞋夾緊了他的靈魂,使之受磨難 ,幾乎要把他毀掉了。用夾緊黑人的靈魂的一只鞋子”來(lái)比喻美國(guó)的白人制度,這是典型的以具體事物比喻抽象事物 。History is all
25、 these thingswaves, tides and currentsand like the sea, no matter how tranquilthe surface, it is never still. A sequence of events is a series of waves, one crest following upon the other; and the trick for statesmen and reporter alike, is to tell which crest is surge of the tide and which a mere ac
26、cident of the wind.歷史總是這些東西一一波浪,潮汐和水流一一像海洋一樣,無(wú)論表面多么平靜,它從未靜止過(guò),一系列 的事件是一層層的波浪,一個(gè)波峰接著一個(gè)波峰,政治家與記者的技能一樣,是告訴人們哪一個(gè)是潮汐的 作用,哪一個(gè)不過(guò)是因風(fēng)而起。用海洋中的 波浪,潮汐和水流”來(lái)比喻歷史,也是用具體事物比喻抽象事物。3)以一種抽象概念去比喻另一種抽象概念。. It was the age of wisdom ; it was the age of foolishness , it was the epoch of belief ; it was the epoch of doubtfuln
27、ess , it was the season of light ; it was the season of darkness ; it was the spring of Hope it was the winter of Despair .(Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities )這是智慧的年代,這是愚蠢的年代;這是信仰的時(shí)期,這是懷疑的時(shí)期;這是光明的季節(jié),這是 黑暗的季節(jié);這是希望之春,這是失望之冬。在此例中,作者將 時(shí)間”這一抽象概念,用一系列的其他抽象概念:智慧,愚蠢,信仰,懷疑,光明, 黑暗,希望,失望來(lái)比喻。與英語(yǔ)metaphor類似的漢
28、語(yǔ)修辭格是暗喻(隱喻)”。漢語(yǔ)的 暗喻”是一種不用比喻詞的比喻,也就是說(shuō),句中只有本體和喻體,它們之間的關(guān)系隱藏在句子之中。例如:何等動(dòng)人的一頁(yè)又一頁(yè)的篇章!這是人類思維的花朵。(徐遲哥德巴赫猜想)她是夜明珠,暗夜里,發(fā)射出燦爛的光芒;她是太陽(yáng),離開了地平線,卻閃爍在天上?。ɡ资阊阈〔菰诟璩┮獑?wèn)白洋淀有多少葦?shù)?,不知道;每年出多少葦子,也不知道;只曉得每年蘆花飄飛葦葉黃的時(shí)候, 全淀的蘆葦收割了,垛起垛來(lái),在白洋淀周圍的廣場(chǎng)上,就成了一條葦子的長(zhǎng)城。(孫犁:荷花淀)這些例子用 是“,變成“,成為"等把被比喻(本體)和作比喻(喻體)的事物關(guān)聯(lián)起來(lái)。但英語(yǔ)metaphor并不完全或者僅
29、僅等于漢語(yǔ)的隱喻。因?yàn)椋⒄Z(yǔ) metaphor的格式變化較多,它可 以在句子中做主語(yǔ),也可以做謂語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。從構(gòu)成來(lái)看 ,它可以是單獨(dú)一個(gè)詞,也可以 是詞組,短語(yǔ)或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。請(qǐng)看下面的例句:By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1500 people had taken ona circus atmosphere.(John Scopes : A Trial that Rocked the World )七月十日審判開始時(shí),這個(gè)擁有一千五百人的小鎮(zhèn)呈現(xiàn)出一派馬戲團(tuán)的氣氛。But although Malone h
30、ad won the oratorical duel with Bryan.(Ibid.)雖然馬倫在這場(chǎng)與布萊恩的口舌決斗中大獲全勝。以上這些結(jié)構(gòu)在一些文章的標(biāo)題或廣告中更為常見(jiàn)。Detroit hits a Roadlock.Automen and consumers share the onus for a lack of small cars.(Time, June 2, 1980)底特律遇到了路障汽車制造商與消費(fèi)者共擔(dān)小型汽車匱乏的責(zé)任Is Tsingtao winning the cold war ?Tsingtao has taken the offensive and invad
31、ed Russian vodka strong-holds previously regarded as secure(Ad for Tsingtao vodka in New York Times Magazine, March 23, 1980)青島能打贏這場(chǎng)冷戰(zhàn)嗎?青島已攻下以前被認(rèn)為是安全的俄國(guó)伏特加陣地(刊于1980年3月23日紐約時(shí)代雜志上一篇青島伏特加的廣告)。在上面這些例句里,不但比喻詞沒(méi)有了 ,而且所要描繪的對(duì)象,即被比喻的事物 米體”也沒(méi)有了,而只 剩下了用來(lái)做比喻的事物喻體”,并直接用 喻體”來(lái)代替 本體”。借circus atmosphere 比喻熙熙攘攘,熱熱鬧鬧,還有些亂哄哄的景象;用 oratorical duel比喻法庭上唇槍舌劍的辯論;用 roadlock比喻小汽車的匱 乏;用cold war比喻競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這種喻體直接代替本體,而本體和比喻詞都隱去了的比喻,在漢語(yǔ)中已不再是隱(暗)喻,而是借喻了 。再用幾個(gè)漢語(yǔ)借喻的例子與之比較一下:看吧,狂風(fēng)緊緊抱起一層層巨浪,惡狠狠地將它們甩到懸崖上,把這些大塊的翡翠摔成塵霧和碎末。(高爾基海燕)這個(gè)鬼地方,
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