高考英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句分概述

1、高考英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句分析 長(zhǎng)難句最常見(jiàn)的形式長(zhǎng)難句最常見(jiàn)的形式 一、 復(fù)合從句 不管這些句子有多長(zhǎng)有多復(fù)雜，它只由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主干和修飾主干和修飾成分。主干是整個(gè)句子的骨架，主要指主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)或主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。成分在句中只起修飾或補(bǔ)充主干的作用，它既可以是單詞，也可以是短語(yǔ)，更常見(jiàn)的則是從句，尤其是定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。 二、 分隔結(jié)構(gòu)為了調(diào)整語(yǔ)氣和增加補(bǔ)充信息，更主要的是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，使語(yǔ)義嚴(yán)密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，可將語(yǔ)法關(guān)系密切的兩個(gè)句子成分用其他語(yǔ)法成分分隔開(kāi)來(lái)，這就是所謂的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)?？荚囍谐霈F(xiàn)較多的是插入語(yǔ)。此外，還有一些句子成分（一般是定語(yǔ)）過(guò)長(zhǎng)而出現(xiàn)后置 。三、 成分省略在英語(yǔ)句子中，節(jié)約用詞是一

2、條重要的修辭原則。省略主要是為了避免重復(fù)，突出關(guān)鍵詞并使上下文緊密連接。成分省略一般和從句相結(jié)合，一正一反，使句子富于變化，增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn)力。 例如在以than，as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句中，一些成分往往被省略，會(huì)給理解帶來(lái)一定的影響。 四、 改變語(yǔ)序改變語(yǔ)序主要指倒裝句式。這種打破相對(duì)固定的常規(guī)語(yǔ)序的做法，或是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的意義表達(dá)的重心，或是強(qiáng)調(diào)一種表達(dá)語(yǔ)氣，如虛擬語(yǔ)氣、否定語(yǔ)氣等。這些句子往往和一些副詞、連詞相關(guān)，有明顯的標(biāo)志。長(zhǎng)難句分析策略突破(1) 結(jié)構(gòu)分析法所謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析法，就是通過(guò)語(yǔ)法分析，迅速弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握住句子的基本框架。基本步驟是：首先，判斷該句是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句；然后，

3、找出句子的核心成分，分清主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，再分清句子的附屬成分。方法一：較復(fù)雜單句的處理方法找主謂語(yǔ)，即找主干成分。Eg: However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years. Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point

4、and emphasize it in their advertising.方法二：并列復(fù)合句的處理方法找并列連詞 The hot sun had caused the dough (面團(tuán)) to double in size and fermenting yeast(酵母) made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing. Miss Germaines mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordells parents are reported to be

5、less than delighted.方法三：主從復(fù)合句的處理方法找從屬連詞 Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.方法四：

6、并列和主從復(fù)合句并存的處理方法先讀懂并列復(fù)合句，再看主從復(fù)合句 If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak EnglishWilliam, the C

7、onqueror.(2)意群閱讀法意群閱讀法即把意義和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上有關(guān)聯(lián)的幾個(gè)詞連接成較完整的信息。此方法不僅有利于提高閱讀速度，而且有利于對(duì)句子的整體理解。例如：When two cars travelling at 30 m/h hit each other, an unbelted driver would meet the windshield with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters.分析：是狀語(yǔ)從句，是主句，是with引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)。這樣，把整個(gè)句

8、子劃為3個(gè)意群，可以大大提高閱讀速度。典型例題例1 What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation(移植).解析： 此句的主語(yǔ)為What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life整個(gè)從句，其中主語(yǔ)里面又包含了一

9、個(gè)由who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句；主語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)為is，后面的that引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)并列的表語(yǔ)從句。點(diǎn)評(píng)： 分析長(zhǎng)難句時(shí)找出主句的謂語(yǔ)是至關(guān)重要的一步。例2 Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented(發(fā)酵） would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.解析：此句的主語(yǔ)為Pasteur，謂語(yǔ)即

10、discovered，第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句。在賓語(yǔ)從句中after引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。第三個(gè)that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。點(diǎn)評(píng)： that在長(zhǎng)難句里面用得非常多，所以正確理解that在不同從句中的用法非常重要。仿真演練仿真演練 1. This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasurea 120-page diary kept 190 years ago by Deborah Logan“a woman w

11、ho knew everybody of her day,” James Green, the librarian told the magazine “American Libraries”.分析： 第一句的主語(yǔ)為James Green, the librarian，謂語(yǔ)為told，第一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)為the magazine “American Libraries”，第二個(gè)賓語(yǔ)為賓語(yǔ)從句，此賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)為T(mén)his chance discovery，謂語(yǔ)即ended，后面賓語(yǔ)的中心詞為a 12-day search。2. The alarm had been raised because Vick

12、i became suspicious(懷疑) of the guest who checked in at 3 pm the day before New Years Eve with little luggage and wearing sunglasses and a hat pulled down over his face .分析： The alarm had been raised為主句，because 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，原因狀語(yǔ)從句里又包含了一個(gè)由who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。3. At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria,

13、a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(納米技術(shù)) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past.分析： 主語(yǔ)為Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark，主語(yǔ)中心詞為Donald Louria，謂語(yǔ)

14、為said，said后面都是省略了that的賓語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)為advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology，主語(yǔ)中心詞為advances，謂語(yǔ)為make，it為形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)為that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。4. I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable resources，our children may have to lead poo

15、rer lives.在possibility后由that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句中還含有一并列結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：asresources. 我不能總是生活在對(duì)這種可能性的憂慮中：由于地球上人口的不斷增長(zhǎng)，由于我們正在消耗掉越來(lái)越多的非再生資源，我們的孩子可能不得不過(guò)著更加貧窮的生活。5. However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate w

16、ith the belief that the prospective(預(yù)期的) workplace may not have a place for them. 本句的主謂語(yǔ)是：those of us know。know有兩個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，其中第二個(gè)省略了know。在主句中還有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾those of us，在第二個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句中還有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句修飾belief。 然而，我們這些有這個(gè)年齡段孩子的家長(zhǎng)們都知道，這樣的機(jī)會(huì)少得可憐；我們也知道，許多文科畢業(yè)生認(rèn)為未來(lái)的就業(yè)市場(chǎng)沒(méi)有他們的一席之地。6. His journey to the e-mail hell began i

17、nnocently（無(wú)知地） enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.as chairman of Computer Associates International是he的同位語(yǔ)，a software company是Computer Associates International的同位語(yǔ)，他們將從

18、屬連詞when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)分隔開(kāi)了。 他在電子郵件的地獄之旅是糊里糊涂開(kāi)始的。作為國(guó)際計(jì)算機(jī)聯(lián)合公司這家軟件公司的董事長(zhǎng)，他當(dāng)時(shí)還是第一次聽(tīng)說(shuō)他的雇員們是多么快地就接受了他們公司的新的電子郵件系統(tǒng)。7. I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.在but后的那個(gè)并列的分句中有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句，其中還含有一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。 我

19、經(jīng)歷過(guò)好的變化，也經(jīng)歷過(guò)壞的變化，但是我從來(lái)沒(méi)有懷疑過(guò)這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即不管我喜歡與否，變化總是不可避免的。8. Such tasks are generally important in their outcome，which only adds to the pressure to do good job，and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.這是一個(gè)并列復(fù)合句。在第一個(gè)并列分句中，有一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，但它不修飾outcome，而是修飾前面的整個(gè)分句。后一并列分句中有一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，實(shí)際賓語(yǔ)為帶有連接副詞的不定式短語(yǔ)。 這些任務(wù)的結(jié)果通常都很重要，這為做好工作增加了壓力，然而這些任務(wù)的復(fù)雜性使人很難知道該從何處開(kāi)始和怎樣開(kāi)始。9. What emerges(浮現(xiàn)) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the tech