注塑模具畢業(yè)設計中英文翻譯文獻

1、中英文對照資料外文 翻譯文獻我國模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢模具是制造業(yè)的重要工藝基礎， 在我國， 模具制造屬于專用設備制造業(yè)。 中 國雖然很早就開始制造模具和使用模具，但長期未形成產業(yè)。直到 20 世紀 80 年代后期， 中國模具工業(yè)才駛入發(fā)展的快車道。 近年， 不僅國有模具企業(yè)有了很大發(fā)展，三資企業(yè)、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（個體）模具企業(yè)的發(fā)展也相當迅速。雖然中國模具工業(yè)發(fā)展迅速， 但與需求相比， 顯然供不應求， 其主要缺口集 中于精密、大型、復雜、長壽命模具領域。由于在模具精度、壽命、制造周期及 生產能力等方面， 中國與國際平均水平和發(fā)達國家仍有較大差距， 因此， 每年需要大量進口模具。中國模具產業(yè)除了要繼續(xù)提

2、高生產能力， 今后更要著重于行業(yè)內部結構的調 整和技術發(fā)展水平的提高。 結構調整方面， 主要是企業(yè)結構向專業(yè)化調整， 產品 結構向著中高檔模具發(fā)展， 向進出口結構的改進， 中高檔汽車覆蓋件模具成形分析及結構改進、多功能復合模具和復合加工及激光技術在模具設計制造上的應 用、高速切削、超精加工及拋光技術、信息化方向發(fā)展。近年，模具行業(yè)結構調整和體制改革步伐加大，主要表現(xiàn)在，大型、精密、 復雜、 長壽命、 中高檔模具及模具標準件發(fā)展速度高于一般模具產品； 塑料模和 壓鑄模比例增大； 專業(yè)模具廠數(shù)量及其生產能力增加； “三資”及私營企業(yè)發(fā)展 迅速； 股份制改造步伐加快等。 從地區(qū)分布來看， 以珠江三角

3、洲和長江三角洲為 中心的東南沿海地區(qū)發(fā)展快于中西部地區(qū)， 南方的發(fā)展快于北方。 目前發(fā)展最快、 模具生產最為集中的省份是廣東和浙江， 江蘇、 上海、 安徽和山東等地近幾年也有較大發(fā)展。雖然我國模具總量目前已達到相當規(guī)模， 模具水平也有很大提高， 但設計制 造水平總體上落后于德、美、日、法、意等工業(yè)發(fā)達國家許多。當前存在的問題 和差距主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面：（1）總量供不應求國內模具自配率只有 70%左右。其中低檔模具供過于求，中高檔模具自配率只有 50%左右。（2）企業(yè)組織結構、產品結構、技術結構和進出口結構均不合理我國模具生產廠中多數(shù)是自產自配的工模具車間（分廠） ，自產自配比例高 達 60%

4、左右，而國外模具超過 70%屬商品模具。專業(yè)模具廠大多是“大而全”、 “小而全”的組織形式，而國外大多是“小而?！?、“小而精”。國內大型、精 密、復雜、長壽命的模具占總量比例不足 30%，而國外在 50%以上。 2004 年，模 具進出口之比為 3.7:1，進出口相抵后的凈進口額達 13.2 億美元，為世界模具凈進口量最大的國家。（3）模具產品水平大大低于國際水平，生產周期卻高于國際水平產品水平低主要表現(xiàn)在模具的精度、型腔表面粗糙度、壽命及結構等方面。（4）開發(fā)能力較差，經濟效益欠佳我國模具企業(yè)技術人員比例低， 水平較低， 且不重視產品開發(fā)， 在市場中經 常處于被動地位。 我國每個模具職工平均

5、年創(chuàng)造產值約合 1 萬美元， 國外模具工 業(yè)發(fā)達國家大多是 1520 萬美元， 有的高達 2530 萬美元， 與之相對的是我國相當一部分模具企業(yè)還沿用過去作坊式管理， 真正實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化企業(yè)管理的企業(yè)較 少。造成上述差距的原因很多，除了歷史上模具作為產品長期未得到應有的重視，以及多數(shù)國有企業(yè)機制不能適應市場經濟之外，還有下列幾個原因：（1）國家對模具工業(yè)的政策支持力度還不夠雖然國家已經明確頒布了模具行業(yè)的產業(yè)政策， 但配套政策少， 執(zhí)行力度弱。 目前享受模具產品增值稅的企業(yè)全國只有 185 家， 大多數(shù)企業(yè)仍舊稅負過重。 模 具企業(yè)進行技術改造引進設備要繳納相當數(shù)量的稅金， 影響技術進步， 而且民

6、營 企業(yè)貸款十分困難。（2）人才嚴重不足，科研開發(fā)及技術攻關投入太少模具行業(yè)是技術、資金、勞動密集的產業(yè)，隨著時代的進步和技術的發(fā)展， 掌握并且熟練運用新技術的人才異常短缺， 高級模具鉗工及企業(yè)管理人才也非常 緊張。 由于模具企業(yè)效益欠佳及對科研開發(fā)和技術攻關重視不夠， 科研單位和大 專院校的眼睛盯著創(chuàng)收， 導致模具行業(yè)在科研開發(fā)和技術攻關方面投入太少， 致 使模具技術發(fā)展步伐不大，進展不快。（3）工藝裝備水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低近年來我國機床行業(yè)進步較快， 已能提供比較成套的高精度加工設備， 但與 國外裝備相比， 仍有較大差距。 雖然國內許多企業(yè)已引進許多國外先進設備， 但 總體的裝備

7、水平比國外許多企業(yè)低很多。 由于體制和資金等方面的原因， 引進設 備不配套， 設備與附件不配套現(xiàn)象十分普遍， 設備利用率低的問題長期得不到較妥善的解決。（4）專業(yè)化、標準化、商品化程度低，協(xié)作能力差由于長期以來受“大而全”“小而全”影響， 模具專業(yè)化水平低， 專業(yè)分工 不細致，商品化程度低。目前國內每年生產的模具，商品模具只占40%左右，其 余為自產自用。 模具企業(yè)之間協(xié)作不暢， 難以完成較大規(guī)模的模具成套任務。 模 具標準化水平低， 模具標準件使用覆蓋率低也對模具質量、 成本有較大影響， 特別是對模具制造周期有很大影響。（5）模具材料及模具相關技術落后模具材料性能、 質量和品種問題往往會影響

8、模具質量、 壽命及成本， 國產模 具鋼與國外進口鋼材相比有較大差距。塑料、板材、設備性能差，也直接影響模具水平的提高。目前，我國經濟仍處于高速發(fā)展階段， 國際上經濟全球化發(fā)展趨勢日趨明顯， 這為我國模具工業(yè)高速發(fā)展提供了良好的條件和機遇。 一方面， 國內模具市場將 繼續(xù)高速發(fā)展， 另一方面， 模具制造也逐漸向我國轉移以及跨國集團到我國進行 模具采購趨向也十分明顯。因此，放眼未來，國際、國內的模具市場總體發(fā)展趨 勢前景看好， 預計中國模具將在良好的市場環(huán)境下得到高速發(fā)展， 我國不但會成 為模具大國， 而且一定逐步向模具制造強國的行列邁進。 “十一五”期間， 中國 模具工業(yè)水平不僅在量和質的方面有

9、很大提高， 而且行業(yè)結構、 產品水平、 開發(fā) 創(chuàng)新能力、企業(yè)的體制與機制以及技術進步的方面也會取得較大發(fā)展。模具技術集合了機械、電子、化學、光學、材料、計算機、精密監(jiān)測和信 息網絡等諸多學科， 是一個綜合性多學科的系統(tǒng)工程。 模具技術的發(fā)展趨勢主要 是模具產品向著更大型、 更精密、 更復雜及更經濟的方向發(fā)展， 模具產品的技術含量不斷提高， 模具制造周期不斷縮短， 模具生產朝著信息化、 無圖化、 精細化、自動化的方向發(fā)展，模具企業(yè)向著技術集成化、設備精良化、產批品牌化、管理信息化、經營國際化的方向發(fā)展。我國模具行業(yè)今后仍需提高的共性技術有：（1） 建立在 CAD/CAE 平臺上的先進模具設計技術

10、， 提高模具設計的現(xiàn)代化、信息化、智能化、標準化水平。（2）建立在 CAM/CAPP 基礎上的先進模具加工技術與先進制造技術相結合，提高模具加工的自動化水平與生產效率。（3） 模具生產企業(yè)的信息化管理技術。 例如 PDM （產品數(shù)據(jù)管理） 、ERP（企 業(yè)資源管理）、 MIS （模具制造管理信息系統(tǒng)）及 INTERMET 平臺等信息網絡技術的應用、推廣及發(fā)展。（4）高速、高精、復合模具加工技術的研究與應用。例如超精沖壓模具制 造技術、精密塑料和壓鑄模具制造技術等。（5）提高模具生產效率、降低成本和縮短模具生產周期的各種快速經濟模 具制造技術。（6）先進制造技術的應用。例如熱流道技術、氣輔技術、

11、虛擬技術、納米 技術、高速掃描技術、逆向工程、并行工程等技術在模具研究、開發(fā)、加工過程中的應用（7）原材料在模具中成形的仿真技術。（8）先進的模具加工和專有設備的研究與開發(fā)。（9）模具及模具標準件、重要輔件的標準化技術。（10）模具及其制品的檢測技術。（11）優(yōu)質、新型模具材料的研究與開發(fā)及其正確應用。（12）模具生產企業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化管理技術。模具行業(yè)在“十一五”期間需要解決的重點關鍵技術應是模具信息化、數(shù)字 化技術和精密、超精、高速、高效制造技術方面的突破。隨著國民經濟總量和工業(yè)產品技術的不斷發(fā)展，各行各業(yè)對模具的需求量 越來越大， 技術要求也越來越高。 雖然模具種類繁多， 但其發(fā)展重點應該是既

12、能 滿足大量需要， 又有較高技術含量， 特別是目前國內尚不能自給， 需大量進口的 模具和能代表發(fā)展方向的大型、精密、復雜、長壽命模具。模具標準件的種類、 數(shù)量、水平、生產集中度等對整個模具行業(yè)的發(fā)展有重大影響。因此，一些重要 的模具標準件也必須重點發(fā)展， 而且其發(fā)展速度應快于模具的發(fā)展速度， 這樣才 能不斷提高我國模具標準化水平， 從而提高模具質量， 縮短模具生產周期， 降低 成本。 由于我國的模具產品在國際市場上占有較大的價格優(yōu)勢， 因此對于出口前 景好的模具產品也應作為重點來發(fā)展。 根據(jù)上述需要量大、 技術含量高、 代表發(fā) 展方向、 出口前景好的原則選擇重點發(fā)展產品， 而且所選產品必須目前

13、已有一定 技術基礎，屬于有條件、有可能發(fā)展起來的產品。根據(jù)“十一五”模具行業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃， “十一五”期間模具產品發(fā)展重點主要有如下幾類：（1）汽車覆蓋件模具沖壓模具占模具總量的 40%以上。汽車覆蓋件模具主要為汽車配套，也包括 為農用車、 工程機械和農機配套的覆蓋件模具， 它在沖壓模具中具有很大的代表 性，模具大都是大中型，結構復雜，技術要求高。尤其是為轎車配套的覆蓋件模 具，要求更高，可以代表沖壓模具的水平。此類模具我國已有一定的技術基礎，已為中檔轎車配套，但水平還不高，能力不足，目前滿足率只有一半左右。中高 檔轎車覆蓋件模具主要依靠進口， 已成為汽車發(fā)展的瓶頸， 極大的影響著車型開發(fā)。（2）

14、精密沖壓模具多工位級進模和精沖模代表了沖壓模具的發(fā)展方向，精度要求壽命要求極 高，主要為電子工業(yè)、汽車、儀器儀表、電機電器等配套。這兩種模具，國內已 有相當基礎， 并已引進了國外技術及設備， 個別企業(yè)生產的產品已達到世界水平， 但大部分企業(yè)仍有較大差距，供應總量不足，進口很多。（3）大型精密塑料模具塑料模具占模具總量近 40%，而且這個比例還在上升。塑料模具中為汽車和 家電配套的大型注塑模具， 為集成電路配套的塑封模， 為電子信息產業(yè)和機械及 包裝配套的多層、多腔、多材質、多色精密注塑模，為新型建材及節(jié)水農業(yè)配套 的塑料異型材擠出模及管路和噴頭模具等， 目前雖然已有相當技術基礎并正在快 速發(fā)展

15、， 但技術水平與國外仍有較大差距， 總量供不應求， 每年的進口額達幾億 美元。（4）主要模具標準件目前國內已有較大產量的模具標準件主要是模架、 導向件、 推桿推管、 彈性 元件等。這些產品不但國內配套大量需要，出口前景也很好，應繼續(xù)大力發(fā)展。 氮氣缸和熱流道元件主要依靠進口， 應在現(xiàn)有基礎上提高水平， 形成標準并組織 規(guī)?；a。（5）其他高技術含量的模具占模具總量給 8%的壓鑄模具中，大型薄壁精密壓鑄技術含量高，難度大。 鎂合金壓鑄模具目前雖然剛起步， 但發(fā)展前景好， 有代表性。 子午線橡膠輪胎模 具也是發(fā)展方向， 其中活絡模技術難度最大。 與快速成型技術相結合的一些快速 制模技術及相應的快

16、速經濟模具具有很好的發(fā)展前景。這些高技術含量的模具在 “十一五”期間也應重點發(fā)展。外文資料：China's mold industry and its development trendThe mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in ourcountry, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturingindustry. China although very already starts t

17、o make the mold and the use mold, butlong-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods,the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recentyears, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, thethree investm

18、ents enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the moldenterprise's development also quite rapid .Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with thedemand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to,large-scale,complex, the long life

19、mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so onmold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and theinternational average horizontal and the developed country still had a biggerdisparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry except mu

20、st continue to sharpen the productivity, fromnow on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment andthe state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is theenterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to centerthe upscale mol

21、d development, to the import and export structure improvement, centerthe upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement,the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technologyin the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting

22、, thesuperfinishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and theorganizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise,complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard

23、letterdevelopment speed ishigher than thecommon mold product; The plasticmold and thecompression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantityand its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprisedevelops rapidly; The joint stock system tra

24、nsformation step speeds up and so on.Distributes from the area looked, take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta ascentral southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, southdevelopment quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces themost centralized province is

25、 Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu,Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years .Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitablescale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacturehorizontal ove

26、rall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America,date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainlydisplay in following several aspects:(1) The total quantity falls short of demandDomestic mold assembling oneself rate only ,about 70%. Low-grade mo

27、ld , centerupscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about .(2) The enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, thetechnical structure and the import and export structure does not gatherIn our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshopwhich pro

28、duces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneselfthe proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% isthe commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete","small and entire" organization form, but overs

29、eas mostly is "small but", "isspecially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long lifemold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseasin 50% above 2004 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the importand e

30、xport balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars,is world mold net import quantity biggest country .(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standardThe production cycle actually is higher than the international water broadproduct level low ma

31、inly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so onsurface roughness, life and structure .(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory.Our countrymold enterprise technical personnel proportion low the level is lower, also doesnot take the product development, frequen

32、tly is in the passive position in the market.Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately ,tenthousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to 20thousand US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to 30 thousand US dollars, relativeis our country q

33、uite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshoptype management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernizedenterprise manages fewTo create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-termhas not obtained the value besides the history in as the produ

34、ct which should have,as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy,but also has the following several reasons: .(1) Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficientlyAlthough the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profes

35、sionindustrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. Atpresent enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185, the majorityenterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries onthe technological transformations introduction equi

36、pment to have to pay theconsiderable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreoverprivately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult .(2) Talented person seriousinsufficient, the scientific research developmentand the technical attack investment too urineMold profession is t

37、he technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, alongwith the time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented personwhich and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-qualitymold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Beca

38、usethe mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientificresearch development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and theuniversities, colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating income, causes themold profession invests too few in the scientific

39、research development and thetechnical attack aspect, causes the mold technological development step not to bebig, progresses not quick .(3) The craft equipment level to be low, also necessary is not good, the usefactor lowrecent years our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been ab

40、leto provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with theoverseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic manyenterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overallequipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises

41、. As a resultof aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not notnecessary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are extremelycommon, the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obtain the comparativelyproperly solution for a long time .(4) Speci

42、alization, standardization, commercialized degree low, thecooperation abilityBecause receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence sincelong ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is notcareful, the commercialized degree is low. At pre

43、sent domestic every year producesmold, commodity mold minister 40% About, other for from produce uses for oneself.Between the mold enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparativelylarge-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, moldstandard letter use cave ra

44、re is low also to the mold quality, the cost has a moretremendous influence, specially has very tremendous influence .(5) To the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlationtechnology fallsThe mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often canaffect the m

45、old quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced moldingtool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity.Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold levelenhancement .At present, our country economy still was at the high speed

46、 development phase,on the international economical globalization development tendency is day by dayobvious, this has provided the good condition and the opportunity for the our countrymold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold market willcontinue high speed to develop,

47、on the other hand, the mold manufacture alsogradually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries onthe mold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious. Therefore, willtake a broad view the future, international, the domestic mold market overalldevelopment te

48、ndency prospect will favor, estimated the Chinese mold will obtainthe high speed development under the good market environment, our country not onlycan become the mold great nation, moreover certainly gradually will make the powerfulnation to the mold the ranks to make great strides forward. "1

49、5" period, the Chinesemold industry level not only has the very big enhancement in the quantity and thearchery target aspect, moreover the profession structure, the product level, thedevelopment innovation ability, enterprise's system and the mechanism as well asthe technology advancement a

50、spect also can obtain a bigger development .The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemistry, optics,the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the information network and soon many disciplines, is a comprehensive nature multi-disciplinary systemsengineering. The mold

51、 technology development tendency mainly is the mold productto larger-scale, preciser, more complex and a more economical direction develops,the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cycleunceasingly reduces, the mold production faces the information, is not having

52、 thechart, is fine, the automated direction develops, the mold enterprise to thetechnical integration, the equipment excellent, is producing approves the brand,the management information, the management internationalization direction develops.Our country mold profession still will have to enhance fr

53、om now on the generalcharacter technology had :(1) To establish in the CAD/CAE platform the advanced mold design technology,enhances modernization which the mold designed, information, intellectualization,standardized level .(2) Establishes in the CAM/CAPP foundation the advanced mold processingtech

54、nology and the advanced manufacture technology unifies, raises the automatedlevel and the production efficiency which the mold processes .(3) The mold production enterprise's information management technology. Forexample PDM (product data management), ERP (enterprise resource management), MIS(mo

55、ld manufacture management information system) and information network technologythe and so on INTERMET platform application, the promotion and the development .(4) Are high speed, Gao Jing, the compound mold processing technology researchand the application. For example the ultra fine ramming mold m

56、anufacture technology,the precise plastic and the compression casting mold manufacture technology and soon .(5) Enhances the mold production efficiency, reduces the cost and reduces themold production cycle each kind of fast economical mold manufacture technology .(6) The advanced manufacture technology application. For example hot technologyand so on flow channel technology, gas auxiliary technology, hypothesized technology,nanotechnology, rapid scanning technology, reversion project,