版邏輯筆記第一部分69122題v3.0.1

1、 ：ChaseDream PREP2008 邏輯筆記（69 題-122 題），本材料屬于ChaseDream所有。本材料中的所有內(nèi)容，包括（但不僅限于）正文、圖片、和圖標(biāo)，、查受中國法和其他國際法的保護(hù)。在任何單機(jī)上，您都可以看這些材料或打印作為個(gè)人使用；網(wǎng)絡(luò)必須標(biāo)明出處同時(shí)保證資料的完整；不用于其他任何目的打印、復(fù)印、再、分發(fā)、傳送、上載、和公開演示，不得隨意修改、和改變這些資料；嚴(yán)禁利用此資料的全部或部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行任何商業(yè)性應(yīng)用，否則將受到依法。序：ChaseDream 推出GMAT 培訓(xùn)，一方面，很多 CDers 有這樣的需求，而我們可以做得更好；另一方面，我們希望通過在 GMAT 培訓(xùn)中

2、所積累的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和資料用來回饋 ChaseDream 社區(qū)，為 CDers 提供更好的幫助。Helr 研究出來的這套GMAT 解題體系與ChaseDream 上廣泛流行的各種方法有著非常大的區(qū)別。這套方法的有效性經(jīng)過Helr和非常多CD Workshop 同學(xué)們的驗(yàn)證。但是，在培訓(xùn)的過程中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)掌握這套方法并不是一個(gè)非常容易的過程（并非這套方法有多難，而在于這是一個(gè)相對(duì)的體系，很多內(nèi)容與之前的認(rèn)知兼容度較小）。GMAT 是一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)很精巧的，通過各種不同的方法備考，都有同學(xué)拿到很高的分?jǐn)?shù)，這從 CD 的 1500 多篇 GMAT 高分備考心經(jīng)中可以看出。Helr 的這套方法與傳統(tǒng)的“通過 GMA

3、T倒推 GMAC 認(rèn)為什么是對(duì)的”不同，而是站在一個(gè)更高的角度“出題者如何設(shè)計(jì) GMAT 題目的角度”。有同學(xué)會(huì)問，“為什么你說你站在了出題者的角度，然后你就站在出題者的角度了？”這個(gè)問題問得好，這背后是他持續(xù)不斷的探索和研發(fā)，是比 Helr 總結(jié)出這套方法更為復(fù)雜的一個(gè)過程。正所謂所見略同，我也問過Helr 這個(gè)問題。當(dāng)時(shí)，Helr 非常有地給我講了起來，不時(shí)從他桌上抽出一本書給我看，推薦我讀讀，半個(gè)小時(shí)過后，Helr興奮地問我，感覺如何？咱再詳細(xì)說說這個(gè)方法背后的理論基礎(chǔ)？我面前的桌上幾疊快有我高的書，我決定放棄，表示不用繼續(xù)聽下去，他講的邏輯。與這套方法外面所呈現(xiàn)的 simple &am

4、p; elegant 不同，方法背后的支撐要紛繁復(fù)雜得太多，或許只有他這樣鉆研其中，可以享受其中的美。幸運(yùn)的是，掌握這套方法，并不需要做 Helr 那么多的工作。最近有同學(xué)整理 CD GMAT Workshop 課堂邏輯部分的，寫成筆記，發(fā)布在 ChaseDream 論壇。有同學(xué)將筆記發(fā)給 Helr 看。Helr 收到后很開心，說整理的很用心，許多基本的內(nèi)容都包括在內(nèi)了。本著對(duì) CDers 負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度，考慮到這套方法掌握起來需要更豐富的資料，我們不希望看到大家在使用這套方法時(shí)因?yàn)橐恍├斫馍系钠?，而耽誤了大家的備考。于是，Helr 花了幾天時(shí)間，寫出這份筆記，用他的方法 GMAT PREP C

5、R 08，希望這份筆記可以對(duì)在 GMAT 備路上奮戰(zhàn)的你有所幫助方法是培訓(xùn)的，但遠(yuǎn)非全部。CD GMAT Workshop 培訓(xùn)是著我們創(chuàng)建的這套GMAT 解題方法構(gòu)建的一個(gè)完整體系，包括了講課，課堂交流，課前預(yù)習(xí)，課后作業(yè)，答疑，后期跟進(jìn)和性輔導(dǎo)等等，完整的服務(wù)需要，因?yàn)橛幸粋€(gè)專門的團(tuán)隊(duì)在支撐這項(xiàng)服務(wù)，我們無法將所有完整的服務(wù)提供給所有的 CDers。我們希望有盡量多的 CDers 從我們的努力中獲益，這與是否參加培訓(xùn)無關(guān)。我們會(huì)盡量提供這套方法的準(zhǔn)確資料，幫助無法參加 CD GMAT 培訓(xùn)的同學(xué)掌握這套方法。關(guān)于這套方法的使用，歡迎大家討論，簡(jiǎn)單的肯定或都不是我們希望看到的。不論你是否認(rèn)同

6、，深入的思考，都會(huì)在 GMAT 備考過程中獲益。如果這份筆記可以幫到大家， 或疑問反饋給我們。是我們最開心的事情。也希望大家在復(fù)習(xí)過程中，遇到的問題ZerosChaseDream Founder前言：既然前面有了ChaseDream 接下來你將看到的是一套的序言，那我這里就不多說煽情的話語了。題目及其。這里并沒有過多談及每種推理類型的定義及詳細(xì)介紹，而是把絕大部分重心都放在實(shí)戰(zhàn)題目和方法介紹以及練習(xí)，歡迎大家學(xué)習(xí)ChaseDream GMAT 備考系列推理一書。上。關(guān)于詳細(xì)的中性下面是關(guān)于這份筆記的常見問題：1.提問：為什么題號(hào)是從 69 開始的，而不是 1 開始的？回答：這是 08 版 pr

7、ep 的理（邏輯）部分，在它之前還有 07 版 prep理（邏輯）部分。在 07 版 prep 中，它的題號(hào)是從 1 題開始到 68 題為止的。本資料中的題號(hào)是繼承自 07 版 prep 的題號(hào)的，所以從 69 題開始。2.提問：這份筆記有兩個(gè) word 文檔，一個(gè)是本資料，題號(hào)是從 69 開始；另外一個(gè)的題號(hào)是從 73 開始。兩個(gè)資料中有很多題號(hào)是重復(fù)的，是不是題目樣？回答：不是。這是兩套 prep 的題目，題號(hào)雖然有重合，但是題目不重復(fù)。在prep 軟件中含有 Exam1 和 Exam2，這兩份資料分別對(duì)應(yīng)了你所的兩個(gè) Exam。3.提問：筆記中的方法在哪里有介紹？ChaseDream G

8、MAT 備考系列回答：可以在各大中或者實(shí)體書店理一書。4.提問：有沒有書中的分類總表？回答：見下：類型題目總數(shù)題號(hào)演繹推理6697486103108110因果推理1670777879828388949596100102111116121122果因推理38597114相關(guān)因果推理117281899193104105112118119120方案推理8717584879092101106類比/統(tǒng)計(jì)枚舉推理77376 統(tǒng)8098107109117黑臉題399113115版本更新日志：V3.1：更新92題的及(B)(E)兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的翻譯；更新115題的黑體字位置。V3.0：對(duì)版式以及幾乎每個(gè)題目的語言進(jìn)行

9、了產(chǎn)生變動(dòng)。更新。很多題目的解釋和推理方式V2.0：第80題，改變推理模式。課堂學(xué)生提出異議，認(rèn)為理解題意有誤。又仔細(xì)讀了一下，確實(shí)是理解的問題，現(xiàn)在更新到本版本中。Practice Test #1 Critical Reasoning (54 Questions)69. Which of the following most logically completes the reasoning?When species are extensively hunted, individuals that reach reproductivematurity early make up a larg

10、er proportion of the population, because they have a better chance of reproducing.When species face diminished food resources, on the other hand, individuals tend to take longer to reach reproductive maturity. These considerations may help settle whether the primary cause of the gradual disappearanc

11、e of North America's mastodons, prehistoric animals related to elephants, was diminished food resources or human hunting, since _.(A) from the location of certain hunting weapons in juxtaposition with mastodonremains, it is possible to determine whether those weapons were used to hunt mastodons(

12、B) the average age at which mastodons reached reproductive maturity can be established from mastodon tusks, of which there are many fossils dating from different periods(C) from the remains of mastodons already discovered, it can be accurately estimated when mastodons became extinct(D) from tusks an

13、d other bones, it is possible to determine whether male and female mastodons reached reproductive maturity at about the same age(E) it is possible to determine whether the earliest human dwellings constructed from mastodon tusks and bones come from an earlier period than the earliest hunting weapons

14、 unambiguously associated with mastodon remains情景：由于不同，生物達(dá)到性成是不同的。若是比較晚。獵嚴(yán)重，則性成比較早；若是忍饑挨餓，則性成推理：本題比較偏向演繹類型的考題。因?yàn)轭}目其實(shí)要求我們依照給出的性成熟不同，進(jìn)而選項(xiàng)分析：大象的。(A) 從乳齒象化石周圍的來看，有可能可以確定這些是不是用來獵殺乳齒象的。無論mastodon被什么東西所殺，都不是其性成特點(diǎn)。(B) Correct. 乳齒象達(dá)到性成熟平均是可以根據(jù)它的長(zhǎng)牙來看出來的。若我們可以有法乳齒象的性成熟，那么由于性成熟。和遭遇事件的對(duì)應(yīng)性，自然可以找到mastodon的(C) 從乳齒象

15、的化石可以精確的知道它們是什么時(shí)候的。我們并不關(guān)心狀況。mastodon是什么時(shí)候的，而是時(shí)性成(D) 從長(zhǎng)牙和其他的乳齒象的骨骼中是有可能確定雄性乳齒象和雌性乳齒象是否在同一時(shí)間達(dá)到性成而不是公母之間的差異。的。我們想知道的是時(shí)的性成情況，(E) 最早用乳齒象的長(zhǎng)牙和骨頭所建造的人類的住所的時(shí)間是否早于最早捕獵 器具和乳齒象殘骸建立確定關(guān)系。本選項(xiàng)描述的是mastodon的特點(diǎn)，不是性成情況。70. Insect infestations in certain cotton-growing regions of the world have causeddramatic increases

16、in the price of cotton on the world market.Knowing thatcotton plants mature quickly, many soybean growers in Ortovia plan to ceasegrowing soybeans, the price of which has long been stable, and to begin raising cotton instead, thereby taking advantage of the high price of cotton to increasetheire sig

17、nificantly at least over the next several years.Which of the following, if true, most calls into question the reasoning on whichthe plan is based?(A) The cost of raising soybeans has increased significantly over the past severalyears and is expected to continue to climb.(B) Tests of a newly develope

18、d, inexpensive pesticide have shown it to be both environmentally safe and effective against the insects that have infected cotton crops.(C) In the past several years there has been no sharp increase in the demand for cotton and for goods made out of cotton.(D) Many consumers consider cotton cloth a

19、 necessity rather than a luxury and would be willing to pay significantly higher prices for cotton goods than they currently pay.(E) The species of insect that has infested cotton plants has never been known to attack soybean plants.情景：大豆價(jià)格一直比較穩(wěn)定，但是最近棉花的價(jià)格由于害蟲的侵襲而上漲迅速。所以，為了利用這次棉花價(jià)格上升的機(jī)會(huì)，大豆種植者打算種植棉花。

20、推理：本題并沒有讓我們?cè)u(píng)估這個(gè)方案好壞，而是讓我們削弱這個(gè)方案所基于的推理。大豆商基于的推理是：因?yàn)槊藁ㄗ罱鼉r(jià)格上升，所以種植棉花可以上升收入。推理文段的前提和結(jié)論描述的不同，在邏輯時(shí)間上，由于前提描述的事件先發(fā)生于結(jié)論描述的本題為因果推理。，是一個(gè)推測(cè)型推理，所以推理：因果推理。順序的因果邏輯：因?yàn)槊藁ㄗ罱鼉r(jià)格上升，所以種植棉花可以上升收入（因）前提：棉花最近價(jià)格上升（果）結(jié)論：種植棉花可以上升收入 選項(xiàng)需要反駁推理文段中的結(jié)論。選項(xiàng)分析：(A) 種植大豆的成本在最近幾年顯著上升而且預(yù)期會(huì)繼續(xù)上漲。本選項(xiàng)和棉花的 價(jià)格以及種植棉花無關(guān)，可以排除。(B) Correct. 對(duì)新發(fā)明的，便宜的殺

21、蟲劑的測(cè)試表明這種殺蟲劑可以在不對(duì)環(huán)境造成前提下有效的殺掉棉花害蟲。如果有這樣一種殺蟲劑，則很快棉花將不再缺乏，由此使得現(xiàn)在供不應(yīng)求的情況逆轉(zhuǎn)，棉花將不再有高價(jià)。(C) 在過去的幾年中，對(duì)于棉花和棉制品的需求并沒有顯著的上升。雖然需求沒有顯著增加，但是由于棉花價(jià)格在上漲，所以無論需求是否增加，都會(huì)增加棉花種植者的收入。本選項(xiàng)影響結(jié)論的度。(D) 許多顧客認(rèn)為棉制衣物是必需品而非奢侈品且愿意花更高比現(xiàn)在更高的價(jià)格來買棉衣。本選項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)比較相似。棉花的價(jià)格已經(jīng)由于蟲害而變高。無論顧客愿不愿意花，變化的僅僅是令價(jià)格是否會(huì)更高。只要高了，就可以令原文的結(jié)論成立，所以本選項(xiàng)并不能影響結(jié)論的度。(E) 影

22、響棉花的害蟲到目前為止從來及種植棉花無關(guān)，可以排除。大豆植物。本選項(xiàng)和棉花的價(jià)格以71. In order to improve the long-term savings rate of its citizens, Levaskasgovernment has decided to introduce special savings accounts.Citizens can save up to $3,000 a year in special accounts without having to pay tax on the interest, unless they withdraw

23、money from the account before they reach the age of sixty-five.If they do withdraw any money before that age, they have to pay tax on the accumulated interest and a penalty.Which of the following, if true, most seriously threatens the success of thegovernments plan?(A) The banks and financial instit

24、utions where the special accounts will be heldlobbied hard for their introduction.(B) Nearly all workers in Levaska can already save money in tax-free accounts through their workplace.(C) For the past ten years, Levaskans have been depositing an ever smallerpercentage of theire in long-term savings.

25、(D) Many Levaskans continue to work beyond the age of sixty-five.(E) In certain circumstances, such as a serious illness, the government plans to waive the penalty on early withdrawals from the special accounts.進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期存款，Levaska情景：決定弄出一個(gè)特殊賬戶。這個(gè)賬戶對(duì)長(zhǎng)期存款具有一系列福利措施。推理：本題直接讓我們?cè)u(píng)估方案的好壞，因此肯定是方案推理。推理結(jié)構(gòu)為：目標(biāo)：To im

26、prove the long-term savings rate of its citizens方案：Introduce special savings accounts選項(xiàng)一定和方案的內(nèi)容相關(guān)。選項(xiàng)分析：(A) 特殊賬戶所在的和金融機(jī)構(gòu)努力地勸服大家應(yīng)用該賬戶。如果不讓人們應(yīng)用這個(gè)賬戶，那么很顯然會(huì)影響方案的可操作性。屬于CQ2：方案的可操作性問題。但是本題問的是削弱，本選項(xiàng)可以加強(qiáng)推理文段，因此可以排除。(B) Correct. 幾乎所有Levaska的工作者都可以在他們工作的地方將錢存在免稅的賬戶中。如果現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)存在免稅的賬戶，那么這個(gè)特殊賬戶的刺激因素就會(huì)失效，使得方案無法達(dá)成目標(biāo)。屬

27、于CQ1:方案的可行性問題。(C) 在過去的10年中，Levaska人把更少比例的收入方案無關(guān)。在長(zhǎng)期賬戶上。本選項(xiàng)和(D) 許多人在六十五歲后仍然工作。本選項(xiàng)和方案無關(guān)。(E) 在某些特殊的情形下，比如疾病，打算取消掉因提早支取而帶來的罰款。本選項(xiàng)雖然提及的方案，但是無論是不是所有情況都罰款，只要能免稅，就可以增加公民的長(zhǎng)期存款率。因此本選項(xiàng)不符合三個(gè)CQ方向。72. A study followed a group of teenagers who had never smoked and trackedwhether they took up smoking and how their

28、mental health changed.After one year, the incidence of depression among those who had taken up smoking was four times as high as it was among those who had not.Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in

29、 teenagers.Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?(A) Participants who were depressed at the start of the study were no more likelyto be smokers after one year than those who were not depressed.(B) The study did not distinguish between participants who smoked only occasionall

30、y and those who were heavy smokers.(C) Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives of other participants.(D) Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study.(E) The researchers did not track use of alcohol by the teenagers.情景

31、：研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，凡是吸煙的人都更容易抑郁，所以我們認(rèn)為，吸煙會(huì)導(dǎo)致抑郁癥的出現(xiàn)。推理：“吸煙”和“抑郁”這兩個(gè)在前提中具有統(tǒng)計(jì)關(guān)聯(lián)，即，the incidenceof depression among those who had taken up smoking was four times as high as it was among those who had not。推理結(jié)構(gòu)為：前提：凡是“吸煙”的人都更容易“抑郁”（“吸煙”和“抑郁”之間存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系）結(jié)論：吸煙導(dǎo)致抑郁選項(xiàng)分析：(A) Correct. 相對(duì)于那些在不抑郁的人，凡是那些在研究最開始就抑郁的參與者更有可能成為吸煙者。本選

32、項(xiàng)既談到了“吸煙”，又談到了“抑郁”，因此可以保留。實(shí)際上，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)內(nèi)含的意思是：抑郁導(dǎo)致吸煙。若抑郁會(huì)導(dǎo)致吸煙，那么顯然可以削弱推理文段，屬于CQ3：因果方向問題?，F(xiàn)在將該削弱項(xiàng)取非，自然可以加強(qiáng)推理文段。(B) 研究沒有區(qū)分哪些偶爾抽煙和重度抽煙的人。本選項(xiàng)只談到了吸煙，沒說到 抑郁，可以排除。(C) 很少有研究的參與者是其它參與者的朋友或者親屬。本選項(xiàng)完全沒有談到吸 煙和抑郁，可以排除。(D) 某些參與者在一年的研究中展現(xiàn)了一段時(shí)間的抑郁。本選項(xiàng)只談到了抑郁，但是沒有給抑郁的產(chǎn)生提供別的，因此可以排除。(E) 研究沒有跟蹤青少年的喝酒情況。本選項(xiàng)完全沒有談到吸煙和抑郁，沒有理由相信喝酒可

33、以導(dǎo)致抑郁，因此可以排除。73. Advertisement:Ten years ago, the Cormond Hotel's lobby was carpeted withDuratex carpet while the lobby of a nearby hotel was being carpeted with ourcompetitor's most durable carpet.Today, after a decade in which the two hotels have had similar amounts of foot traffic through

34、 their lobbies, that other hotel is having to replace the worn-out carpeting near its lobby entrances, whereas the Cormond's Duratex carpeting has years of wear left in it.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the force of theadvertisement's evidence for concluding that Dur

35、atex carpet is more durable than the carpet of its competitor?(A) The lobby of the Cormond Hotel has five different entrances, but the lobby ofthe other hotel has only two.(B) The carpet of the Cormond Hotel's lobby is not the most durable carpet that Duratex manufactures.(C) The other hotel has

36、 a popular restaurant that can be reached from outside without walking through the hotel lobby.(D) The carpet that is being used to replace carpeting near the other hotel's lobby entrances is not Duratex carpet.(E) There is a third hotel near the other two that has not replaced the Duratex carpe

37、t in its lobby for more than 15 years.情景：Duratex 最耐用！證據(jù)表明，Cormond Hotel 自從鋪了 Duratex 地毯之后，10 年沒壞；鄰近的差不多的酒是最棒的。推理：本題的推理結(jié)構(gòu)為：The other hotel了別的牌子的地毯，已經(jīng)壞了。因此，DuratexCormond Hotel類比推理一共具有兩個(gè)評(píng)估方向，要么提到 The other hotel 或者 Cormond Hotel， 要么給出與這兩個(gè)案例相平行等價(jià)的案例 C。選項(xiàng)分析：(A) Correct. Cormond Hotel的大廳有五個(gè)門，但是其它的Hotel的大

38、廳有兩個(gè)門。本選項(xiàng)給出了兩個(gè)案例的不同點(diǎn)，屬于CQ1：相似性問題(B) Cormond Hotel的大廳所鋪設(shè)的地板并不是Duratex制造的最耐用的地板。本選項(xiàng)僅提到了Cormond這一個(gè)案例。(C) Other Hotel有一個(gè)可以不從大廳走就能到達(dá)的很受歡迎的餐廳。本選項(xiàng)僅提到了The other hotel這一個(gè)案例。(D) Other Hotel想要置換的地毯不是Duratex制造的地毯。本選項(xiàng)僅提到了The略地毯壞了略地毯壞了other hotel這一個(gè)案例。(E) 另外一家Hotel用了Duratex的地毯十五年未壞。本選項(xiàng)提到了第三個(gè)案例， 是一個(gè)“正案例”，可以加強(qiáng)推理文段，

39、屬于CQ2：反案例問題。74. Comcorp Shipping Clerk:Last week, no shipments of building supplies weresent out on Friday.The five specially ordered shipments sent out last weekwere sent out on Thursday, and each of those specially ordered shipmentsconsisted entirely of building supplies.Four shipments were sent t

40、o Truax Construction last week, none of which consisted of building supplies.If the shipping clerks statements are true, which of the following must also betrue?(A) All of Comcorps shipments of building supplies last week were speciallyordered.(B) None of Comcorps shipments sent on Friday of last we

41、ek was sent to Truax Construction.(C) None of the shipments sent by Comcorp to Truax Construction last week was specially ordered.(D) None of Comcorps shipments sent on Thursday of last week was sent toTruax Construction.(E) All of Comcorps shipments of building supplies last week were sent out onTh

42、ursday.情景：上周，沒有用品的貨物是在周五被發(fā)貨的。周四有五個(gè)特殊定制的貨物被發(fā)出，每一個(gè)都全部由用品組成。四個(gè)貨物上周被寄送給了 Truax，沒有一個(gè)是用品。推理：本題由于沒有結(jié)論，屬于演繹推理。選項(xiàng)分析：(A) 所有上周的Comcrop的用品貨物都是特殊定制的。文段中說周四有五個(gè)特殊定制的貨物被發(fā)出，并沒有說所有上周的貨物都是特殊定制的。(B) 沒有任何一個(gè)Comcrop在周五的貨物是給Truax的。周五Comcorp沒有發(fā)過關(guān)于用品的貨物，Truax也沒有收到關(guān)于用品的貨物，所以我們無從確定Truax是否收到了周五發(fā)出的東西。(C) Correct. 沒有一個(gè)Truax收到的來自C

43、omcorp的貨物是特殊定制的。五個(gè)特殊定制的貨物都是在周四發(fā)出的，且都是用品。但是，Truax沒有收到任何用品，所以，這些特殊定制的貨物都不是發(fā)給Truax的。(D) 沒有一個(gè)在周四發(fā)出的Comcrop的貨物是發(fā)往Truax的。文中只說了五個(gè)特殊定制的貨物是周四發(fā)出的，且它們都是用品，并沒有說過所有周四發(fā)出的貨物都是關(guān)于(E) 所有Comcrop的用品的，所以我們不能確定周四是否有發(fā)給Truax的貨物。用品貨物都是周四發(fā)出的。文中只說周四發(fā)出了用品貨物，沒有提及是否所有的用品貨物都是周四發(fā)出的。75. Which of the following, if true, most logical

44、ly completes the reasoning in thepassage?Kernlands government restricts the export of unprocessed cashew nuts in orderto ensure a low-cost supply for domestic processing plants.Though the policyconstrains farme and limits the number of farmers who can profitablygrow cashews, the government defends i

45、t on the grounds that, since theprocessing plants are in urban areas, removing the restrictions would hurt efforts to reduce urban unemployment.However, the policy may actually have contributed to urban unemployment, since.(A) a lack of profitable crops is driving many small cashew farmers in Kernla

46、nd offtheir land and into the cities(B) some of the by-products of cashew processing are used as raw materials byother industries located in Kernlands cities(C) the government does not place similar restrictions on the export of any crop other than cashews(D) thee earned by workers in the processing

47、 plants is generally greaterthan that earned by agricultural laborers in rural areas(E) without governmental aid in some form, Kernlands cashew processing plantswould not be able to compete for sales in world markets情景：Kernland 的限制了未處理的腰果出口宣稱這樣可以保證就業(yè)率。但是實(shí)際上，這個(gè)方案可能反而讓就業(yè)問題更加嚴(yán)重了。推理：本題的最后是一個(gè)未達(dá)成的目標(biāo)。題目讓我們

48、解釋為何這個(gè)目標(biāo)沒有達(dá)成。因此，本題肯定是方案推理，并且要求推理結(jié)構(gòu)為：目標(biāo)：To reduce urban unemployment選項(xiàng)鎖定于 CQ1：方案的可行性。方案：Kernlands government restricts the export of unprocessed cashew nuts選項(xiàng)一定和方案的內(nèi)容相關(guān)。選項(xiàng)分析：(A) Correct. 缺乏有利潤(rùn)的莊稼令許多種腰果的農(nóng)民離開農(nóng)村到城市找工作。若有很多農(nóng)民離開農(nóng)村去城市中工作，則顯然城市的就業(yè)削弱方案推理。就會(huì)更大，可以(B) 有些處理腰果帶來的副產(chǎn)物被Kernland城市中的其他工業(yè)當(dāng)做原材料。如果處理腰果會(huì)有

49、好處，實(shí)行原文方案后，肯定會(huì)增加這個(gè)好處，可以算作一個(gè)方案的好處。(C) 除了腰果之外對(duì)于其他的莊稼都沒有相似的限制。本選項(xiàng)無關(guān)于方案。農(nóng)掙得錢要比在農(nóng)村種莊稼掙的多。本選項(xiàng)無關(guān)于方案。不以某種形式幫助，Kernland處理后的腰果在國際市場(chǎng)是并沒有競(jìng)(D)(E) 如果爭(zhēng)力。本選項(xiàng)無關(guān)于方案。76. In response to mounting public concern, an airplane manufacturer implementeda program with the well-publicized goal of reducing by half the total yea

50、rlyamount of hazardous waste generated by its passenger-jet division.When theprogram began in 1994, the division's hazardous waste output was 90 poundsper production worker; last year it was 40 pounds per production worker. Clearly, therefore, charges that the manufacturer's program has not

51、met its goal are false.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?(A) The amount of nonhazardous waste generated each year by the passenger-jetdivision has not increased significantly since 1994.(B) At least as many passenger jets were produced by the division last year as

52、 had been produced in 1994.(C) Since 1994, other divisions in the company have achieved reductions in hazardous waste output that are at least equal to that achieved in the passenger-jet division.(D) The average number of weekly hours per production worker in the passenger-jet division was not signi

53、ficantly greater last year than it was in 1994.(E) The number of production workers assigned to the passenger-jet division was not significantly less in 1994 than it was last year.情景:飛機(jī)制造商打算實(shí)施一個(gè)項(xiàng)目以減少整體污染排放。在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目開始以后， 人均污染排放確實(shí)下降了。因此，這個(gè)計(jì)劃達(dá)成了目的。推理：本題中雖然有一個(gè)方案，但是最終的落腳點(diǎn)并不是讓我們?nèi)ピu(píng)估這個(gè)方案的好壞，而是要我們?nèi)ピu(píng)估一個(gè)由人均數(shù)據(jù)推理出總

54、體數(shù)據(jù)的推理。由于本題的前提是平均數(shù)的情況，結(jié)論是一個(gè)總體情況，所以顯然是一個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)推理。推理結(jié)構(gòu)為：前提：飛機(jī)制造商的人均污染排放下降。結(jié)論：飛機(jī)制造商的總體污染排放下降。我們需要考慮平均數(shù)陷阱，即，人均是否代表總數(shù)？人數(shù)（分母）是不是增加了？ 選項(xiàng)分析：(A) 從1994年以來，飛機(jī)制造商客機(jī)部門排放的無污染并沒有顯著增加。(B) 去年制造客機(jī)的數(shù)量至少和1994年制造的數(shù)量一樣。(C) 從1994年以來，其它部門排污的減少量至少和客機(jī)制造部門的一樣。(D) 去年每個(gè)員工的平均工作時(shí)間沒有明顯長(zhǎng)于1994年的每個(gè)員工平均工作時(shí) 間。(E) Correct. 1994年在客機(jī)制造部門的員工數(shù)沒

55、有明顯少于去年的員工數(shù)。只有本選項(xiàng)談到了人數(shù)的問題，即，所以如果工人數(shù)量發(fā)生變化，顯然可以成為一個(gè)解釋人均數(shù)值發(fā)生變化的因素。因此，只有本選項(xiàng)考慮到了平均數(shù)的陷阱。77. Citizens of Parktown are worried by the increased frequency of serious crimescommitted by local teenagers.In response, the city government has instituted a series of measures designed to keep teenagers at home in t

56、he late evening.Even if the measures succeed in keeping teenagers at home, however, they are unlikely to affect the problem that concerns citizens, since most crimes committed by local teenagers take place between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m.Which of the following, if true, most substantially weakens the argument?(A) Similar measures adopted in other places have failed to reduce the number ofteenagers on the s