MBA聯(lián)考閱讀理解訓(xùn)練1.

1、2009 年全國 MBA 聯(lián)考閱讀理解訓(xùn)練 1Specializati on can be see n as a resp onse to the problem of anincreasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subjectmatter into smaller un its, one man could continue to han dle the in formati onand use it as the basis for further research. But speciali

2、zation was only one ofa series of related developments in scie nee affect ing the process of com municatio n. Ano ther was the growing professionalization of sci entificactivity.No clear-cut disti ncti on can be draw n betwee n professi on als andamateurs in scie nee: excepti ons can be found to any

3、 rule. Nevertheless, thewordamateurdoes carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fullyintegrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully shareits values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with itsconsequent requireme nt of a lon ger, more com

4、plex trai nin g, implied greaterproblems for amateur participation in scienee. The trend was naturally mostobvious in those areas of scie nee based especially on a mathematical orlaboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms ofthe development ofgeology in the United Kingdom A comparison of Br

5、itish geological publications over the last cen tury anda half reveals not simply an in creas ing emphasis on the primacy of research,but also a cha nging defi niti on of what con stitutes an acceptable researchpaper. Thus, in the nin etee nth cen tury, local geological studies representedworthwhile

6、 research in their own right; but, in the twen tieth cen tury, localstudies have in creas in gly become acceptable to professi on als only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the otherhand, have con ti nued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overa

7、ll resulthas bee n to make entrance to professi onal geological journ als harder foramateurs, a result that has bee n rein forced by the widespread in troducti onof referee ing, first by n ati onal journ als in the nin etee nth cen tury and the nby several local geological journ als in the twen tiet

8、h cen tury. As a logical conseque nee of this developme nt, separate journ als have now appeared aimedmain ly towards either professi onal or amateur readership. A rather similarprocess of differe ntiati on has led to professi onal geologists coming togethern ati on ally within one or two specific s

9、ocieties, whereas the amateurs haveten ded either to rema in in local societies or to come together n ati on ally in adiffere nt way.Although the process of professi on alisati on and specializati on wasalready well under way in British geology during the nineteenth cen tury, its fullcon seque nces

10、were thus delayed un til the twen tieth cen tury .In scie neegen erally, however, the nin etee nth cen tury must be recko ned as the crucialperiod for this cha nge in the structure of scie nee.The growth of specializati on in the 19th cen tury might be more clearlysee n in scie nces such as_ .A、soci

11、ology and chemistryB、physics and psychologyC、sociology and psychologyD、physics and chemistry2. We can infer from the passage that_ .A、there is little distinction between specialization andprofessi on alisatio nB、amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of scieneeC、 professionals tend to

12、 welcome amateurs into the scientificcommunityD、 amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones3 The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate_ .A、 the process of specialization and professionalizationB、 the hardship of amateurs in scientific studyC、 the change of policies in scientific publicationsD、 the discrimination of professionals against amateurs4 The direct reason f